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DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993903

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Received April 26, 2020, accepted May 7, 2020. Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993903

Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A

Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification
to Local Communities
MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN MALIK 1 , AMJAD ALI 2 , GHULAM SARWAR KALOI3 ,
AMIR MAHMOOD SOOMRO4 , MAZHAR HUSSAIN BALOCH5 ,
AND SOHAIB TAHIR CHAUHDARY6
1 Facultyof Automation, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an 223003, China
2 Centerof Research Excellence in Renewable Energy (CoRE-RE), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 1261, Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid e Awam University of Engineering and Technology, Larkana 67480, Pakistan
4 Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan
5 Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Khairpur 66020, Pakistan
6 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Punjab 57000, Pakistan

Corresponding author: Muhammad Zeeshan Malik ([email protected])

This work was supported by the Huaiyin Institute of Technology.

ABSTRACT The increasing environmental awareness across the globe is leading towards a green and
clean world. Currently, Pakistan is going through an acute energy crisis; it is an on-going challenge for the
government to provide uninterrupted power supply at economical rates to its citizens and potential industrial
investors, now and in future. Thus, this energy scenario necessitates the incorporation of renewable energy
technologies with power systems to enhance its generation capacity, and to overcome electricity outage of
approximately 8-12 hours, in the country. In this paper, the authors encouraged the state policy for utilizing
the wind energy for power generation, which is freely available across 1600 km long coastal belt of Pakistan.
For this purpose, wind potential is explicitly evaluated across Sindh and Baluchistan provinces in Pakistan.
The energy generated by various wind turbine prototypes is employed to suggest the most optimum location
through optimal probability function. Moreover, this study provides an evocative progression based on real-
time wind data to integrate wind power for rural electrification across the coastal zones of Pakistan. This study
is expected to play an imperative role in incorporating wind farms on proposed sites to facilitate investors
interested in investing in Pakista’s energy sector.

INDEX TERMS Environmental challenges, wind power integration, Weibull/Rayleigh distribution tech-
nique, wind zone, rural electrification, renewable energy.

I. INTRODUCTION Meanwhile, the per capita electricity consumption in the

The increasing population and interest of investors to invest country is exponentially increasing. The government is intro-
in various sectors across Pakistan has given rise to energy ducing policy measures for increasing power generation
consumption. On the other hand, the country is signifi- infrastructure in order to keep pace with the increasing
cantly dependent on fossil fuels imported from various coun- demand for electricity in the country [1]. The available
tries. The industrial, commercial and domestic sectors are installed power capacity is about 17 GW, whereas the demand
extremely affected, and it is a big challenge for the Pak- is 22.5 GW, and averagely, the shortfall is approximately
istan government to handle this power crisis in the near 5.5 GW. It is expected to rise to 8 GW till 2022 if the new
future. However, Pakistan is rich in conventional and non- energy sources will not be incorporated with the national grid
conventional energy sources, and its effective use can boost system of Pakistan. Moreover, electricity demand and supply
the economy of the country. Primary energy resources in rates are facing an increase of up to 10 % and 7 % respec-
Pakistan are Nuclear, hydro, coal, wind, LPG, gas and oil. tively. Correspondingly, it is also estimated that the power
requirement in 2030 will be more than 45 GW. Whereas,
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and in 2014 and 2015, the energy ingestion was 26.27 million tons
approving it for publication was Huiqing Wen . of furnace oil in Pakistan that was 0.12 % less than the former

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VOLUME 8, 2020 1
 M. Z. Malik et al.: Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities

year. The energy supply was increased by 4.9 percent that was is validated through appropriate results at the heights of 10m,
44.6 million TOE in the same year [2]. Among several energy 30m, and 50m. An explicit study for wind assessment of the
subsectors, the energy consumption of natural gas and oil has wind resource across the two proposed locations in the coastal
increased by 7 percent and 3.7 percent respectively. The elec- zone of Pakistan gives a practical overview and understanding
tricity generation has declined by 8.9 percent as compared to of two leading sites based on a comprehensive analysis and
previous decade. From the years, 1990-2005, Pakistan went assessment technologies.
through an unexpected stage of copious electricity. However,
after the short golden period, country is again facing the II. ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
challenge to overcome the electricity shortfall. Since 2006, Globally, numerous researchers are working on various
the supply-demand gap is continuously bourgeoning by each renewable technologies and electric vehicles for providing
passing day but this gap has rapidly intensified to about a clean energy environment. In contrast to fossil fuel and
5.5 GW shortfalls, recently. In June 2015, electricity short- nuclear technology-based power generation systems, wind
fall upsurge to about 6 GW. To reduce the demand-supply turbines (WTs) do not affect the greenhouse gases and pose
gap, load shedding was increased to 8-10 hours in urban no risk to the environment. However, for the existing chal-
and 18-20 hours in rural areas [3], [4]. The advantages of lenges authors have described the environmental challenge
wind and solar electricity production, and considering the model as shown in Fig 1.
fact that these are most inexpensive and conveniently avail-
able forms for energy generation across the globe, is attract- III. GLOBAL SCENARIO ON WIND ENERGY
ing the attention of the government energy policy makers In contrast to the existing works, this paper analyzes the
[5]. It is estimated that in 2030, the planet will meet its expansions in the wind energy sector at a global level by
required electricity demand from wind energy, as it is a clean focusing on the significant areas of the international market,
renewable energy source available across all the countries technological issues in this field, environmental performance,
and it possesses several environmental and economic ben- economics, and the R & D scenarios of wind energy. The
efits. For highlighting the efforts for the extension of wind understanding of wind energy has escalated with distinct con-
power production in Pakistan [6], pecuniary growth has been sideration in the European market. More specifically, the facts
arranged by the energy zone [7], [8]. However, the situation disclosed the contribution of European researchers across
is worsening day by day and power disaster is affecting the global market. It is presented that the European market
all the sectors badly. According to existing approximations, is leading the evolution of a global wind power generation
the energy shortage across Pakistan has cost up to 4GDP. and leading the market today. There are lot of technology
Certainly, the progress in GDP and the energy utilization rate issues, discussions on the machines up-gradation, and their
are primarily interconnected. Several factories and industries control strategies which have attracted number of researchers.
have been shut down due to the energy crisis. The energy Several other issues include the commencement of the major
crisis affected the economy of Pakistan badly. The power technological characteristics of WTs issues, such as integra-
crisis originated almost five years back, and was a result tion of grid, off-shore wind farms, the efficiency of the plant
of imported furnace oil. The reason for its origination was and the expansion of the small machines. Fig. 2 shows the
an extreme water crisis in several areas of Pakistan. It has increasing trend of installed wind energy capacity across the
enlarged the power generation cost because of the line losses globe.
that play a key role in increasing the tariffs and affected the
power generation, power distribution and power transmission IV. WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
companies directly [9]. Pakistan has not prospered in accom- In Pakistan, the mechanism of wind power started with the
plishing demand for energy by customary fuels and falls in the protracted energy market. It has been initiated with the estab-
ten states of the world who has suffered from the energy short- lishment of the first wind power plant in Iran during 500-900
fall. The existing distribution system lacks capability to carry AD. Pakistan has a salient ancient history that existed for
over 15,000 MW. Subsequently, if the existing units may be the technology of wind energy. Recently, windy areas of
producing three-fourth of their generating capabilities, even mountains and about 1600 km extended boundary with the
then the nation will not possess the required capacity for coast of Arabian Sea can be used for the installation of wind
the distribution of such power for end-users due to outdated farms. The installation of wind farms across the deserted
transmission systems [10]. Since the installed capacity of areas can also be considered to save valuable land for future
plants is greater than the real power generated, hence, the real use. It is also articulated that all the efforts started on a
power produced is not meeting the demand [11]. In this paper, relatively larger scale in the 1980s to identify ways for
global standards and interest for wind energy production are taking advantage of wind power [13]. In the 1990s, two
analytically considered. This study emphasizes on a com- 10kWh and 1kWh wind turbine units were installed in Sindh
prehensive analysis of the two sites located in the coastal respectively [14].
zone of Pakistan. These sites are considered suitable for the In March 2001, a report submitted to PCAT by Pakistan
installation of multiple wind farms and producing electricity Meteorological Department, which for more than 50 years
to meet the requirements of the people. Moreover, the analysis accompanied by cooperation on the basis of data has been

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M. Z. Malik et al.: Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities

FIGURE 1. Environmental challenges/issues system model [12].

FIGURE 2. Global installed capacity of wind power.

presented. The report of 2.10 m height on 50 stations in been designed. Unfortunately, this project declined due to
the country based on data record has been presented. It is lack of motivation and wind energy data. Pakistan’s gov-
expected 30 m wind speed and wind energy potential has ernment has recommended a tariff policy to design a legal
been able to generate power. Another report shows the addi- framework for the wind energy project in the future [15],
tion of areas of Sindh including Badin (Karachi) and Chor [16]. Moreover, fourteen small wind turbines were purchased
(Hyderabad) as these are the finest locations for the instal- by government of Pakistan, from China, out of which eight
lation of wind energy. In 2001, the environment ministry wind turbines were installed at the Baluchistan coastline; and
has started a project with the support of united nations and remaining six wind turbines are proposed for the coastline
global environment facility. Some development is started for of Sindh province. However, small wind turbines selected
wind energy technology to boost the international market and for installation at the coastal line for rural electrification
more investment in Pakistan. Moreover, CPEC is enticing purposes [17], [18].
numerous investors across the globe to invest over this new In 2004, a foreign company completed a wind-diesel
silk route. Correspondingly, Pasni along the Makran coast of hybrid system successfully for the rural electrification in a
Baluchistan is a global attraction for wind energy investors village of Sibi, in Baluchistan [19], [20]. Another study com-
and the wind energy project feasibility for this region has pleted during 2004-2007 that has been determining wind data

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 M. Z. Malik et al.: Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities

TABLE 1. Pakistan wind energy resource overview.

at twenty different sites in the coastal area of Sindh province of wind speed at a height of 50m is illustrated in Fig. 3 (b).
[21], [22]. In accordance to the international standards, four Several suitable locations for the installation of wind turbines
sites near Indus river, i.e., Jamshoro, Nooriabad, Talhar and and energy generation are discussed in this report where
Kati-Bander are found as optimum locations, and other four central areas of KPK, north western locations in Balochistan
sites over the coastal belt of Sind Province, i.e., Thano Bola are discussed with the southern part of Sind province in
Khan, Hyderabad, Gharo, and Thatta were examined the Pakistan. Moreover, some isolated corridors in Pakistan, like
best locations for installation of wind turbines for power central and southern Balochistan, central and western Punjab
generation [23], [24]. Alternative energy development coun- along with remote areas of Gilgit Baltistan are elaborated in
cil act, 2011, signed between AEDB and govt. of Pakistan, this report. By using the numerical modeling technique in
supports the land used, evaluation of projects and renewable Geospatial Toolkit (GST) annual wind power high resolution
energy plans and policies for adoption for incorporation of (About 1km) maps have been developed for the USAID
renewable energy across Pakistan. Govt. of Pakistan is also program by NERL. In order to assess the wind resources of
interacting with national and international organizations to Pakistan, these high resolution maps and the other reports
support renewable energy projects, as directed by AEDB [26], [33]–[38], are found quite significant.
[15], [25], [26]. The aforementioned policy of 2011 was Wind potential survey in Pakistan is also carried out by
unconcerned to alternative and renewable energy of policies the Pakistan Meteorological department (PMD); PMD has
in 2006. This law supports to provide the 346 GW wind power observed the data for fourteen sites of Pakistan in north-
potential, of which about 60-70 GW is technically utilizable ern parts, including Federally Administrated Tribal Areas
for power plants [27]. The aim of the Government for the (FATA). The average speed and direction of wind were
wind and solar energy sources is to add the fifty percent observed for approximately ten minutes at 10 m and 30 m
mix energy to the national grid. In contrast, it is a well- heights. PMD has observed similar data in coastal areas
established growing industry in China, with around 1.5 bil- of Balochistan and also on twenty different sites in coastal
lion populations in a country that is 19.24% of the world’s areas of Sindh forecasted that ranges around 40-70 % wind
total population [28]–[30]. In 2010, China’s 4716 TWh pro- potential (See [38], [39]).
duction exceeded the USA with 4208 TWh in the world
largest power producer. The Energy information administra- VI. WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL
tion (EIA) report states that total energy production of China By using GST [40], the assessment of wind resources was
was about 5126 TWh in 2013. China has a good financial done by NREL. While calculating this, the land area of a
system and GDP of 7% or more of the fast growth year. country is kept under observation, the over-all area of Pak-
China is using about 10.7 million barrels of oil every year istan is 796,096 Km2 , while the total land area without water
being the 2nd largest oil consumer. China and India are in the area is 770, 875 Km2 . The estimated wind power potential
competition for being an advanced country. Energy resources for entire area reveals that a 5MW of wind turbines can be
are exploited for cost-effective development of a nation and installed at a per square kilometer [5], [41]–[43]. Table 1 illus-
renewable resources can be improved due to contribution trates the assessment of wind power potential.
growth of GDP in ecological anxiety point of view [31], It is evident from Table 1 that almost 9 % of the total
[32]. Figs. 2–4 show wind data measurement station with land is highly suitable for the installation of wind turbines in
sophisticated mapping scheme for Geographical Information Pakistan. Therefore, it shows that over 349,000 MGW wind
System (GIS) to indicate the region. Wind potential resource power potential can be generated via installation of wind
132 GW is available in Pakistan and more focused in the turbine units. For cost-effective wind turbine units, class 4 or
study. greater wind speed is needed, which is available in 3.5 % of
the area [41]–[46]. Total wind capacity via this 3.5 % of land
V. WIND RESOURCE OVERVIEW is 132,990 MW. In [47], [48], it is described that the total
One of the finest reports studied till date was issued by NREL energy requirement of Pakistan is 16,500 MW, and this power
and U.S. Agency for international development (USAID) production capacity from the wind is highly considerable.
assistance program in 2015 as shown in Fig. 3 (a). In this The need of the hour is to efficiently exploit this wonderful
report, mesoscale map of Pakistan is discussed. The potential wind power potential. AEDB has been commended for its

4 VOLUME 8, 2020
M. Z. Malik et al.: Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities

FIGURE 3. (a) NREL U.S. international development. (b) Mesoscale map of Pakistan.

obligation to develop a substantial wind potential, and it has and class 2 is used in rural applications. 10m and 50m height
taken some steps for its development. The potential areas along with their parameters of the classes of wind power
are southeastern Sindh, followed by northwestern Khyber categories, listed in Table 3. WTs with the hub-height of 50 m
Pakhtoon-Khuwah and southwestern parts of Balochistan. are medium size, commercially available turbines mostly
Table 2 describes the total power generation capability and used in the field to produce power. WTs setups at the height
percentage of total wind area for each province by using of 50 m is extrapolated in filed to generate perforable power
thumb rule i.e. 1 km2 = 5 MW. for company. WTs respond positively to speed more than
5.5 m/s due to the economical production of wind power.
VII. WIND POWER CLASSES To meet the prerequisite of a profitable wind power produc-
Wind power is categorized in different classes, the most tion is used in the wind power classes as shown in Table 3.
suitable class is class 3 for the installation of the wind turbine The government of Pakistan has performed wind resource
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 M. Z. Malik et al.: Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities

FIGURE 4. (a) Wind speed distribution and (b) Power density at proposed site (Badin).

TABLE 2. Wind energy resources @ windy regions (Sindh and Baluchistan) of Pakistan wind resource assessment at Sindh province.

assessment of different provinces to explore windy areas are are important factors that affects the production of electrical
used to exploit wind power classes activity. energy. All these factors are explained in detail in the follow-
ing sections.
VIII. MATHEMATICAL MODELING
In the existing literature, the data of wind speed is outlined, IX. WIND SPEED MODEL
together with variances and average histograms. The sum- Wind speed variation model is defined as follows:
marized facts are disseminated by frequency distribution, u(Z ) ln(Z /Zo )
Rayleigh and Weibull distribution for wind speed deviations. = (1)
ur ln(Zr /Zo )
Wind energy generation is conditional to the wind speed
and time fraction for which this wind speed is available. where, u (Z ) represents the height of wind speed (Z), and
Moreover, air density, height and design of wind turbine the reference wind speed ur at reference height Zr , length of

6 VOLUME 8, 2020
M. Z. Malik et al.: Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities

TABLE 3. International wind power classes standard.

surface roughness Z0 that enables the surface roughness, and Average power density in one year is premeditated at the
various terrain roughness length is discussed in [9]. This height of 50m that is nearly 414 W/m2 in Badin and Pasni.
study provides the analysis pertaining to length of surface Energy density is measured as 3267 kWh/m2 for the rotor
roughness Z0 measured speed at 10 m and 50 m heights given area. The power curve of wind turbine and wind speed
in (1). Moreover, Weibull probability density is generally helps to find average power by using the following relation
used to exemplify the wind speed distribution specified in (2) in Eq. (6):
      
k u k−1 u k n
p(u) = exp − (2) 1X
C C C Pw = Pw(uJ ) (6)
n
where, k symbolizes the shape factor. The large value of J =1

k illustrates the sharp peaked curve and k describes the Moreover, the over-all output power is assimilated multi-
smoother or more evenly distributed speeds and C represents plication of number of time intervals in hours. Total power
the scale factor. k=2 lessen the Rayleigh distribution and generation will be calculated by using bin wind velocity
Weibull distribution, that are alternate function used to deter- information. Following relation in Eq. (7) is used for power
mine wind speed. To fit the measured data of Weibull dis- calculation.
tribution, various procedures are described in the literature. B n
Weibull constraints use the wind speed data maximum likely 1X
Pw = Pw(mJ )NJ (7)
hood technique given in Eq. (3). n
J =1
1
k =  Pn k Pn  (3) where NJ represents the number of cycles in jth bin , mJ and
u
=1 J
JP ln(uJ ) J =1 ln(uJ )
n k − n
nB are the midpoint of the totality of box.
J =1 uJ

1 XI. ELECTRICITY GENERATION MODEL

C =  − 1 (4)
1
n k Average output power of wind energy conversion technolo-
ukJ
P
n gies (WECT) is a significant as it sets standard power yield in
J =1
excess of the instance and so the effect on wind energy project
where wind speed is specified by uJ , n represents data of
due to the economic feasibility. It is a much more expedient
wind speed. Further Eq (3) gives the primary point liable for
feature of the power, which does not take into account the
k=2 and Eq (4) only explain for c, wind speeds at different
wind speed variation and thus overestimating easily energy
heights are considered on the frequency distributions. Note
revenues. P̄WT is the Wind turbine power generated at respec-
that the frequency distribution is shown in % at the identical
tive wind speed can be articulated as:
time as given in the prospect of wind speeds existence in
Weibull distributions. The compulsion of Weibull distribution Z∞
is an appropriate method for finding the wind speed across P̄WT = PWT (v)df (v) (8)
Badin and Pasni, Pakistan. Table 3 displays the different 0
heights along with wind speed and average density of wind XnB   
uj−1 k
    
uj k
power. P̄WT = exp − − exp −
J =1 C C
 
X. WIND POWER MODEL
uj−1 + uj
× PWT (9)
The average power availability per unit area represents 2
average power density of that specific area in WT rotor Accessible power at a certain wind speed ‘v’ which is alter-
calculated as: able by a turbine can be calculated by Eq (10).
n
P 1X 3
= 0.5ρ uJ (5) 1
A n PWT = ρACp ηu3 (10)
J =1 2

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 M. Z. Malik et al.: Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities

TABLE 4. Wind turbines parameters.

To interpretation for the aforementioned restraints can be ver- XII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
balize a new formula for average electrical power production The American wind power chart comprises of seven wind
of a wind turbine and it is calculated by Eq (11). energy production methods, that signifies, wind power as

PnB
  
uj−1 k
  an appreciated asset of energy generation at site, initiated
 J =1 exp − C
 

 

 from first smallest to seventh greatest energy. The standard
power density of nearly 414 W/m2 at 50 m height sideways

     


  uj
 k u j−1 + uj


− exp − P
 

 WT

 with 7.16 m/s average wind speed of per year, categorizes

 C 2 


P    u k  
 Pasni and Badin in class 4 that is the furthermost appropriate
nB j−1
PWT = J =1 exp − class for the application of wind turbine altering from small
 C 





 turbines and stand-alone to grand turbine units and large wind
 

   u  k
 
 farms. Additionally, the bigger wind farm demands plenty
 j 
− exp − P (u )
 

 WT r

 of inspection expenses that will be an extra expense while

 C 



0

 a valuation of a stand-alone system for limited domestic use
  is provided. There are many advantages of a small off grid
uc ≤ u ≤ ur power generation system or small-grid founded on renewable
×  ur ≤ u ≤ uf  (11) energy system. It is obvious in some cases that the main-grids
v < vc andv > vf are inextensible to remote locations or areas far away from
The actual energy output is divided by conjectural maximum main urban cities. So far, the accessibility of electricity from
energy output during a selected time span, RO (t) given the grid, it is reasonable to practice only as a backup, i.e.
in (12). during the low-wind season. At Pasni and Badin, the wind
PWT speed is reasonably higher during the summer, when gigantic
CF = (12) electricity is there in urban areas for cooling load. By selling
RO
additional electricity to the grid, it becomes more suitable to
The capacity factor varies from 0-100 percent but practically
produce a decent turn over. The total population of Badin
fluctuates from 20-70 % and typically be around 20 to 30 %.
is around 29000 who use power at the countrywide cost
Wind turbine viability is not dependent upon the capacity
of 424kWh per year, the total requirement of energy con-
factor but also depends upon the cost of substitute power
sumption is 1230 MWh. Moreover, by selecting a 150kW and
systems. Turbine prices are evaluated by using the thumb
N27/150 rating wind turbine, with a diameter of 27 m and
rule [49]–[51] of US $ 1000 kWh, like $ 450,000. The entire
by placing it in the middle of 30 m rather than 50m height,
method of price is taken as 20 percent of the turbine rate
absolute for calculation and assessment purpose, as displayed
whereas preservation and procedure as 2 percent of total
in Table 4. By using wind speed of 30 m, the energy gener-
turbine costs per year. The total life of 20 years and 5 per-
ation can be calculated as 475MWh each year. Suppose the
cent of interest rate, electricity unit rate is determined as
following three turbines are employed in the system.
3.6 pennies for 1 kWh. These inclusive economic benefits and
recommended size analysis endorses that an off-grid wind
power generation is liable to be considered censoriously for XIII. POWER GENERATION WITH VARIOUS
neighborhood groups. Turbines are frequently designed for WINDTURBINES
commercial use especially for the spots at high wind speed A wind turbine operates on a particular site according to the
and do not affect much at low wind speeds. Numerous tur- design parameters, cut-in wind speed, cut-out wind speed and
bines are made to yield advantage of local wind systems that rated power are selected according to the location of wind
subsequently lessen the price. Local production of turbines characteristics. Wind turbine efficiency is not dependent upon
brings down the bills greatly. the characteristics of wind site but on wind speed distribution

8 VOLUME 8, 2020
M. Z. Malik et al.: Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities

TABLE 5. Per annum electricity generation through various wind turbines.

[49], [52]. It is found that the maximum efficiency of a wind The highest wind power density, based on actual data,
turbine is 59 %. The range of wind turbine rating is 300 kW occurs in Aug 2015 having value 717.661 W/m2 suc-
(Bonus300/33) to 2500 kW (Nordex N-80/2500). Wind gen- ceeded by Jun 2012, Jul 2013-Jun 2014 with 693.566 W/m2,
erator extracts higher power from the wind to use of the wind 674.774 W/m2 and 671.612 W/m2 correspondingly. Simi-
turbine parameters such as cut-in wind speed, cut-out wind larly, the average energy density values for Pasni and Badin
speed and hub height are given in Table 4. The data of wind are high during the months from May-August. It is noticed
speed is measured at the 30 m height to be considered in this that the energy density has the highest value in June for 10m
study. Using power law expression for wind speed at different and 50m heights, whereas, the value of energy density is
hub heights are calculated. The annual wind turbine power highest for the month of July if the 30 m height is considered,
generation and capacity factor of plant are shown in Table. 5 as shown in Fig. 4 (b). The maximum and minimum values
Vestas V42/600 wind turbine has minimum capacity factor for wind data by considering the measured figures of five
value 0.28, and GE45.7 wind turbine has a maximum capacity years were found 533.940 kWh/m2 in the month of august,
factor value 0.56. GE45.7 Maximum energy produced by 2004 and 22.061 kWh/m2 for the month of Nov, 2006 respec-
wind turbine is almost 11220.32 MWh. Vestas V42/600 wind tively. The Capacity factor and estimated power generation at
turbine energy produces minimum 770 MWh annually. The the proposed site located in Badin are demonstrated in Fig. 5.
capacity factor and annual energy production of wind turbines It is noticed that the maximum estimated power generation
are depicted in Table 5. Finally, wind potential is investigated, is required in June. It is due to hot weather and escalating
and the site is analyzed to provide a potential path for the temperature. Likewise, wind speed distribution at the pro-
investors to choose wind turbine for their projects. posed Pasni site is shown in Fig. 6. The results computed
for percentage frequency distribution and probable Weibull
XIV. ENERGY DENSITY AND WIND POWER distribution for the proposed Pasni site at three different
Wind speed and power density are illustrated in Fig. 4 (a) and heights are shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 4 (b) respectively. In summer specifically from May to It is observed from Fig. 7 that wind power density remained
August wind power density is highest as shown in Fig. 4 (b). maximum in the sixth month of the year for proposed Pasni
Provided wind data at the candidate sites of Pasni and Badin site. Moreover, the analysis for the capacity factor and the
are compared with power densities computed via Rayleigh estimated power generation is also conducted thoroughly and
and Weibull functions of wind power density. depicted in Figs. 8 and 9 respectively. The analysis validates
Three power densities are compared by monthly vari- that the proposed sites are highly suitable for wind farms
ations of wind data of the Badin and Pasni. The actual incorporation. This study has proven very helpful for the
data based on the highest wind power density occur in investors as well as for the government of Pakistan to install
August 2006 value 717.661 W/m2. The whole survey com- the renewable energy sources at the proposed sites to generate
pleted in June 2012-July 2015 with the specific values of the energy in order to overcome the ongoing energy crisis across
wind data 694.7 W/m2 and 675.8 W/m2 respectively. Wind Pakistan.
power density values 30.506 W/m2 is a lowest period which
occur in November 2015 XV. SEASONAL VARIATIONS
The comparison of observed wind data with Rayleigh’s The wind data for three years i.e. from January 2005 to
function and Weibull’s function was done on a monthly December 2007 has been analyzed comprehensively to deter-
basis and observed thoroughly. Though the lowest value mine the average wind speed with respect to summer, autumn,
of WPD is 30.506 W/m2 which occur in Nov 2015, winter and spring seasons. For this purpose, May-July are
during the months of October to December every year, considered as summer, Aug-Oct is autumn, Nov-Jan. is winter
the lower wind power densities are mostly observed. whereas the spring starts from Feb ends in April. The average

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FIGURE 5. (a) Capacity factor and (b) estimated power generation at proposed site (Badin).

FIGURE 6. (a-c) Wind speed distribution at proposed site (Pasni).

wind speed determined after the analysis for all the four wind speed variation shows that the speed of wind is com-
seasons is 7.63 m/s, 5.63 m/s, 3.61m/s and 4.71 m/s for paratively high during summer, followed by autumn, spring
summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons, respectively. The and winter. The shape parameters along with Weibull scale

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FIGURE 7. (a-c) Power density at proposed site (Pasni).

FIGURE 8. (a) Capacity factor at proposed site (Pasni).

and variation in mean wind speed is shown in Fig. 10. It is in projects. AEDB has issued supportive letters to the com-
depicted in Fig. 10 that value of ‘‘k’’ and ‘‘c’’ varies on the pany to develop the project successfully and to hire technical
Weibull scale highly in summer and autumn as compared to experts based on demand of the company. This is followed
winter and spring seasons which depict the higher and more by obtaining a generation license and determining the tar-
uniform speed of wind during summer and autumn seasons. iff by NEPRA, signing of the power purchase agreement
Variations in power density and energy density due to sea- by NTDC and agreement signs with AEDB Company. The
sonal changes are shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11. Power density commercial operation of the wind power plant has achieved
and energy density are higher on investigated site in summer financial closure. It was issued by letter of support to 15
season followed by the winter season. The highest value independent power producers which amount to commercial
exists for wind power density is 565.586 W/m2 in summer operations achieved of 806.4 MW wind energies of projects.
and lowest was 83.576 W/m2 in winter 2005. Comparison of Wind power producer’s details and their different projects are
wind power density measured through calculated wind data as follows:
from Weibull scale and Rayleigh’s function is also depicted
comprehensively for Badin site as shown in Fig. 12. However, A. FAUJI FERTILIZER COMPANY (FFC) PROJECT
the results for Pasni site are depicting that power density and FFC Energy Ltd.’s wind power plant, situated in Jhimpir,
energy density are relatively higher for summer and autumn occupies approximately 1283 acres of land in Sindh. Wind
seasons as demonstrated in Figs. 13 and 14. Correspondingly, power plant installed capacity is 4.9 MW with generation
Comparison of wind power density measured through calcu- from wind 146 GW per year. NEPRA has regulated tariff rate
lated wind data from Weibull scale and Rayleigh’s function of 16.109 cents/kW h for FFC Energy Ltd [52]–[54]. It has
is also depicted comprehensively for Pasni site as shown completed 50 megawatt wind farm in record time by FFC
in Fig. 15. Energy Limited (FFCEL), a subsidiary of FFC well-known
by a dream to commence and encourage renewable energy
XVI. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WIND and environmentally friendly plants in Pakistan.
ENERGY SECTOR
The AEDB is issued by the license to 34 independent wind B. ZORLU PROJECT
energy companies for investment in 1925.4 MW wind pow- Zorlu Energy Company was situated in District Thatta Sindh
ers. After the issuance of a letter of intent, the land is allocated province in Pakistan. Turkish firm Zorlu Enerji subsidiary.
to be used by company managed staff for better improvement On this project the investment was 143 $ US Dollar. In the

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FIGURE 9. (a)-(c) Estimated power generation at proposed site (Pasni).

FIGURE 10. Seasonal wind power density 2015-2018 (Badin). FIGURE 11. Seasonal energy density 2015-2018 (Badin).

F.Y 2009, a 6 MW capacities and each wind turbine, 1.2 MW April 11, 2015. 33 turbines of Gold winds GW771500 were
vestas, were installed. Later, 28 Vestas, 1.8 MW turbines have utilized in Pakistan. Intention to increase the capacity of wind
been installed that accumulatively increased the capacity of power plant 500 MW has been accounted [6]. NEPRA has
wind farm around 50.4 MW. NEPRA has regulated the tariff regulated a tariff rate of 13.9399 cents/kWh for this wind
of 13.3456 US cents /kWh for the wind power plant installed scheme. The time frame of these IPPs (see Table 2). The
by Zorlu company in partisan. In April 2013, the project was project started for power generation and it was achieved
expected to be finished [39]. approximately 93 million kWh.

C. THREE GORGES FIRST WIND FARM PAKISTAN D. FOUNDATION PROJECT I AND II

The Chinese company established a wind power plant, sit- Two projects 50 WM each, which are in progress situated
uated in Jhimpir, Sindh. It spent 130 $ US to establish at KuttiKun new Island, Sindh. FWEL-I requires a land area
49.5 MW wind power scheme in recent times started on of 1210 acres and FWEL-II required a land area of 1656 acres.

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FIGURE 12. Comparsion WPD calcuated through actual, Weibull and Rayleigh technique (Badin).

E. SAPPHIRE PROJECT
This project is going to produce wind power of 50 MW, situ-
ated on 1372 acres in Jhimpir, Sindh. Recently, 33 latest wind
turbines are being installed by General Electric. The project is
granted by Bank Alfalah and Sapphire Textile Mills Limited.
The financial assistance is accomplished through Overseas
Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). The main contractor
for this project is Hydro-China Corporation. The agreement
is signed in September 2013 with OPIC and Sapphire Wind
Power Limited. The Company has agreed for a system of
tariff in advance with the Government.

F. YUNUS PROJECT
Yunus energy project is the power production group of Younis
FIGURE 13. Seasonal wind power density 2015-2018 (Pasni). brothers and was started in 2011. Their wind power project
is situated in Jhimpir, Sindh having an installed capacity
of 50 MW. In December 2011, Pakistan has issued support
letter to the company for wind power generation. In Novem-
ber 2013, the tariff is permitted by the NEPRA when accepted
with the corporation. The corporation signs a power purchas-
ing consistency with the central power purchasing author-
ity NTDC on 26th March 2014. The company is facing
210 million rupees’ higher revenue along with unpredictable
exchange rate and a rise in extra inconsistent expenses
is declared. İn situation project did not achieve financial
closure.

G. SACHAL PROJECT
Sachal Energy Development Limited is a subsidiary of Arif
Habib Corporation Limited. In 2012, Sachal Energy has con-
FIGURE 14. Seasonal energy density 2015-2018 (Pasni). structed a 49.5 MW wind power project in Jhimpir, Sindh.
A Chinese Company, Hydro China Limited was employed
for engineering, development, operation and maintenance
The total expenditure prescribed for FWEL-I is approxi- services in April 2012. Winds farm construction cost is
mately 128$ million US dollar for FWEL-II the expenditure is around 107$ million, and it will be provided by Industrial and
approximately 127$ million US dollar with a debt equal ratio Commercial Bank of China. It is estimated that, the annual
of 75%:25%. NEPRA regulated tariff 14.1359 cents/kWh for capacity of power plant will be 136,500 MWh and reduce
FWEL-I and 14.1164 cents/kWh for FWEL-II. emissions of greenhouse gasses 85,000 tons per year.

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FIGURE 15. Comparsion WPD calculated through actual, Weibull and Rayleigh technique
(Pasni).

H. METRO PROJECT an agreement with the master group to purchase power; in

Metro project has installed a 50 MW project of wind power 2015 financial closure was completed by the corporation and
near Hyderabad, Sindh. İn February 2015, this scheme in September 2016 operation began
has accomplished a financial closure; in August 2016,
it is predicted to start the production; NEPRA declared L. ZEPHYR PROJECT
a14.4236 cents/kWh tariff rate for this scheme in May 2012; Wind data analysis in Pakistan Zephyr Power Limited is a
1553 acres’ land is allotted for this wind power plant. sister company of Omega Limited been done. In January,
support letter is acquired from AEDB; the wind farm is
I. GUL AHMED PROJECT constructed near Bhambore, Sindh. In May 2012, NEPRA
Gul Ahmed project is a 55% owned subsidiary of Gul Ahmed has regulated the 15.9135 US cents/kWh tariff rate for Zephyr
Energy Limited. As well as Infraco Asia owns to GAWPL, Power Limited. The company has installed 33 Sinovel wind
International Finance Corporation of the wind power project turbines and total capacity of 49.5 MW wind farm are
is a minority shareholder. In December 2011, Company has installed in Bhambore.
obtained the permit of production. The Scheme of Metro
Power Company Ltd, near to its group companies, installed XVII. RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS
a power project. GAWPL has installed 50 MW Nordex tur- REQUIREMENT
bines in wind power projects. A wind power project requires The government of Pakistan has major focus on liquefied
645 acres. The corporation has preferred 13.5244 cents/kWh natural gas (LNG) based power plants, solar and wind energy
tariff rates. project impracticable professed by the Pakistan government
for comparatively high cost as compared to conventional
J. TENAGA GENERASI PROJECT power generation projects. Even some projects were issued
A 50-megawatt wind power plant is installed by the company and signed for their integration in power production in
in Gharo, Sindh at an estimated cost of 130$ million US Pakistan; however new proposals are accepted currently from
Dollar. The project covers an area of 4881 acres. The schemes the government and serious measures are taken for devel-
are probable to generate electricity 156 GW h at 36% capacity opment of Wind turbines. The renewable energy market in
factor average of per year. The company obtained LOS from Pakistan is affected till now by new guidelines of the govern-
AEDB in September 2010 and has selected for the upfront ment of Pakistan.
tariff. As a substitute of interdiction new suggestions, it must
change dogmata to encourage IPPs to generate cheap power.
K. MASTER ENERGY PROJECT Some recommendations are as follows:
Master Wind Energy Limited is a subsidiary of Master Group. • In order to maximize the benefits of participation, for
The company has obtained a support letter from the Asian using better techniques of risk management, correspond-
Development Bank, to construct 50-megawatt wind farm near ing risk in multi-product market environment should be
Jhimpir’s. Moreover, every organization required a licences reduced.
for power generation plant, therefore this got it from the • The indicators should be used for the better understand-
NEPRA and has determined by the tariff under the tariff ing of intermittence and wind power uncertainty in dif-
management system. The tentative rate of this scheme is ferent locations
125 $ million US Dollar. The company obtained LOS on • Hydro and thermal power stations should be improved
August 08, 2012; On March 20, 2015, NTDC Limited signed by the accessible development.

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XVIII. PAKISTAN POWER POLICY 2) EFFICIENCY

Government of Pakistan’s Ministry of Water and Power had Efficiency plays the most important role for excellence in
to design a power policy due to severe energy crisis in the the economic race and competition among nations at present
country. The ambitious power policy 2013 was framed in such times. Three main pillars are set by national power pol-
a way that it can meet Pakistan’s present and future energy icy to determine the principle of efficiency: accountability,
requirements. The aim of this policy was not only to address merit order and transparency/automation. To assess the merit
the main challenges which are faced by power sector but also order throughout the system, a policy was designed. Power
to tackle the problems of economy and social development. mix, dispatch, payments and fuel allocation were observed
Better living standard and relief was one of the main resolves through this policy. The merit order allocations will definitely
to be provided to citizens of Pakistan via this strategy. come into play, once the demand and supply gaps have been
minimized. To make the system successful, transparency is
A. GOALS a necessary factor; it can be attained by providing com-
Government of Pakistan has set nine goals with the aim of plete access to information via public forum; Accountability
achieving long-term solution for power sector problems and system should be opted and implemented through compe-
challenges which are given as follows: tent professionals; Zero tolerance policy should be exercised
• Improve power generation efficiency according to world towards poor performance and corruption.
class standards.
• Diminish financial losses throughout the system.
3) COMPETITION
• Create an out-class network for transmission.
To develop a robust energy cluster, competition plays the
• Construct a sustainably sound power generation capac-
most essential part. Principles of competition were based on
ity to meet Pakistan’s energy needs.
• Guarantee the power generation of affordable and inex-
three factors: key client management, infrastructure develop-
pensive electricity by using indigenous reserves like ment, and competitive bidding as well as up front tariff. The
infrastructure was improved and incentives were provided to
Hydel and coal (Thar coal) for industrial, commercial
attract private sector investments. It was planned that role of
and domestic use.
government will be limited to framing policies and making
• Make the fuel supply free of pilferage and adulteration.
• Create a practice of conserving energy and
decision. Services’ delivery was to be encouraged through
responsibility. transparent and competitive private sector. Hence, NEPRA
• Improve the governance of all provincial, federal depart-
has to be supported and strengthened for the formulation of
world class regulatory authority which can establish tariffs
ments and align the ministries related to energy sector.
and lay down the foundation for a world class competitive
An effective and long-term vision policy has to be made
bidding process. The government has to assign its represen-
for each goal mentioned above to actualize the power
sector’s aspirations. tative for Ministry of Water and Power who will work as
• Improve the distribution system and minimize the inef-
relationship managers or key client managers. Government
representatives had to ensure the completion of investments
ficiencies.
and projects in time for power sector investors [33].
B. POLICY PRINCIPLES
• Power policy 2013 consists of the policies and strategies C. IMPACT
based on the following organizing principles: This policy’s success mainly depended on its implementation;
• Sustainability it was expected that with the application of all policy princi-
• Efficiency ples, power sector will improve tremendously. According to
• Competition prediction, this policy will have a great impact and demand
supply gap would be eliminated completely and country
1) SUSTAINABILITY would have an enough power supply than the requirement and
The ground factor for long term transformation is based on can be traded regionally too by the end of the five-year term of
Sustainability. It consists of three pillars: demand manage- then government. If this policy was implemented effectively,
ment, low cost energy and fair playing field. Less expensive it was expected that Pakistan will resolve its power crisis
fuels can be used to achieve the target of low-cost energy. and will transform itself from a power importer to regional
To attain sufficient investments for low cost fuel mix, electric- power exporter. Power generation cost would be decreased
ity tariff rationalization was necessary. To achieve equality in reasonably and with efficient improvements in transmission
the system, practice of cross-subsidizing the consumption of and distribution, the burden of overload of power to end con-
rich should be ended as well as rights of poor must be pro- sumer would be significantly reduced. Power policy 2013 was
tected. All industrial consumers can be provided with power designed to achieve social development and prosperity in
at equivalent price which will create a level playing field Pakistan. But the bitter reality is that, with continuous insta-
in the system. The demand management will be introduced bility and changes in political scenarios, actions and imple-
through regulatory instruments, pricing and novel policy. mentation of this policy is still not achieved.

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XIX. RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT PROPOSALS XXI. RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL

Major national institution ‘‘The National Institute of Sili- The energy shortfall problem of Pakistan can be effectively
con Technology’’ (NIST) served as prime organization to resolved by exploitation of the natural energy resources;
develop and design renewable energy project proposals as moreover, it can provide a long term and feasible solution for
well as guarantee the Pakistan’s participation on interna- abolition of many prevalent energy-issues of the country. The
tional level such as a World Solar Summit, September 16-18, potential of these resources in Pakistan have been discussed
1996 held in Harare, Zimbabwe. The majority of projects exclusively in the subsection of this paper. Following text
(12 out of 16) were using solar energy technologies. The outlines an overview of availability of these resources in
time period for a single project varies from 1.5 to 6 years Pakistan:
and it costs between 0.02 to 46 million US dollars. The
first twelve projects described in Table 5 are listed on the A. HYDROPOWER
UNESCO list of National High Priority Projects. Due to Pakistan has a wide-range of about 51,700 Mega-Watt in
weak financial position of the country, it is not possible hydro power sector that comprises of a large Hydro Source
for the government to provide grants for these activities, MoW&P and PPIB.
even if they are aware about the significance of such energy
technologies. There is a dire need of getting support and B. SOLAR PV
technical expertise from international funding agencies, The solar power potential is immense in Pakistan as it obtains
in order to promote the wider use of these technologies. an inordinate deal of solar-radiation that provides a consider-
With the effective implementation of these projects, suf- able power generation facility. In Pakistan, on average a solar
ficient power generation can boost commercial, industrial irradiation is 5 to 7 kWh/m2 /day that is among the largest
and economic activities and it will provide a form for dis- figures of solar irradiation arrive through the globe. Pakistan
semination, education and training of these technologies. can harvest over a 1 million Mega-Watt of PV Solar electricity
In a nutshell, each aspect of life will be revolutionized providing a passible installation space.
in Pakistan.
C. SOLAR THERMAL
XX. WHY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES As specified in the previous sub-section, Pakistan receives
Following are the points that demonstrates benefits provided 5 to 7 kW/m2 /day solar irradiation, through which thousands
by renewable energy systems: of Mega-Watt can be produced by using Thermal-Solar Power
generation. Even though the precise production figure is not
documented, it would be adequate to fulfill the energy in
A. ABUNDANT SUPPLY
shortfall of Pakistan. Moreover, this much strong irradiation
The renewable energy is extracted from natural resources
is useful for small-scale applications i.e. in domestic and
which are abundantly available. Therefore, they can supply
commercial solar water heaters.
ample power in the system. Additionally, recycling facility is
available in natural resources so these are available through
D. WIND POWER
recycling process as well.
The overall wind energy potential in Pakistan is more than
300,000 Mega-Watt that would effectively cater to the burn-
B. SUSTAINABLE ing issue of electricity shortfall of country.
These energy resources are significantly sustainable; an opti-
mistic feature of a natural energy source is that it supplies E. BIOGAS
the required power while avoiding its harmful effects on the The economy of Pakistan is dependent upon agriculture that
environment. provides a huge amount of livestock. Thus, there is a huge
latent of energy production by means of biogas. The projected
C. ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY potential would be 8.8-17.2 bn m3 that would be helpful
The renewable energy is produced either by nat- to generate 55-106 TWh of electricity. Thus, around 6.6%
ural source or by altering a natural material into (5700 GW h) of Pakistan’s existing power generation capac-
energy that ensures the environmental sustainabil- ity can be generated from biogas.
ity, hence, it is considered environment friendly.
Consequently, there is minimal damage to the
XXII. BARRIERS IN RENEWABLE
atmosphere due to it. mostly locally available and
ENERGY PROJECTS
needs no networking
As Pakistan is facing a one of the worst energy crisis of its
Local availability of these resources is another key benefit history, notwithstanding the point that Pakistan is in ominous
of these resources. These are free of bearing the load of requirement of all available actions to be taken to resolve
wide networking to use these resources at large or individual the energy generation deficit. Unfortunately, various factors
levels. hinder the improvement of long-standing issue. Subsequent

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are the barricades confronted by organization working for the F. LACK OF SOCIAL AWARENESS
implementation of their renewable energy projects: Further, one key difficulty in the growth of renewable
energy production in Pakistan is the lack of knowledge and
A. POLICY CHALLENGES awareness about the compensations attained through renew-
Currently, the government is not concerned with making able energy and it plays a very important role.
amendments in the policies for renewable power generation
sector. The foremost recognition should be specified to these XXIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS
energy sources and the financial inducements e.g. long-term The main purpose in this research work is to analyze
licenses (as time consuming and long licensing procedures feasibility of power plants for power generation at low
are there), feed-in-tariff, elimination of external costs must cost. However, the main points have been described as
be removed on non-renewable energy sources, etc. It is a big follows:
hurdle from receiving the assistances from these renewable
• Pakistan, is undergoing a serious energy crisis due to
resources [39].
continuous increase in electricity consumers which has
led to major electricity shortage of 8 -12 hours in rural
B. POOR INFRASTRUCTURE AND and urban areas. With this, the industrial, residential
MARKET ACCESS and commercial sectors are ominously affected, and it is
Extraction of energy from renewable energy source requires becoming a big challenge for the Pakistan’s government
grid reinforcement, adequate grid codes and related infras- to provide uninterrupted power supply, in near future.
tructure. This means that a huge amount of investment is Therefore, current situation urges researchers to explore
required for power infrastructure allowing RES into the renewable energy resources.
national grid. • Wind energy techno-economic cost analysis with respect
to load demand is conducted in this study for supplying
power to rural communities at low cost. This can also be
C. INSTITUTIONAL BARRIER
helpful to determine the feasibility of developing a wind
Main departments concerned with energy sector, display a farm across proposed zones of Pakistan. However, actual
non-appearance of direction associated to the expansion and annual power production from wind farm investment is
growth of investment in the sector of renewable energy gen- applied to evaluate the energy cost.
eration. There is lack of co-operation among relevant agen- • However, in this study, after detailed study, authors
cies of government of Pakistan (AEDB, NEPRA, MoW&P, proposed and highlights the most suitable wind sites
MoP & NRS etc.) which hinders the utilization of these such as Pasni (Balochistan Province) and Badin (Sindh
resources. Province) for installing wind power generation plants,
and it has been analyzed that from these two wind sites,
D. INFORMATION BASE AND TECHNICAL it has a huge wind potential where wind speed blows
CAPACITY above the international standards in detail as shown
Deficit of methodological material and information among in Table 3.
public is also another main barricade in the harvesting of • It has been analyzed and estimated that at least 2.6 GW
renewable energy generation i.e. sunshine data and wind power can be contributed from wind plants connected in
speed data that is obligatory to guarantee the benefits of national grid or can fulfill the demands of rural areas of
these resources. The shortage of expertise (e.g. contractors, the proposed sites.
suppliers of equipment) and service providing companies • Additionally, the energy policies of the country, that
(consultants etc.) is another big hurdle in this field. The have been announced over the years as well as the impact
prescribed projects are obligatory for the sustained operation that they made on the electricity sector is taken under
of renewable energy generation technologies [6]. consideration in this paper.
• This paper develops a roadmap and proposes the wind
E. FINANCIAL BARRIER AND LACK OF energy sites that can fulfil the country’s rising energy
INVESTORS’ CONFIDENCE requirements, whilst being sustainable at the same time.
Finances are always considered a biggest hurdle in this sector. Moreover, this roadmap also identifies and highlights
It is a significant factor in the slow expansion of energy the necessary requirements that our country must under-
sector. The exertions to use renewable energy are stalled due take to reach its vision to fulfill energy needs and inte-
to insufficient capitals and financial enticement schemes. The grating renewable energy sources for power generation
current security situation and political issues also play its part at low cost, which is inevitable.
to pose the growth in power sector as it is a risk factor that • From this research, it is also concluded that power gener-
stops the local and international investors and they vacillate ated by various prototypes of WTs will suggest the most
in capitalizing in the field. optimum power through the best probability function,

VOLUME 8, 2020 17
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such as Weibull and Rayleigh distribution parameters. [12] M. S. Nazir, A. J. Mahdi, M. Bilal, H. M. Sohail, N. Ali, and
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M. Z. Malik et al.: Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities

[34] S. U. Ahmed, A. H. Memon, A. A. Kambho, and M. Z. Malik, MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN MALIK received the
‘‘Renewable energy deployment potential in Pakistan and China,’’ master’s degree in electrical engineering from
Univ. Sindh J. Inf. Commun. Technol., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 116–127, Chongqing University, China, in 2012, and the
2019. Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electri-
[35] S. H. Shami, J. Ahmad, R. Zafar, M. Haris, and S. Bashir, ‘‘Evaluating cal Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
wind energy potential in Pakistan’s three provinces, with proposal for China, in 2017. He is currently working as an
integration into national power grid,’’ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 53, Associate Professor with the Faculty of Automa-
pp. 408–421, Jan. 2016.
tion, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an,
[36] K. Atul, ‘‘REN21, 2019: Asia and the pacific renewable energy status
Jiangsu, China. His main research interests include
report,’’ Tech. Rep., 2019, pp. 1–137.
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Sindh, Pakistan,’’ Pakistan J. Meteorol., vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 5–9, 2009. power electronics design, and control nonlinear control theory and its appli-
[38] K. Harijan, M. A. Uqaili, M. Memon, and U. K. Mirza, ‘‘Forecast- cation in power systems.
ing the diffusion of wind power in Pakistan,’’ Energy, vol. 36, no. 10,
pp. 6068–6073, Oct. 2011.
[39] M. Baloch, S. Abro, G. S. Kaloi, N. Mirjat, S. Tahir, M. Nadeem, M. Gul,
Z. Memon, and M. Kumar, ‘‘A research on electricity generation from wind
corridors of Pakistan (two provinces): A technical proposal for remote
zones,’’ Sustainability, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 1611, 2017.
[40] The Economics of Wind Energy, Eur. Wind Energy Assoc., EWEA,
Brussels, Belgium, 2009. AMJAD ALI received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees
[41] S. F. Khahro, K. Tabbassum, A. M. Soomro, L. Dong, and X. Liao, in electronics from the University of Sindh,
‘‘Evaluation of wind power production prospective and Weibull parameter Pakistan, in 2002 and 2003, respectively, the mas-
estimation methods for Babaurband, Sindh Pakistan,’’ Energy Convers. ter’s degree in energy management from COM-
Manage., vol. 78, pp. 956–967, Feb. 2014. SATS University Islamabad (CUI), in 2010, and
[42] M. Shaheen and M. Z. Khan, ‘‘A method of data mining for selection of site the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
for wind turbines,’’ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 55, pp. 1225–1233, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 2016.
Mar. 2016. He is currently working as a Research Engineer
[43] S. F. Khahro, K. Tabbassum, A. M. Soomro, X. Liao, M. B. Alvi, L. Dong, with the Center of Research Excellence in Renew-
and M. F. Manzoor, ‘‘Techno-economical evaluation of wind energy poten- able Energy, Research Institute, King Fahad Uni-
tial and analysis of power generation from wind at Gharo, Sindh Pakistan,’’ versity of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia. His main research interests
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 35, pp. 460–474, Jul. 2014. include renewable energy, energy policy and standards, power optimization,
[44] A. Ghafoor, T. U. Rehman, A. Munir, M. Ahmad, and M. Iqbal, ‘‘Cur-
and power electronics design.
rent status and overview of renewable energy potential in Pakistan for
continuous energy sustainability,’’ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 60,
pp. 1332–1342, Jul. 2016.
[45] A. R. Pazikadin, D. Rifai, K. Ali, M. Z. Malik, A. N. Abdalla, and
M. A. Faraj, ‘‘Solar irradiance measurement instrumentation and power
solar generation forecasting based on artificial neural networks (ANN):
A review of five years research trend,’’ Sci. Total Environ., vol. 715, GHULAM SARWAR KALOI received the B.E.
May 2020, Art. no. 136848. degree in electrical engineering from Mehran
[46] G. S. Kaloi, J. Wang, and M. H. Baloch, ‘‘Study of stability analy- UET, Jamshoro, Pakistan, in 2006, the M.E.
sis of a grid connected Doubly fed induction generator based on wind degree in electrical engineering from Quaid-e-
energy Application,’’ Indonesian J. Elect. Eng. Comput. Sci., vol. 3, no. 2, awam UEST, Nawbshah, Pakistan, in 2013, and
pp. 305–313, 2016. the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
[47] J. A. Carta, P. Ramírez, and S. Velázquez, ‘‘A review of wind
the School of Electronic, Information and Electri-
speed probability distributions used in wind energy analysis,’’
cal Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 933–955,
Jun. 2009. China, in 2017. He has more than 12 years experi-
[48] M. A. Sheikh, ‘‘Renewable energy resource potential in Pakistan,’’ ence in different fields. He is currently working as
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2696–2702, an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid-
Dec. 2009. e-Awam University of Engineering and Technology, Larkana, Pakistan. His
[49] A. W. Bhutto, A. A. Bazmi, and G. Zahedi, ‘‘Greener energy: Issues and research interests include nonlinear control theory, power electronics and its
challenges for Pakistan—Biomass energy prospective,’’ Renew. Sustain. application in power systems, complex dynamic system wind power systems,
Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 3207–3219, Aug. 2011. sustainable development, and renewable energy.
[50] T. Muneer and M. Asif, ‘‘Prospects for secure and sustainable electric-
ity supply for Pakistan,’’ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 11, no. 4,
pp. 654–671, May 2007.
[51] M. Shahbaz, M. Zeshan, and T. Afza, ‘‘Is energy consumption effective to
spur economic growth in Pakistan? New evidence from bounds test to level
relationships and Granger causality tests,’’ Econ. Model., vol. 29, no. 6, AMIR MAHMOOD SOOMRO received the B.E.
pp. 2310–2319, Nov. 2012. and M.E. degrees in electrical engineering from
[52] G. S. Kaloi, J. Wang, and M. H. Baloch, ‘‘Dynamic modeling and the Mehran University of Engineering and Tech-
control of DFIG for wind energy conversion system using feedback
nology, Jamshoro, Pakistan, in 2006 and 2010,
linearization,’’ J. Electr. Eng. Technol., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1137–1146,
respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the Beijing
Sep. 2016.
[53] B. Ali, ‘‘Wind energy potential assessment and mapping through various Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, in 2017.
distribution techniques: An experimental investigation (IRECON),’’ Int. J. He has more than 14 years experience in fields of
Energy Convers., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 29–37, 2019. teaching and research. He is currently working as
[54] B. Memon, M. H. Baloch, A. H. Memon, S. H. Qazi, R. Haider, and an Associate professor with the Mehran Univer-
D. Ishak, ‘‘Assessment of wind power potential based on Raleigh distribu- sity of Engineering and Technology. His research
tion model: An experimental investigation for coastal zone,’’ Eng. Technol. interests include renewable energy sources, power electronic converters, and
Appl. Sci. Res. J., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 3721–3725, 2019. control engineering.

VOLUME 8, 2020 19
 M. Z. Malik et al.: Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities

MAZHAR HUSSAIN BALOCH received the B.E. SOHAIB TAHIR CHAUHDARY received the
and M.E. degrees in electrical engineering from B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the
Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Pakistan, in 2008 and COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
2013, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in elec- Lahore, Pakistan, in 2009, the master’s degree in
trical engineering from the School of Electronic, electrical engineering from Xi’an Jiaotong Uni-
Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai versity, Shaanxi, China, in 2014, and the Ph.D.
Jiao Tong University, China, in 2017. He was degree in electrical engineering from the School
a Postdoctoral Researcher with Universiti Sains of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engi-
Malaysia (USM), in 2019. He has more than neering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China,
12 years experience in different fields. He is in 2018. He remained a member of the Power Elec-
currently working as an Associate Professor with the Department of tronics and Renewable Energy Center (PEREC), Xian Jiaotong University.
Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Tech- He remained the Research Assistant with Xi’an Jiaotong University. He also
nology at Khairpur MIrs, Pakistan. His research interest areas are in remained the Research Associate with Shanghai Jiao Tong University. His
energy management, smart energy systems, nonlinear control theory, research interests include nonlinear control theory, power electronics and its
power electronics and its application in power systems, complex dynamic application in power systems, three phase inverters, power systems analysis
system wind power systems, sustainable development, and renewable renewable energy systems, and sustainable development.
energy.

20 VOLUME 8, 2020

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