04) Accssibility (2 marks):

Characteristics of Big Data Analysis: Big data requires accessible and scalable
infrastructure. Distributed computing frameworks like
Volume (2 marks):
Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark are commonly used
Big data is characterized by the sheer volume of data to distribute the processing load across multiple
it encompasses, often reaching into the terabytes or nodes, ensuring efficient and scalable analysis.
petabytes. This massive scale exceeds the capacity of
traditional data processing tools, necessitating the use
of specialized technologies for storage, processing, Security (2 marks):
and analysis.
Security is a critical consideration in big data analysis,
Velocity (2 marks): especially when dealing with sensitive and personal
information. Robust security measures are
The velocity of big data refers to the speed at which
implemented to protect data integrity, ensure privacy,
data is generated, collected, and processed in real-
and comply with data protection regulations.
time or near-real-time. This constant influx of data
from various sources, including social media, sensors,
and streaming services, requires advanced analytics
Uses of Big Data Analysis:
tools capable of handling rapid data streams.

Variety (2 marks):
Business Intelligence (2 marks):
Big data comes in diverse formats, including
structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data. Big data analysis supports business intelligence by
This variety encompasses databases, JSON, XML, text, providing insights into customer behavior, market
images, videos, and more. Analyzing such diverse data trends, and operational efficiency. This enables
types demands flexible and adaptable processing informed decision-making and strategic planning.
techniques.

Veracity (2 marks):
Healthcare Analytics (2 marks):
Veracity concerns the reliability and accuracy of the
data. Big data may contain inconsistencies, errors, and Healthcare benefits from big data analysis by
inaccuracies that need to be addressed during the improving patient care, predicting disease outbreaks,
analysis process. Advanced data cleaning and and optimizing healthcare operations through the
validation techniques are employed to ensure the analysis of large health-related datasets.
quality of insights derived from the data.

Value (2 marks): Financial Analysis (2 marks):

The ultimate goal of big data analysis is to extract In the financial sector, big data analysis aids in fraud
meaningful insights and value. Businesses leverage detection, risk management, and investment
these insights to make informed decisions, gain a strategies. It analyzes large datasets of financial
competitive edge, and enhance overall efficiency. The transactions and market trends to inform decision-
value derived from big data analysis contributes to making.
strategic planning and innovation.

Complexity (2 marks):
Marketing Optimization (2 marks):
Big data analysis involves complex algorithms,
statistical models, and computational techniques. The Big data analysis is used in marketing to enable
complexity arises from the need to process and targeted advertising, customer segmentation, and
interpret large volumes of diverse and fast-paced data. personalized marketing campaigns. This enhances
Advanced analytics tools and programming languages customer engagement and satisfaction.
are employed to address this complexity.

Supply Chain Management (2 marks):

Industries leverage big data analysis for supply chain
optimization. It helps in improving efficiency, reducing
1. Application Layer (2 marks):
costs, and enhancing decision-making related to
inventory, logistics, and supplier performance.

The application layer is the top layer of the IoT

protocol stack, dealing with end-user services and
Smart Cities (2 marks):
applications. It defines the interaction between the
Big data contributes to the development of smart IoT devices and the applications that use the data
cities by enhancing urban planning, traffic generated by these devices.
management, and public services. It enables data-
Functions include data processing, analytics, and
driven decision-making for improving the quality of
providing services that leverage information from IoT
life in urban areas.
devices.

2. Processing Layer (2 marks):

Social Media Analysis (2 marks):

Businesses and organizations use big data analysis to

The processing layer is responsible for handling data
understand public sentiment, track brand mentions,
locally on the IoT devices or in edge computing nodes.
and analyze social media interactions. This aids in
It involves preprocessing, filtering, and aggregating
marketing strategies and reputation management.
data before transmitting it to higher layers.

Functions include real-time data processing, data

Scientific Research (2 marks): reduction, and local decision-making to reduce latency
and bandwidth usage.
In scientific research, big data analysis is applied in
genomics, astronomy, climate science, and other fields 3. Communication Layer (2 marks):
where large datasets are common. It accelerates
discoveries and advances in these disciplines.
The communication layer facilitates communication
between IoT devices and other networked entities. It
Predictive Maintenance (2 marks): involves the protocols and standards for data
transmission, ensuring reliable and efficient
Industries use big data analysis for predictive
communication.
maintenance, predicting equipment failures, and
optimizing maintenance schedules. This minimizes Functions include defining communication protocols,
downtime and extends the lifespan of machinery. addressing, and ensuring data integrity and security
during transmission.

4. Network Layer (2 marks):

E-commerce Optimization (2 marks):

E-commerce businesses utilize big data analysis for

personalized recommendations, pricing optimization, The network layer manages the routing and
and inventory management. This enhances the overall addressing of data packets between IoT devices. It
customer experience and improves operational ensures that data is correctly directed to the intended
efficiency. destination within the IoT network.

03). Functions include routing, addressing, and managing

network topology to enable efficient and scalable
The Internet of Things (IoT) protocol stack is typically
communication.
divided into several layers, each serving a specific
purpose in facilitating communication and data 5. Transport Layer (2 marks):
exchange among IoT devices. Here are the different
layers of the IoT protocol stack, along with brief
explanations of their functions:
The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end (APIs) to communicate with underlying hardware
communication and data flow control. It ensures infrastructure and direct traffic on a network.
reliable and orderly delivery of data between devices,
1(g) Wearable technology is any kind of electronic
handling issues such as packet loss and
device designed to be worn on the user's body. Such
retransmission.
devices can take many different forms, including
Functions include error detection, correction, and flow jewelry, accessories, medical devices, and clothing or
control to maintain the integrity of data during elements of clothing. The term wearable computing
transmission. implies processing or communications capabilities, but
in reality, the sophistication among
6. Data Link Layer (2 marks):
wearables can vary.

The data link layer manages the physical connection

between devices within a local network. It defines
how data is framed, transmitted, and received over
the physical medium, ensuring error-free
communication.

Functions include framing, error detection, and media

access control to establish a reliable link between
devices.

7. Physical Layer (2 marks):

The physical layer deals with the physical transmission

of data over the network medium, whether it be wired
or wireless. It defines the hardware specifications,
such as cables or radio frequencies, for transmitting
signals.

Functions include modulation, encoding, and

transmission of data signals over the physical medium.

In summary, the IoT protocol stack comprises the

Application, Processing, Communication, Network,
Transport, Data Link, and Physical layers. Each layer
has specific functions that contribute to the overall
goal of enabling seamless communication and data
exchange in the Internet of Things ecosystem. The
layers work together to ensure efficient and secure
transmission of information from IoT devices to
applications and services.

1 (j) The pcDuino is a high performance, cost effective

mini PC platform that runs full-featured operating
systems such as Ubuntu and Android ICS. It's easy to
hook up, just connect 5V power and a keyboard and
mouse. The pcDuino outputs video to any HDMI
enabled TV or monitor via the built in HDMI interface.

1 (i) Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an

approach to networking that uses software-based
controllers or application programming interfaces