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HES 032 BSN Lab Activity 1

This document provides instructions for an activity on using a compound light microscope. It defines key microscope terms and parts. It explains that compound microscopes have objective and ocular lenses, while simple microscopes only have one lens. Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the objective and ocular magnifications. Lens care instructions are provided to maintain microscope functionality. Students are asked to illustrate microscope parts, calculate magnifications, and answer study guide questions.

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54 views6 pages

HES 032 BSN Lab Activity 1

This document provides instructions for an activity on using a compound light microscope. It defines key microscope terms and parts. It explains that compound microscopes have objective and ocular lenses, while simple microscopes only have one lens. Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the objective and ocular magnifications. Lens care instructions are provided to maintain microscope functionality. Students are asked to illustrate microscope parts, calculate magnifications, and answer study guide questions.

Uploaded by

delta bravo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HES 032-Microbiology and Parasitology

College of Nursing
RAD Learning (AY:_________)

Group Leader: ___________________________________

Group Members: _______________________________________


_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________

ACTIVITY NO. 1: The Compound Light Microscope

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: At the end of the laboratory period, the student should be able to:
1. Illustrate the compound light microscope.
2. Recognize the people behind the discovery of the microscope.
3. Identify the basic parts and function of a compound light microscope.
4. Differentiate simple and compound microscope.
5. Compute for the total magnification of the specimen in four different magnifications.

DISCUSSION:

Microorganisms are much too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Hence, they must be
observed with a microscope. The word microscope is derived from the Latin word micro (small)
and the Greek word skopos (to look at). Microorganisms are measured in even smaller units,
such as micrometers and nanometers.The sizes of bacteria and protozoa are usually expressed
in micrometers, whereas the sizes of viruses are expressed in nanometers. A micrometer (mm)
equals 0.000001 m (10^-6 m). A nanometer (nm) equals 0.000000001 m (10^-9 m).

The simple microscope used by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in the seventeenth century had only
one lens and was similar to a magnifying glass. However, van Leeuwenhoek was the best lens
grinder in the world in his day. His lenses were ground with such precision that a single lens
could magnify a microbe 300x. His simple microscopes enabled him to be the first person to see
bacteria. Contemporaries of van Leeuwenhoek, such as Robert Hooke, built compound
microscopes, which have multiple lenses. In fact, a Dutch spectacle maker, Zaccharias
Janssen, is credited with making the first compound microscope around 1600. However, these
early compound microscopes were of poor quality and could not be used to see bacteria. It was
not until about 1830 that a significantly better microscope was developed by Joseph Jackson
Lister. Various improvements to Lister’s microscope resulted in the development of the modern
compound microscope, the kind used in microbiology laboratories today.

Compiled by: Claire Mae Caval, RMT


Microbiology and Parasitology – Instructor
Southwestern University PHINMA
There are two basic kinds of microscopes depending on the type of electromagnetic wave used
– light microscope and electron microscope. In most laboratories light microscope is a common
instrument. It is further subdivided into two kinds- simple light microscope and compound light
microscope.

A simple microscope is defined as a microscope containing only one magnifying lens. A


magnifying glass could be considered a simple microscope. A compound microscope is a
microscope that contains more than one magnifying lens: objective lens and ocular lens. Light
microscopy refers to the use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe
specimens. Because visible light (from a built-in light bulb) is used as the source of illumination,
the compound microscope is also referred to as a compound light microscope.

According to its function, the basic parts of a compound microscope is divided into two parts:

a. Mechanical parts – comprise all those structures that support the whole device and
which enable the operator to use the illuminating and magnifying parts.
b. Illumination and Magnification parts - consist mainly of lenses (employed as a means of
magnification and glass parts).

Calculate the total magnification of a specimen by multiplying the objective lens


magnification by the ocular lens magnification. Most microscopes used in microbiology have
several objective lenses:
a. Scanning – 4x
b. Low Power Objective (LPO) – 10x
c. High Power Objective (HPO) – 40x
d. Oil Immersion Objective (OIO) – 100x

Most ocular lenses magnify specimens by a factor of 10.

Remember:

Total Magnification = Objective Lens X Ocular Lens

Care of the microscope involves the following details:

1. When not in use for an extended period of time, always cover the microscope to protect it
from dust.
2. Before use, inspect the component parts. If dust is found, use an air syringe, a camel hair
brush, or a soft lint-free cloth to remove it. Using lens paper directly on a dirty lens without first
removing the dust may scratch the lens. Do not use laboratory wipes or facial tissue to
clean the lenses.
3. Avoid placing fingers on the lens surface. Fingerprints affect the contrast and resolution
of the image.
4. Use solvent sparingly. The use of xylene is discouraged, because it contains a carcinogenic
component (benzene). Xylene is also a poor cleaning agent, leaving an oily film on the lens.

Compiled by: Claire Mae Caval, RMT


Microbiology and Parasitology – Instructor
Southwestern University PHINMA
Lens cleaner or 70% isopropyl alcohol employed sparingly on a cotton applicator stick can be
used to clean the objective lenses. Alcohol should be kept away from the periphery of the
lenses, because alcohol can dissolve the cement and seep into the back side of the lens.
5. When fresh oil is added to residual oil on the 100x objective lens, there may be loss of
contrast. Clean off all residual oil first.
6. Do not use water to clean lenses. If no lens cleaner is available, use a clean microfiber
cloth.
7. When transporting the microscope, place one hand under the base as support and one
hand firmly around the arm.

References:

Engelkirk, P., & Engelkirk, J. (2015). Burton's Microbiology for the Health and Sciences. 10th ed., Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
th
Keohane, E., Walenga, J., & Smith, L. (2016). Rodak’s Hematology Clinical Principles and Applications. 5 ed. St.
Louis Missouri: Elsevier Saunders Inc.
Tortora G., F. B. (2016). Microbiology an Introduction, 12th Edition. United States of America: Pearson Education

Compiled by: Claire Mae Caval, RMT


Microbiology and Parasitology – Instructor
Southwestern University PHINMA
OBSERVATIONS:

1. Illustrate and label the basic parts of a compound light microscope.

Compiled by: Claire Mae Caval, RMT


Microbiology and Parasitology – Instructor
Southwestern University PHINMA
2. Tabulate the basic parts of a compound light microscope and their specific functions.

A. Mechanical Parts Function

B. Illumination and Magnification Parts Function

Compiled by: Claire Mae Caval, RMT


Microbiology and Parasitology – Instructor
Southwestern University PHINMA
3. Compute for the total magnification using 10x magnification of the eyepiece:

a. Scanning = _____________________
b. LPO = _________________________
c. HPO = _________________________
d. OIO = __________________________

STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the importance of microscopy to the field of microbiology?

2. Which lens requires the use of cedarwood oil? Why is it important to use oil when
focusing under this lens?

3. What is the difference between bright-phase microscopy and dark-phase microscopy?

4. Define total magnification and resolution.

5. Why do we have to keep both eyes open when using the microscope?

Compiled by: Claire Mae Caval, RMT


Microbiology and Parasitology – Instructor
Southwestern University PHINMA

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