BEC - Modute 2 P1ELN14 /24 Logic crycutts : Lae ee ave Gircutts ee 2 produce-the ba- - sito Wie functions , AUD, OR etc. bogie Ee hautgy moore than one en * - put & havieg only one output. Basic ates ¢ 1 (or gate CEnvertey) ¢ “Tuuath Table : Toput | output} . x —>-— y x Y oO a a ° ‘x Inverters ave used +o Gomptemient the tpyscat state se. a Logic 1 input yesutés ina va © output and yeceversa. The Boolean expsesston fox the output zs 2) AMD Gate : Tauth Jabte : a Ff Topet | outbut Ct a B y ° ° * AMD ‘ae produce output Loyrc a when aa io Gilt input are simuttaneousty at tater, [1 0 ° a a x Lf one of the goput @s Leyre o, output as heyee 3. Truth Tabte: Tope | ocet pel x OR gates Witt produce a keyeca output whenever any one oF more gopuls ave at agica EC Www. azdocuments. 20 | ol ° a ° 2Bec - Module 2 Q1ELM14/ 94 4) KOR Cexclustve-or gates) * a ¥, =) *% Tt produce output ee “2, number of goputs ave hopte “2 Cah) ze odd Universal uorversat jartes. ay or * Tt produces output foyic1 Sf one of the seoput ae o (complement of ano ge? Truth Tabt - oY, AB ¥ | B oO a | oO a a1 ea ° 2) WOR Gete > ( OR - wor) Truth Tabte A =p Tabet | ovetput 8 AB ¥ oo a | ‘A+B ons o 10 ° a2 ° * If one of the sopul tye 1, the oveepeet | gic Oo, otherwise aegte Le Bistobses : | 4 The output of a bistable has two stable states c togie oo Reset, Lic 2 > seo) R géstabse : x The simplest form of bistable ts the Rs béstable, Tt has two snputy | (set cs), ReseT(R)), | ww. azdocumnents. é ogBec - Modute 2 PreLrw14 [24 * Two outputs Cg and J, comptement each other) 1 * Cross - coupled mand and oR gates show below. Reset CR) i g SETCS) ——)> g 9 (a) 2 WAMD Gate R-S Bistable RESET CR) SETCS) e fag cb: MOR Gate R-S Béstable case £5 S=1, R=0 3 applied to snpurts god output O-2, 9-0. This state 8S SET state. 8) $= 0, R=] &8. applied -to saputs ged case output g=0 , G=2. —ahis state 8s RESET state, Ctocked SR c#rcudt : s ——) iJ g TpPei te gb chock ~ clk_| tse] eum? 3 pul ae R OL : 2p a Bo +9: Logic cercust Truth Table ¢ i * Toput | output Ss R|o @ Oo oO | mo = change o 1 jo? * 1 o fio 2 | Teva atid o If S=0,/R=0 mo change i € prevsous output yetaéls Tf s=0,R=1 > Q-o,R-4 RESET state Tf S=2,R=O ~ g=], R=O SET state Tf 5=1,R=2 = povated Www. azdocuments. 20 03pec - module & 21eLm14/24¢ D> Type_Bistable + cP EL Fa? atagvaro ¥g 3 Symbol case 8) D=0, + S=0,R=1 ; output @=0, P-1. Thes state és RESET state, case #) D=1.-> S=1, R=0 Output 9-2, 9-0, This state #S SET state. % Therefore pata / Detay ‘bistable produces output. bye 4 if foput *o° hoped aod ‘output logte o Sf. foput “3° a. oO. * The data zoput C rogec oo togec 2) 8s chocked #nto the pestabte such thet the osag state only cha -the ctock shapes state . chk putse fF LP VF LALA i i ' \ | ata (9) or Le | : i i es when output (q) | WWW. A2documents. £4 oFBEC - Modute a 2IELNI4 /94 Fis symbol : loyic ie Gase ?} J=1, K=0 Assume Q=0, 9-1, impues S=1, R=0 Since $21, R=0 the output @=1, @=0 “Ths state 2s SET state case &) T=0, K=1, previous output Q-1, 9=0 2. S=0, R=1, “Thes iemptzes O=0, QO-2 case #8} J=0, K=0, previous output @=0, B =1 J. S20, R=0, tmpties Q=0, 9-1 ze Mo chagye en output. case Wh) Jai, K=1, previous output @=0, @=1 $21, R-O mpues @=2,G=0 he Tope state, O+I-70-+7 jeuth Table: Input [output] clk { f | | | { t | rT Kio § O 0 jrrochaye J _J o alo Kk 1 O}10 tL 121 Tye ON) ¢ www, azdocuments. #7 I<— “Togyne —> osBEG - Modules 21ELW14/ 24 Four stage Biomy counter Uy Tok biskabies + ly ts on Logie a 7 Logie i 2 gas pd [ee a 7? g @\? o? tse 3 a el = Saeed K ctear ¢ K’ crear # K car & K ctear F ao — j 395 Be ds 48 veset counter Fy Leyte digyram Treath Table ae Output Topet @ 9c 6 OA oc OM 06 * o 0 o 2 + ey Wow: 0 it ° o 442 t (y= Yo © + o 1 o2 a 6 1m ® ae ee i 20 00 t 2 | ae a 0 210 | - a o 3 7 | +r a 1 0 | + 2 2 0 oF aa o | a 2 a: q 4% ‘Inttiatly clear pio ss appired by togte tor -to enake counter output sogtc “0° 1€ A= Po~ Gc- Qo.x O. 1 aod ctock putse ( posstsve edge) counter * Prourdsg inputs T=K | stars “fo count -the binary output -from 0000 -» 2222 oF shows 9 waneform for every clock puts?, output of each bistable 2s connected as clock input -fo next b8stable, uw. azdocumnents. 20 SocBEC - Module ga S1EL 14/84 2 3 aT = a a T 7) segram Fouy eye shsft ies usieg Jk bistable: ey ' Fe oe on Data i J foput + 9 7 ' = 3 > Logic *o" g kK e | for set 7 | counter | Truth Table elock pucse |@n 8 Oe O aa | 2 0 66 a 200 > a a a go__1 | | Fy: Teeny dtopraen on sagic ‘o" #s apptied -to yeset pio-to veset -the counter | | On = OB* Go= Oo= O. * Cock pulse wit be apptted stmuttancousty to att Feprtop. www. azdocuments, sO oFBEC - Module 2 226eL14]84 |x For .fsyst clock pulse ga=.1- OB= Ge= Ga-O *% For Second clock pulse @a=QB= 9c=1, Go-0 x FoY Fourth clock ‘pulse OA = OB= Ger Po aa * Gorrespoodiog waveform as shows fo fyure. ext! Twe - staye Binary dé x A two - stoje benary dtusder as shown 30 ty usta ik brstable. *% Tnrtratty tojic +o” #8 obptied to veset pre to eset the counter 98 = Qa = 0. tg? Loic 1 aie a + ls ; eh } I, chock @ chock anput 7 rs Fae Two staye bsoary dauides ‘Toput \ [oct PUPAE LLL | ‘ ‘ | i al i PF | QA 5 i ieee oe t 7 : . | i ‘ ! { | i om + —t a al | of ri! | | fot \ ope UL SULT | ati waveform | x apter appiying, fost clock pute peethhTaete | Oe=0, OA=I clock |g a| output | * For Second clock pulse ger1, Oa=0 w ‘coe 7 | + o 2 ° | * countigy putse and Ama gJecte olp as na 4.0 4 | shown in -tabse. a roa a WWW, AZdocuUmMents. 20 08BEC - Modute 2 21€1n74 /24 Data Representation s— Musnber System f xe Decimal musob|ers > the base -10 number system comtates 10 chava —cteys (0, 1,2,3,4,5,6, 7.3, 3). * Binary mumbers only two character (0,2) % Octal murobers : The octal numbers system has eghe chavacters €0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 4) * Hexadecimal cuumbers : the hexadeczmmat numbers hos Co, #. 2.3, 4.85 6, #.8,9,9,8,6,5,6.F) Peoblerms: @ Find decsmal egutvatent of 11001.132 m= (axet) (2x2) 4 COKE) + Cone) +C1K2 4 COME) + Cave) + (axe) we 1G +E FOPOFTHOFOES FOIES W= 25.34530 © convert the umber 010022210212. 2101010102 te hexa decimal. Sol®: Portition the binary number soto grour of four, starting ot the yadsx poret god ory Left and apt. 0201 0000 2111 0222. 1103 s ° 5 0100 +7 AE i o 4FF- 9505, | Wawen. azcdocuments. inBEc - Modute a e1eLn14 24 @ Convert @3 Seto Binary, Sol: As —> 1010, oe AB = 101000135 3-4 0011 Binary Denary (dec? | Hexadecsmat (Base 2) -mat base 10) (Base 16) OOF Oo ° ° o 0 02 a 2 0 010 2 : o o1d 3 3 Oo 100 4 4 o 1021 s s O21 2 0 6 6 eS 7 4 1000 8 8 a 0 O22 3 3 do 10 10 A 1 0 1s aa 8 1. Oe ae c 1 1g a3 2 te 1 Oo 14 é ao a 4 as F Bit: Ssoqte binary nurober C0/3) 7 eS) Group of egght bets C8 bets) word: Group of 36 bits C.@ Bytes) Double word : Gyroup Of Be -bats Ce worct/4 Ryter) qssbbte 2 Group of 4 bets | www. AZAOCUMersts . 39 JoBEC — Modutea 216114 [24 Dota Types * * A byte of data can be stored ct eacl a Torro processor system, 4 th adelvess. wethin —the total memory space of Data Type Bets | Range of vatues Unsigned byte 8 o +o 255 Signed byte 8 — 128 fo + 124 unsigned word | 16 © 40 65,sSas Signed ‘red word [| 36 | - 32,368 to 32764 W'S comptement : Fiend 2's comptement of 00102 S29: 00102 =) 11010 Cy Reptace o by 1, 2 by) 25 complernent : Add ‘1’ to 1's cosmptement numbers . 10010 ~¥ 1°S Complement gs of gi 02110 xv 2°5 comptemest number. syoes Murober ; Te MSB bit * 4°, the number és ngative number or number. Ge: 1000000 a a % LsB | C Least synifzcant bet) | C rnost syntfrcant bit) Dota Stoweye : 2S x“ The semiconductor Rom Wwithio a microprocessors system provides stovage for the Progsorn code as wett as any pemanent derta -thett_vepurres storage. www. azdocu ments, 2 SEEBec — Modute a 21eLw14 [24 All of these deta veferred to as non- volatele because they yemain infact when the powes supply #5 dis- connected. % The semrconductoy RAM wsthin a microprocessor system prout - des storaje for -the transmit data acd vartable that are used by progrore. * Th &s important to note that any a or data stored in RAM walt be Lost wher -the power supply ss disconnected. x storage gs usually k bytey Fe Akbyte = Joss bytes 66 . ao 00003 48 eee 2) 4084 byter ooooe |_ 36 oooo1 | 24 . ets = ge: 2k « Bbi#S = 2k byte Seong (nie crocosytroMey Systecn t Prsecacty Data stored address) | #9 each memo -1Y Locestion. Am * A Microcontroller ¢s.a Small Computer ona single enetal oxsde - semiconductor (mos) a cevcutt Cc) chep. % Q micro comtvoltes Contains a CPU atorg coeth memory and | proproremabie zoput/ output pertp hevats. | * Mécrocontfoller are used) 29 consumer gtectronics products guch as Toys, Gameras, Robots, 7 machine, Microwa | ~ve ovens etc. % The arrangement of a typical entero controkter system as shown io ty. * the sensed quantities C temperctture, position etc) are conu | _erted to corresponding “electrical siynals* by means of a | number of sensovs. The Outputs from -the sensors Caygetat/ Anatogue form) are Passed as input Signals -to-the microconivouers, | www. azdocuments. 2 % ur agBec - Moduler 22EL14].24 % The sensed quantities ( temperature , posetion etc) are converted to corresponding electstcal siygeats by mneans of a number of the sensors, the outputs from the semsoxs ( dizttat [pnatoue -forr) are passed as goput sspoats tothe microcostvotser. x the operation op the microcontrolter &s comteoned by a Sep uends of soptwore gastructions Known as a cortvol program. x the comtrotted device gerery converts eneyy -frorn one -forrn to another form. Fos example electsical heater that converts erecticat enevyy fromthe ac snains supply trto heat ene7y- * Mecrocomtrollers mnust also have a CPU capable of- ieee] Simple axithmatic , aA god Foray operatéons. Control Switches pyar, “st Todicoctors Lot fff ve Sensors -— Speakers ws Toput | TOR Be #4 Retays eich | cock Lt wa} Dror! Www. Azdocuments. Fy 43BEC - Modules a= } — = . reL14 | 84. * The foput post segnats can be derived from a number ap-the sources ocudy) ' — susttches - sensors — keypads. * output port. ee can be connected to a umber of devices i) — LED inde certovs me (t=) seven - syment dasplays - Motor god actuators , relays , trans#stor dlev?ces . % Input device supply information to “the consputer syste” FO the outside wovid, * output devices ave used to communicate information from a Computer systern to the outssde world. ral convertes): “Bt is connected ot foput * ROC Cana tegP -t OY C converts stat sia gnput devices Side +o provide di anatogue sigat to aystat) x pac C Digital to Ana tegae converter): Tt# to display canatgque quantity. pddetional caveurtey - comtrotter. %* Interpace cicurt + connected -to the micro Half adder : Het -peucth Table: a Tapas | ouepa sepasg hf vee fo su Toute [A [i B—J pdder |—y carry } A _B__} suse corr) Oo Oo 5: 0 o 1{[ ro ‘uenrseabtes, i ao]/a 0 at thes ctvcuss adds -tevo bia ytetds a Sum aod carry, | sicomnected at output | WWW. azZdocuments. 20 14BEC — Module 2 21eL14/e4 Sum = AB+AB = A@B cory = AB Fit Lote dea ram Ful Addex :— % This civcutt adds -three varzables , yields a Sur and carry. Cout Cout sum = 0B ® CH aston | oS ull = > sum B8— ee Topas Outputs: i—)| [—, . omen 2 a8 sum corny Sur = ABCin + BBCi, + ABE: + PBC20 eoclc . ts oo 2 ° Sum = Cry (BB+AB) Cio (aB+ eB) o 2 2 °} — o 4.4 a gum = Cin C A@B)+Cin C Aes) 4 1600 o mo oO 2 a aao s oc = a Becen + OBC + PBTent OBC Cen ( BB+ AB) +8 C Gen + Cin) Con = Cro © A @B)+AB a— B-y HA Cis sum | FQ: Fua adder usta -tu20 7 hate adder CBtock ) ' [Ly i Fs Futt adder royec atonrary ustey two half adder, www. azdocuments. i dsBEC — Modute 2 2IELN14 [24 Taube plexes CUE) ae *A tal muttzplexer connects one op the gaputs to a aie output L20e based om setect Line vatues, Do en Db : ‘ Seg. oputs F : | __»f ie ; output dm—Y} Sm S1 So Setect Lines * "NY" select lines, 8° Inputs and only ‘a’ output. 8 to 1_MUX:— * It consists of 3 foputs, 3 Setect Asses aod only one ovitpect. 3 Qi “gra ‘ Do a3 S2 S2 S80 FE a 7 o 0a 0 Do 23 822 a " By mx Lye 4 a Ds o 1.0 Ds oy o aa 2 | a ; : °3 ao 6 4 | ac 2 os . aa 6 1 So 7 aaa Da Fo = Bp Sr 5.Do + Sy515.9a + By SiSp Dy + BySaSoD3 + S281594 +t Se5,S0Ds + 525150 D6 + SySiS9 Dz | wusw, azdocuments . 20 aaBEG - Module 2 Soi Ss! SIELWI4 Jeg. Do Decodess — % Decoders ave a class of a combinational loyse ctycust thet converts @ Set of feput variables representiog a code into a | Set of output uarzabtes 7 a dgperent cocle, % A decoder is a rnufitple Snpud muttspte output toyse crveur which converts coded inputs serto - coced Output where foput and output codes ave difperent. | % 0° Qurober of Sopud oes and 2° output nes, i | a | Www. azdocuments. in aBEC - Modute & 21ELN14 184. Bee n- data opus decode: + 2 nia? I 5 : © : ly” + ® posssbte decodes Ly outputs Heve 3 toputs are decoded soto & outputs aod L>Yo do—4 be 3 12 Ys di} 3 408 Ge : Dg —3| Decoder [+ Yt }> Ms E,—4 Ee ve NF * Addétionat gnput is enable to actuate the decoder.” x Used to decode memory addvess for veads 9 wretg to RAM. €ach output Yepresemts one of the meter of 3 input variables. Inputs * outputs | Enable setect £/p' En i Ds 9: Do] Ye Ve Ys Y¥4 Ya Ys ¥3 Yo aix x ¥} 0 0 0 0 0 ayo 0 * : oioo0flo0 0000 002 _ 66002 O ° 0 0 0 Oo 1b oO o 10/0 ° 0 © 02 006 ©; 60 14/0 ° Oo 0 1000 etek eee oO oO 1 0 Pe) | oO a o1 oO oO 2 Oo oO ° fe) o | O72 1 0 , o a Oo oO Oo 0 | oi3 2 J1a 0 0 © © oO WWW. azdocu mests. 1sBEC - Module 2 S1ELM 14/24 Da De Da De y D—* + {> 5 + iD) ¥ tt Le t=p)—x t | pe z B. Y3 “ phitpttop 4 > t $ =| )——v%e t ¢ $ YH Fye 3408 - C7 shit Registers : | x A vgistes as Stebly ct Collection of flipflops taken as entHy. | * The baste smformation function of vegester ss-to hotd -the toforreation wtthin a digital sysvern so as-to make f avazla - bie -to -the togte seLements cad) Compuetig Process * Registers that ave capable of Movin informetion posstzos) wise upon the occurance of a ctock “ shefs vepsster ? nal are catied ap WWW. azdocuments. 20 isBEC ~ Modute 2 s1eLm14 [24 Az — Bet shift Register + * A 4-bit Dae ggter gs as Shown t ‘ty: < * Imxtally hogte 0° 25 apptied +0 clear pio -to eoake aut fuepptep output Zevd. Q3= Qa= Gi= Go=O. * Att-the flipflop cwe eiggered by, common chock i. Mow fed in Least oor cack ine Css) £2 as shown tn table. putse, data (1010) xSt and msg fast Serial a sersal 1010 ¥ J Qs a & 7 4 ol3 oe rt 4 —f ope, . kK @ K g k ° 3 crock f ssf sw PY ~_ Fg? 4 bet shepe Register ° ede - Output 7 clockpake Seu a2 GW edimisenss | ° } a Twa 7 + a ° ° ° 2 eo ° a [=o ° | 7 . ; 0 | 2 || , 0 =pfpctq entered 4 ° ° 2 ° a . S ° ° ° ° | 6 ° ° ° a 7 ° ° ° o | serial out (STS50) @ sertat to Parasted out Csrpo) ®_ Pavatted sn Sertag out CPrso) @ Porattel 2m Pparadtes out ¢ pzPo) WUWUd, AZdecuments, 20 =BEC — Modute 2 21EL014 Jed, Fy: 4 bst. shept “Register * Let the soput Pavattel —> D2 Q3 Do Qo Da Qa Pe Qo Peas ™ jo. Presed I t | l Ce enable VY Y Y oe is Qj GS gts gw 7 Sev ¥ cr Fra. | pp OFF rp FFA | £P FFO a a K3 - ke Ka Ko cs ce cr ce clk cLR 1101 be ertewed serially CSISO) S1s0: Check | sevzal dota 93: O: O32 Qo ° x oo ° 1 1 wv. 2 ° 0. ue” oo: (o | 3 2 1 ‘a ° | 4 1 a Sy | $s ° Sy SN: | ; ° oY + ° s * Suny the férst positeve egye of clock Pulse, 93 =1 ord cet other Output yeenains ‘Or. & * the output of fHPStOP Tr Www. azdocuments, 8 -fed -to Papptop 21BEC - Module 2 2IEL 014 [24 FP LELELELPLE LE ¢ A +t } — ft 4 vt | { j pea PEELE Gp ya PALS Pat (a! et NE ey Re 7 big oc dia A ot NG pra Ly orn Te ee A ee oe ji: pat a ae 2 tt mi NT Hoc) port Fo | cee. le Fy? Tent diaqrom Cstso) * Let the tAput 1102 be entered Sersatty CSTPO) PISO: ruth Table: chock | sevzat dato} G3 9; Qs Go x oO oO oO 1 a a oO oO 2 ° oa a S a Xe onc 4 [ a SoS |. payaitet out % Tottiatly, all Pitpftops are cleaved 22 O32 G2" O1= QO % the dota 3102 gs floaded soto fitpfeop by Srtg, -frosm LSB bet pest. * ALL bsts ave entevecl goto -PpPlop En sémitey manner as STSO but alt bits ave at the output are faken out Simuttaneousty, www, AZdocuments . eoBEC - Module 2 21GL014/ 24, S| 1 f | f | \ i : a ° a tye ! Qs | | ! } : | | H ' { a a 10 ° ' Parattel i i | ' I out 1 ' i 1 oe 1 06 3 o ! il | rye Ta agra * Let -the input 1101 be entered Parally ( PIpo) PIPO: Clock |Parattel Dato} 92 Ge 1 Qo ° x Ompogy oO. : 4 a 1102 Pp 0 2 g - * To single chock purse” ou . paratiel data entered input west get output a side : poratlery . oO 2 pIso: x Let the Enput’ 1102 be entered parosty (Piso) | Clock |Pavattel datal @3 M2 Qi, Go } ° xxxxl0 0 0 060 | 1 ao eet Go : oo 2 | 4 oo 0 2 www, azdecuments, 2 23BEc- Module 2 e1Eln4/ 24 ° a fy: re asogrann shipatgy of Osta do Left tm * In ths Cegdster, the data ss shifted from jept by ore bet at cteck pulse by feediy output of FFo to tnput Of FFA and FFI -to FF2 to FF3. % On -the occurance of a pulse, the deta qword weit shaft one bét to left. “Ths togic as shown i ty: out 7 D3 D2 ce cy clk CLR Fat Ry Bi - Directional _Rytster :- %* Connecti ay foucwiay esyeusd Cams ~ oR Logic), “tO D fupptop, data erther shiet zn wight or Left shift. www. azdecuments. 20 a4BEC - Modi - ule 2 S1eLnnd jog Raph D ~ ol) Crepe sheet) 4 Tf connect t0.D -> Right shift eodotee % A Couster 5 a ci¥cutt that courts the nuraber of occurances of an input. * gach coust a binary number és Galied a state of -the counter. TYpes_of counter : ay Asynchronous counter ( Ripple counter) 2) syochronous countes, %* In case of asynchronous counter, not ate—the Pap —plops axe chocked strmuttaneousty. Whereas Io a Synchyonous courtey, aiithe pupflops ave clocked Sienutianeousty, * If the counter counts 2 sncreastey order wrth successive ‘ clock pulses, #85 catled on UP~ counter * TP zt decreases, it 8 catted Down) ~ counter. Dowel caus: Asyachvonous ~ counter s— % @ 3b Cmodute 8) asynchronous couster as showate te + hed aod K ave fied ae =to 1 Soopeet vthe TK -pespplop act as T— ftspflopP. | The output of one paip flop -feeds the clock of the next, puppep i to be steiggexed. Www, azdocuments, 20 osBEC - Modute 2 S1ELMI4 /24. (45) @2(mse) ctck pts geo alls tnpak +> FFO Fr FF2 K k k : | clear ryt 3 bit Asynchronous counter ( UP) x All the fUpflops ave snstiatly cleared. 1se , % The clock pulse are then appiied with each chock putse, @ mee Teuth Table Input ctock 93 G2 oO oO oO a ° a 2 oO 1 oO 3 ° a a 4 a } ° Ss a fo) a i G a 1 ° | + 2 a a < 8 ° ° | esww, azdocumerts. 9