DATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS

(R22A0584)

LABORATORY MANUAL & RECORD

B.TECH
(IIYEAR–ISEM)
(2023-24)

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTERSCIENCEANDENGINEERING

MALLAREDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
(AutonomousInstitution–UGC,Govt.ofIndia)
Recognizedunder2(f)and12(B) of UGCACT1956
(AffiliatedtoJNTUH,Hyderabad,ApprovedbyAICTE-AccreditedbyNBA&NAAC–‘A’Grade-ISO9001:2015Certified)
Maisammaguda,Dhulapally(PostVia.Hakimpet),Secunderabad–500100,TelanganaState,India
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Vision

 To acknowledge quality education and instill high patterns of discipline making the
student’s technologically superior and ethically strong which involves the
improvement in the quality of life inhuman race.

Mission

 To achieve and impart holistic technical education using the best of infrastructure,
outstanding technical and teaching expertise to establish the students to competent and
confident engineers.
 Evolving the center of excellence through creative and innovative teaching learning
practices for promoting academic achievement to produce international competitive and
world class professionals.
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1–ANALYTICALSKILLS

1. To facilitate the graduates with the ability to visualize, gather information, articulate,
analyze, solve complex problems, and make decisions. These are essential to address
the challenges of complex and computation intensive problems increasing the
irproductivity.

PEO2–TECHNICALSKILLS

2. To facilitate the graduates with the technical skills that prepare them for
immediate employment and pursue certification providing adeeper understanding
ofthetechnologyinadvancedareasofcomputerscienceandrelatedfields,thusencouragi
ngtopursuehighereducationandresearchbasedontheirinterest.

PEO3–SOFTSKILLS

3. To facilitate the graduates with the soft skills that include fulfilling the mission,
setting goals, showing self confidence by communicating effectively, havingapositive
attitude, get involved in team-work, being a leader, managing their careerandtheirlife.

PEO4–PROFESSIONALETHICS

4. Tofacilitatethegraduateswiththeknowledgeofprofessionalandethicalresponsibilitiesby
paying attention to grooming, being conservative with style, following dress codes,
safetycodes, andadaptingthemselvestotechnologicaladvancements.
 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
Complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and Analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first Principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design / development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the Specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of Data and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities With
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of th
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multi disciplinary Environments.
12. Life- long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
 INDEX
S. Page
Topic
No no
E-R Model: Analyze the problem with the entities which identify data
1 8
persisted in the database which contains entities, attributes.

Concept design with E-R Model: Apply cardinalities for each 17

relationship, identify strongentities and weak entities for relationships
like generalization, aggregation, specialization.

Relation Model: Represent attributes as columns intables and

3 19
different types of attributes like Composite, Multi-valued, and Derived.

Normalization
4 23

Installation of MySql and MONGO DB.

5 26&34

Practicing DML commands

6 39
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
Querying
7 52
Queries using ANY, ALL, IN, INTERSECT, UNION
Querying
8 69
Using aggregate functions COUNT, SUMusing GROUPBY
andHAVING.
Querying
9 69
Using aggregate functions AVERAGEusing GROUPBY
andHAVING
TRIGGER
10 77

Procedures
11 82
Creation, Execution and Modification of stored Procedure

Stored Procedures&Pl/SQL
12 82
Creation, Execution and Modification of stored Procedure

13 DCL Commands 87

CASESTUDY1 92
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INTRODUCTION
HierarchicalModel
This model is like a hierarchical tree structure, used to construct a hierarchy of records

inthe form of nodes and branches. The data elements present in the structure have Parent-

Childrelationship. Closely related information in the parent-child structure is stored together as a

logicalunit.Aparentunitmayhavemanychildunits,butachildisrestrictedtohaveonlyoneparent.

The draw back softhismodelare:

The hierarchical structure is not flexible to represent all the relationship

proportions,whichoccur intherealworld.

Itcannot demonstrate the overall data modelfor the enterprise because of the non-
availabilityof actualdataatthetimeofdesigningthedatamodel.

ItcannotrepresenttheMany-to-Manyrelationship.

NetworkModel
It supports the One-To-One and One-To-Many types only. The basic objects in this model
areDataItems,DataAggregates,RecordsandSets.

It is an improvement on the Hierarchical Model. Here multiple parent-child relationships

areused. Rapid and easy access to data is possible in this model due to multiple access paths to
thedataelements.

RelationalModel

Does not maintain physical connection between

relationsDataisorganizedintermsofrowsandcolumnsinatable

Thepositionofarowand/or columninatableisof
noimportanceTheintersectionofarowandcolumnmustgiveasingleva
lue

FeaturesofanRDBMS
The ability to create multiple relations and enter data into
themAnattractivequerylanguage

Retrievalofinformationstoredinmorethanonetable

AnRDBMSproducthastosatisfyatleastSevenof the12rulesofCoddtobeacceptedasafull-
fledgedRDBMS.

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RelationalDatabaseManagementSystem
RDBMSisacronymforRelationDatabaseManagementSystem.Dr.E.F.CoddfirstintroducedtheRel
ationalDatabaseModelin 1970.TheRelationalmodelallows data toberepresented in a simple row-
column. Each data field is considered as a column and each record isconsidered as a row.
Relational Database is more or less similar to Database Management S ystem.In relational model
there is relation between their data elements. Data is stored in tables. Tableshave columns, rows
and names. Tables can be related to each other if each has a column with
acommontypeofinformation.ThemostfamousRDBMSpackagesareOracle,SybaseandInformix.

Simple exampleofRelationalmodelisasfollows:

StudentDetailsTable
Roll_no Sname S_Address

1 Rahul Satelite

2 Sachin Ambawadi

3 Saurav Naranpura

StudentMarksheetTable
Rollno Sub1 Sub2 Sub3

1 78 89 94

2 54 65 77
3 23 78 46

Here,bothtablesarebasedonstudentsdetails.CommonfieldinbothtablesisRollno.Sowecansaybotht
ablesarerelatedwitheachotherthroughRollnocolumn.
DegreeofRelationship
OnetoOne(1:1)

One to Many or Many to One (1:M / M:

1) ManytoMany(M:M)

TheDegreeofRelationshipindicatesthelinkbetweentwoentitiesforaspecifiedoccurrenceofeach.

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One to One Relationship:

(1:1)11

StudentHasRollNo.
One studenthasonlyone Rollno. Forone occurrenceofthefirstentity,
therecanbe,atthemostonerelatedoccurrenceof thesecondentity,andvice-versa.

One to Many or Many to One Relationship: (1:M/M:

1)1M

CourseContainsStudents
As per the Institutions Norm, One student can enroll in one course at a time however, in
onecourse,therecanbemorethanonestudent.

For one occurrence of the first entity there can exist many related occurrences of the
secondentity and for every occurrence of the second entity there exists only one associated
occurrenceofthefirst.

Many to Many Relationship:

(M:M)MM

StudentsAppearsTests

The major disadvantage of the relational model is that a clear-cut interface cannot be
determined.Reusability of a structure is not possible. The Relational Database now accepted
model on whichmajordatabasesystemarebuilt.

Oraclehas introducedaddedfunctionalitytothis by incorporatedobject-orientedcapabilities.Now it is

known is as Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS). Object-
orientedconceptisaddedinOracle8.

Some basic rules have to be followed for a DBMS to be relational. They are known as
Codd’srules,designedin such away thatwhen the databaseis ready for useit encapsulates
therelationaltheorytoitsfullpotential.Thesetwelverulesareasfollows.

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E.F.Codd Rules
1. TheInformationRule
Allinformationmustbe store intableasdata values.
2. TheRule ofGuaranteed Access
Everyiteminatablemustbelogicallyaddressablewiththehelpofatablename.

3. TheSystematicTreatmentofNullValues
TheRDBMSmustbetakencare ofnull values torepresentmissingor
inapplicableinformation.

4. TheDatabaseDescriptionRule
Adescriptionofdatabaseismaintainedusingthesame logicalstructureswith

whichdatawasdefinedbytheRDBMS.
5. ComprehensiveDataSubLanguage

According to the rule the system must support data definition, view definition,
datamanipulation,integrityconstraints,authorizationandtransactionmanagementoperatio
ns.

6. TheViewUpdatingRule
All viewsthat aretheoreticallyupdatablearealsoupdatable bythe system.

7. TheInsertandUpdateRule
This rule indicates that all the data manipulation commands must be

operationalonsetsof rowshavingarelationratherthanonasinglerow.

8. ThePhysicalIndependenceRule
Applicationprogramsmust
remainunimpairedwhenanychangesaremadeinstoragerepresentationor accessmethods.

9. TheLogicalDataIndependenceRule
The changes that are made should not affect the user’s ability to work with
thedata.Thechangecanbesplittingtableintomanymoretables.

10. TheIntegrityIndependenceRule
Theintegrityconstraintsshouldstoreinthesystemcatalogorinthedatabase.
11. TheDistributionRule
Thesystemmustbeaccessormanipulatethedatathatisdistributedinothersystems.

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12. TheNon-subversionRule
Ifa

RDBMSsupportsalowerlevellanguagethenitshouldnotbypassanyintegrityc

onstraintsdefinedinthehigherlevel.

ObjectRelationalDatabase ManagementSystem
Oracle8 and later versions are supported object-oriented concepts. A structure once created can
bereused is the fundamental of the OOP’s concept. So we can say Oracle8 is supported

ObjectRelationalmodel,Object-orientedmodelboth.Oracleproductsarebasedona conceptknownasa

client-server technology. This concept involves segregating the processing of an

applicationbetween two systems. One performs all activities related to the database (server) and

the otherperforms activities that help the user to interact with the application (client). A client or

front-enddatabase application also interacts with the database by requesting and receiving

information fromdatabaseserver.Itactsasaninterfacebetweentheuser andthedatabase.

The database server or back end is used to manage the database tables and also respond to
clientrequests.

IntroductiontoORACLE
ORACLE is a powerful RDBMS product that provides efficient and effective solutions for
majordatabasefeatures.Thisincludes:

Large databases and space management

controlManyconcurrentdatabaseusers

HightransactionprocessingperformanceHig
havailability

Controlledavailability

Industry accepted
standardsManageablesecuri
ty

Database enforced
integrityClient/Serverenvir
onment

Distributed database
systemsPortability

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Compatibility
Connectivity

AnORACLEdatabasesystemcaneasilytakeadvantageofdistributedprocessingbyusingitsClient/Se

rverarchitecture.Inthisarchitecture,thedatabasesystemisdividedintotwoparts:

Afront-end oraclient portion

The clientexecutesthedatabase applicationthataccessesdatabaseinformationandinteractswiththeuser.

Aback-endoraserverportion

TheserverexecutestheORACLEsoftware
andhandlesthefunctionsrequiredforconcurrent,shareddataaccesstoORACLEdatabase.

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Faculty signature

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ILLUSTRATION:ROADWAYTRAVELS
“RoadwayTravels”isinbusinesssince
1977withseveralbusesconnectingdifferentplacesinIndia.ItsmainofficeislocatedinHyderabad.
Thecompanywantstocomputerizeitsoperationsinthefollowingareas:

Reservations
Ticketing

Cancellations

Reservations:
Reservationsare directlyhandeledbybookingoffice.reservationscanbemade60daysin
advance in either cash or credit. In case the ticket is not available,a wait listed ticket is
issuedtothecustomer.Thisticketisconfirmedagainstthecancellation.

Cancellationand modification:

Cancellations are also directly handed at the booking office. Cancellation

chargeswillbecharged.
Waitlistedticketsthatdonotgetconfirmedarefullyrefunded.

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WEEK-1

AIM:Analyze the problemandcome withthe entitiesinit.

IdentifywhatDatahastobepersistedinthedatabases.
The Followingare theentities:

1. Bus
2. Reservation
3. Ticket
4. Passenger
5. Cancellation

TheattributesintheEntities:B
us:(Entity)
Destination
Source
CouchType

BusNo

Bus

Reservation(Entity)

ContactNo BusNo

No-of-Seats
Journeydate
Address

PNRNO

Reservation

Ticket:(Entity)
Dep-Time
Source
Age

Sex
Journeydate
Destination

TicketNo
BusNo
Ticket

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Passenger:

ContactNO
Age

Sex
PNRNO
Name

TicketNo

Passenger

Cancellation(Entity)

Journeydate SeatNo

ContactNo
PNRNO

Cancellation

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ConceptdesignwithE-R Model:

10

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CASESTUDY1:
 Considerthefollowinginformationaboutauniversitydatabase:
 ProfessorshaveanSSN,aname,anage,arank,andaresearchspecialty.
 Projectshaveaprojectnumber,asponsorname(e.g.,NSF),astartingdate,anendingdate,and abudget.
 GraduatestudentshaveanSSN,aname,anage,andadegreeprogram(e.g.,
 M.S.orPh.D.).
 Eachprojectismanagedbyoneprofessor(knownastheproject'sprincipalinvestigator).
 Eachproject isworkedonbyoneormoreprofessors(knownastheproject'sco-investigators).
 Professors canmanage and/orworkonmultipleprojects.
 Each project is worked on by one or more graduate students (known as theproject'sresearchassistants).
 Whengraduatestudentsworkonaproject,aprofessormustsupervisetheir workon the project. Graduate
students can work on multiple projects, in which casetheywill
havea(potentiallydi_erent)supervisorforeachone.
 Departmentshaveadepartmentnumber,adepartmentname,andamainoffice.
 Departmentshaveaprofessor(knownasthechairman)whorunsthedepartment.
 Professorsworkinoneormoredepartments,andforeachdepartmentthattheyworkin,atimepercentageisassoci
atedwiththeirjob.
 Graduatestudentshaveonemajordepartmentinwhichtheyareworkingontheirdegree.
 Eachgraduatestudenthasanother,moreseniorgraduatestudent(knownasastude
ntadvisor)whoadviseshimorheronwhatcoursestotake.

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What is SQL and SQL*Plus

Oracle was the first company to release a product that used the English-based Structured
QueryLanguage or SQL. This language allows end users to manipulate information of table

(primarydatabase object). To use SQL you need not to require any programming experience. SQL

is astandard language common to all relational databases. SQL is database language used for

storingand retrieving data from the database. Most Relational Database Management Systems

provideextension to SQL to make it easier for application developer. A table is a primary object

ofdatabaseusedtostoredata.Itstoresdatainformofrowsandcolumns.

SQL*Plusisan Oracletool (specificprogram) whichacceptsSQLcommandsandPL/SQLblocksand

executes them. SQL *Plus enables manipulations of SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks. Italso
performs additional tasks such as calculations, store and print query results in the form o
reports,list columndefinitionsofanytable,accessandcopydatabetweenSQLdatabasesandsend
messages to and accept responses from the user. SQL *Plus is a character based
interactivetool,thatrunsinaGUIenvironment.Itisloadedontheclientmachine.

Tocommunicate withOracle,SQL supportsthefollowingcategoriesofcommands:

1. DataDefinitionLanguage
Create, Alter,DropandTruncate

2. DataManipulationLanguage
Insert,Update,DeleteandSelect

3. TransactionControlLanguage
Commit, RollbackandSavepoint

4. DataControlLanguage
GrantandRevoke

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Before we take a look on above-mentioned commands we will see the data types available
inOracle.

OracleInternalDatatypes
When you create a table in Oracle, a few items should be important, not only do you have to

giveeach table a name(e.g. employee, customer), you must also list all the columns or fields

(e.g.First_name, Mname, Last_name) associated with the table. You also have to specify what

type ofinformation thattable will hold to the database. For example, the column Empno holds

numericinformation.AnOracledatabasecanholdmanydifferenttypesofdata.

Datatype Description

Char(Size)Storesfixed-lengthcharacterdatatostore
alphanumericvalues,withamaximumsizeof2000bytes.Defaultandminimumsizeis1byte.

Varchar2(Size)Storesvariable-lengthcharacterdatatostore alphanumeric
values,withmaximumsizeof 4000bytes.

char(Size) Stores fixed-length character data of length size characters or bytes,

dependingon the choice of national character set. Maximum size if determined by the number of
bytesrequired storing each character with an upper limit of 2000 bytes. Default and minimum size
is 1characteror1byte,dependingonthecharacter set.

Nvarchar2(Size) Storesvariable-
lengthcharacterstringhavingmaximumlengthsizecharacters or bytes, depending on the
choice of national character set. Maximum size
isdeterminedbythenumberofbytesrequiredtostoreeachcharacter,withanupperlimit
of4000bytes.

LongStores variable-lengthcharacterdataupto2GB(Gigabytes).Itslenthwouldbe
restrictedbasedonmemoryspace availableinthecomputer.

Number [p,s] Number having precision p and scale s. The precision p indicates
totalnumber of digit varies from 1 to 38. The scale s indicates number of digit in
fraction partvariesfrom-84to127.

DateStores dates fromJanuary1,4712B.C.toDecember31,4712A.D.Oracle

predefineformatofDatedatatypeisDD-MON-YYYY.

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Raw (Size) Stores binary data of length size. Maximum size is 2000 bytes. One
musthave to specify size with RAW type data, because by default it does not specify any
size.LongRawStorebinarydataof variablelengthup to2GB(Gigabytes).

LOBS-LARGEOBJECTS
LOB is use to store unstructured information such as sound and video clips, pictures upto 4
GBsize.

CLOB A Character Large Object containing fixed-width multi-byte

characters.Varying-
widthcharactersetsarenotsupported.Maximumsizeis4GB.

NCLOB A National Character Large Object containing fixed-width multi-

bytecharacters.

Varying-

widthcharactersetsarenotsupported.Maximumsizeis4GB.Storesnationalcharacter

setdata.

BLOBTostoreaBinaryLargeObjectsuchagraphics,videoclipsandsoundfiles.
Maximumsizeis4GB.

BFILEContainsalocatortoalarge BinaryFilestoredoutsidethedatabase.
EnablesbytestreamI/OaccesstoexternalLOBsresidingonthedatabaseserver.Maximum
sizeis4GB.Apartfromoracleinternaldatatypes,usercancreatetheirowndatatype,whichisusedindata
baseandotherdatabaseobject.Wewilldiscussitinthelater part.

Thefollowingaretabularrepresentationoftheaboveentitiesandrelationships
BUS:
COLUMNNAME DATATYPE CONSTRAINT

BusNo varchar2(10) PrimaryKey

Source varchar2(20)

Destination varchar2(20)

CouchType varchar2(20)

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Reservation:
COLUMNNAME DATATYPE CONSTRAINT

PNRNo number(9) PrimaryKey

Journeydate Date

No-of-seats integer(8)

Address varchar2(50)

ContactNo Number(9) Shouldbeequalto10

numbersandnotallow
otherthannumeric
BusNo varchar2(10) Foreignkey
Seatno Number

Ticket:
COLUMNNAME DATATYPE CONSTRAINT

Ticket_No number(9) PrimaryKey

Journeydate Date
Age int(4)
Sex Char(10)
Source varchar2(10)
Destination varchar2(10)
Dep-time varchar2(10)
BusNo Number2(10)

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Passenger:

COLUMNNAME DATATYPE CONSTRAINT

PNRNo Number(9) PrimaryKey

TicketNo Number(9) Foreignkey

Name varchar2(15)
Age integer(4)
Sex char(10) (Male/Female)
Contactno Number(9) Shouldbeequalto10numbers
andnotallowotherthan
numeric

Cancellation:
COLUMNNAME DATATYPE CONSTRAINT

PNRNo Number(9) Foriegn-key

Journey-date Date
Seatno Integer(9)
Contact_No Number(9) Shouldbeequalto10numbers
andnotallowotherthan
numeric

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Faculty signature

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WEEK 2

Concept design with E-R Model and apply cardinalities for each relationship. Identify
strong entities and weak entities for relationships like generalization, aggregation,
specialization.

Objectives:

Student will able to learn data structures in terms of entity types, relationship types and attributes or
classes, associations and attributes.

Outcomes:

Student gains the ability to describe the data requirements for a new information system in a direct and
easy to understand graphical notation.
E_R diagram:

Bus No

Source

BUS

Destination

Departure Time

Date of journey Reservation

Sex

Ticket no Ticket Source

Departure time Age

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VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Draw an E-R Diagram For an ATM System.
2. Draw an E-R Diagram For school mgmt system.
3. Draw an E-R Diagram For Roadways Travels Systems.
4. Draw an E-R Diagram For Bank Mgmt System.
5. Explain many to many and many to one relationship.

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Faculty signature

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WEEK 3

AIM
Relation Model represents attributes as columns in tables and different types of
attributes like composite, Multi-valued and Derived.
Objectives:

Student will able to learn the structural components of the relational data model.
Student will able to learn to map ER models into relational models.

Outcomes:

Student gains the ability

 To describe the Model Structure.
 To define Properties of Relations.
 To define Domains.
 To implement Notation to Describe the Relational Schema
 To Represent an ER Model as a Relational Model.

Example: The passenger tables look as below. This is an example. You can add more attributes based
on your E-R model. This is not a normalized table. Passenger

Bus passenger
Passenger-
#bus_no Tickets
#ppno
source #ppno
name
destination #ticket_no
age
#jrny_date
sex

address

phone-no

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Tickets

#tickets_no
no of tkts
From_place
T0_place
#Bus_no
#jrny_date

Name Age Sex Address Passport

ID

Note: The student is required to submit a document by Represent relationships in a tabular fashion to
the lab teacher.

2. Concept design with E-R model

Relate the entities appropriate for each relationship. Identify strong entities and week entities (if any).
Indicate the type of relationships (total/partial). In this we will design the different E-R diagram for
different entities and also the whole “Roadway Travels”.

E-R diagram: An entity-relationship(ER) diagram is a specified graphic that illustrates the

interrelationships between entities and database. W e can express the overall logical structure of
database graphically with an E-R diagram.

3. Relational Model and Normalization

Represent all the entities (Strong, Weak) in tabular fashion. Represent relationships in a tabular fashion.
There are different ways of representing relationships as tables based on the cardinality. Represent
attributes as columns in tables or as tables based on the requirement. In this we will represent the
different entities, attributes of different keys in a tabular fashion or manner.

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Relational Model:

The relational model is a depiction of how each piece of stored information relates to the other stored
information. It shows how tables are linked, what type of the links are between tables, what keys are
used, what information is referenced between tables. It’s an essential part of developing a normalized
database structure to prevent repeat and redundant data storage.

Different types of keys:

 A super key is a set of one or more attributes which; taken collectively, allow us to identify
uniquely an entity in the entity set.
 A primary key is a candidate key(there may be more than one) chosen by the DB designer to
identify entities in an entity set.
 A super key may contain extraneous attributes, and we are often interested in the smallest super
key. A super key for which no subset is a super key is called a candidate key.
 An entity does not posses sufficient attributes to form a primary ket is called a weak entity set.
One that does have a primary key is called a strong entity set.
 A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another
table. The foreign key can be used to cross-reference tables.

Normalization

Database normalization is a technique for designing relational database tables to minimize duplication
of information and, in so doing, to safeguard the database against certain types of logical or structural
problems, namely data anomalies. In this we will write the normalization tables that is entities of
“Roadway Travels.”

Normalization: In relational databases, normalization is a process that eliminates redundancy,

organizes data efficiently; Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database.
There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data(for example, storing the
same data in more than one table) and ensuring data dependencies make sense(only storing related data
in a tablet). Both of these are worthy goals as they reduce the amt of space a database consumes and
ensure that data is logically stores.
The Normal Form: the database community has developed a series of guidelines for ensuring that
databases are normalized. These are referred to as normal forms and are numbered from one ( the lowest
form to normalization, referred to as first form or INF) through five(fifth normal form of SNF). In
practical applications, you’ll often see INF, 2NF, and 3NF along with occasional 4NF. Fifth normal
form is very rarely seen and won’t be discussed in this article. It’s important to point out that they are
guidelines and guidelines only. Occasionally, it becomes necessary to stray from them to meet practical
business requirements. However, when variations take place, it’s extremely important to evaluate any
possible requirements they could have on your system and account for possible inconsistencies. That
said, let’s explore the normal form.

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VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is relational model and its importance.

2. Explain the difference between candidate key and primary key.
3. What is a super key.
4. Differentiate among all types of keys with example.
5. Explain the need of foreign key.

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Faculty signature

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WEEK 4

AIM
Normalization of tables

Objectives:

Student will able to learn to avoid problems that are associated with updating redundant data.

Outcomes:

Student gains the knowledge to build The database that does not have redundant data.

A basic objective of the first normal form defined by Edgar Frank "Ted" Codd in 1970 was to permit
data to be queried and manipulated using a "universal data sub-language" grounded in first-order
logic.(SQL is an example of such a data sub-language, albeit one that Codd regarded as seriously
flawed.)

The objectives of normalization beyond 1NF (First Normal Form) were stated as follows by Codd:

1. To free the collection of relations from undesirable insertion, update and deletion
dependencies;
2. To reduce the need for restructuring the collection of relations, as new types of data are
introduced, and thus increase the life span of application programs;
3. To make the relational model more informative to users;
4. To make the collection of relations neutral to the query statistics, where these statistics
are liable to change as time goes by.

Querying and manipulating the data within a data structure which is not normalized, such as the
following non-1NF representation of customers' credit card transactions, involves more complexity than
is really necessary:

Customer Transactions
Tr. ID Date Amount
Jones 12890 14-Oct-2003 −87
12904 15-Oct-2003 −50
r. ID Date Amount
Wilkinso
12898 14-Oct-2003 −21

Tr. ID Date Amount

12907 15-Oct-2003 −18
Stevens
14920 20-Nov-2003 −70
15003 27-Nov-2003 −60

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To each customer corresponds a repeating group of transactions. The automated evaluation

of any queryrelating to customers' transactions therefore would broadly involve two stages:

1. Unpacking one or more customers' groups of transactions allowing the individual

transactions ina group to be examined, and
2. Deriving a query result based on the results of the first stage

For example, in order to find out the monetary sum of all transactions that occurred in
October 2003 forall customers, the system would have to know that it must first unpack
the Transactions group of each customer, then sum the Amounts of all transactions thus
obtained where the Date of the transaction fallsin October 2003.

One of Codd's important insights was that this structural complexity could always be
removed completely, leading to much greater power and flexibility in the way queries
could be formulated (by users and applications) and evaluated (by the DBMS). The
normalized equivalent of the structure abovewould look like this:

Customer Tr. ID Date Amount

Jones 12890 14-Oct-2003 −87
Jones 12904 15-Oct-2003 −50
Wilkins 12898 14-Oct-2003 −21
Stevens 12907 15-Oct-2003 −18
Stevens 14920 20-Nov-2003 −70
Stevens 15003 27-Nov-2003 −60

Now each row represents an individual credit card transaction, and the DBMS can obtain
the answer of interest, simply by finding all rows with a Date falling in October, and
summing their Amounts. The data structure places all of the values on an equal footing,
exposing each to the DBMS directly, so each can potentially participate directly in queries;
whereas in the previous situation some values were embedded in lower-level structures
that had to be handled specially. Accordingly, the normalized designlends itself to general-
purpose query processing, whereas the unnormalized design does not.

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VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Explain the need of normalization?

2. What is functional dependency?
3. Explain difference between third normal form and boyce codd normal form?
4. What is PJNF?
5. What is transitivity dependency?

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WEEK-5(a)

AIM:Installation of My SQL and practicing DDL & DMLcommands.

1.StepsforinstallingMySQL

Step1
Make sure you already downloaded the MySQL essential 5.0.45 win32.msi file. Double
clickonthe.msifile.

Step2
This is MySQL Server 5.0 setup wizard. The setup wizard will install MySQL Server
5.0release5.0.45onyourcomputer.Tocontinue,clicknext.

26

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Step3
Choose thesetuptypethatbestsuitsyourneeds. ForcommonprogramfeaturesselectTypical
andit’srecommendedforgeneraluse.Tocontinue,clicknext.

Step4

This wizard is ready to begin installation. Destination folder will be in

C:\ProgramFiles\MySQL\MySQLServer5.0\.Tocontinue,clicknext.

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Step5
Theprogramfeaturesyouselectedarebeinginstalled.PleasewaitwhilethesetupwizardinstallsMySQ
L5.0.Thismaytakeseveralminutes.

30

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Step6
Tocontinue,clicknext.

Step7
Tocontinue,clicknext.

Step8
Wizard Completed. Setup has finished installing MySQL 5.0. Check the configure the
MySQLserver nowtocontinue.ClickFinishtoexitthewizard

31
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d.

Step9
TheconfigurationwizardwillallowyoutoconfiguretheMySQL
Server5.0serverinstance.Tocontinue,clicknext.

Step10
Select a standard configuration and this will use a general purpose configuration
fortheserverthatcanbetunedmanually.Tocontinue,clicknext.

32

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Step11

Check on the install as windows service and include bin directory in windows path.
Tocontinue,clicknext.

Step12
Pleasesetthesecurityoptionsbyenteringtherootpasswordandconfirmretypethepassword.

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continue,clicknext.

Step13
Readytoexecute?Clicksexecutetocontinue.

Step14
Processingconfigurationinprogress.

32

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Step15
Configuration file created. Windows service MySQL5 installed. Press finish to close
thewizard.

33

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WEEK-5
(b)
MongoDB

Navigate to the download site:

Navigate to the official MongoDB website https://www.mongodb.com/

Cross-check the Specifications and Download MongoDB

Under the Software section, click on the Community server version.

At the time of writing, the latest version is 4.4.5. Ensure that the platform is Windows, and the package
is MSI. Go ahead and click on download.

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Mongo DB Installation:

You can find the downloaded file in the downloads directory. You can follow the steps
mentioned there and install the software.

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On completing the installation successfully, you will find the software package in your C
drive. C:\Program Files\MongoDB\Server\4.4\bin.

You can see that there are mongo and mongod executable files. The mongod file is the daemon
process that does the background jobs like accessing, retrieving, and updating the database.

Create an Environment Variable:

It’s best practice to create an environment variable for the executable file so that you
don’t have to change the directory structure every time you want to execute the file.

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Execute the Mongo App:

After creating an environment path, you can open the command prompt and just
type in mongo and press enter.

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The mongo server is then generated and is up and running.

Verify the Setup

To verify if it did the setup correctly, type in the command show DBS.

With that, you have successfully installed and set up MongoDB on your Windows system.

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WEEK-6

PRACTISING DDL&DMLCOMMANDS
DataDefinitionLanguage

The data definition language is used to create an object, alter the structure of an object and also
dropalready created object. The Data Definition Languages used for table definition can be classified
intofollowing:

 Createtablecommand
 Altertablecommand
 Truncatetablecommand
 Droptablecommand

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1. CREATIONOFTABLES:

SQL-CREATETABLE:
Tableisaprimaryobjectofdatabase,usedtostoredatainformofrowsandcolumns.Itiscreatedusing

following command:

Syntax:CREATETABLEtablename(column_namedata_typeconstraints,…)

SQL>CREATETABLESAILORS((SIDint(10)PRIMARYKEY,SNAMEVARCHAR(
10),RATINGint(10),AGEint(10));

Table

Created.Descc

Command
TheDESCRIBEcommandisusedtoviewthestructureofatableasfollows.SQL>DESC

SAILORS;

TESTRESULT

Example1:CreateanRESERVEStablewithfields(SID,BID
,DAY)anddisplayusingDESCRIBEcommand.

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Example2:CreateaBOATStablewithFields(BID,BNAME,COLOR)anddisplayusingDESCRIBEcommand

2. ALTERTABLE:
ToADDacolumn:

SYNTAX: ALTER TABLE <TABLE NAME>ADD (<NEW

COLUMNNAME><DATATYPE>(<SIZE>),<NEWCOLUMNNAME><
DATATYPE>(<SIZE>) ............ );
EX:(WriteyourownQuery)

TESTOUTPUT

ToDROPacolumn:
SYNTAX:ALTERTABLE<TABLENAME>DROPCOLUMN<COLUMNNAME>;.
EX:(WriteyourownQuery)

TESTOUTPUT

ToMODIFYacolumn:
SYNTAX:ALTERTABLE<TABLENAME>MODIFY(<COLUMNNAME>
<NEWDATATYPE>(<NEWSIZE>));
EX:(WriteyourownQuery)

TESTOUTPUT

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Example1:
SQL>ALTERTABLESAILORADD(SNONUMBER(10));

TESTOUTPUT

3. RENAMEATABLE

Renamecommandisusedtogivenewnamesforexistingtables.

SQL>RENAMEoldtablename

TOnewtablename;EX:(Writeyourown Query)

TESTOUTPUT

4. TRUNCATEATABLE

Truncatecommandisusedtodeleteallrecordsfromatable.

SQL>TRUNCATETABLEtablename;EX:(

WriteyourownQuery)

TESTOUTPUT

5. DROPATABLE

Dropcommandisusedtoremoveanexistingtablepermanentlyfromdatabase.

SQL>

DROPTABLEtablename;EX:(Wri

teyourownQuery)

TESTOUTPUT

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VIVAQUESTIONS

1. Definedataand information.
2. DefineDatabasemanagementsystem.
3. WhatisSQL?
4. Whatisthesyntaxforcreatingatable?
5. ListthecomponentsofSQL.
6. DefineDDL?WhataretheDDLcommands?
7. Listouttheusesofaltercommand.
8. WhatisSyntaxfortruncateatable?
9. Whatistheusedroptablecommand?

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DMLCOMMANDS

1. ToRetrieve/DisplayDatafromTables:

a. SelectcommandisusedtoselectvaluesordatafromtableSYNT

AX

SELECT*FROMTABLENAME;

Example:

SQL>SELECT*FROMSAILORS;TE

STOUTPUT:

b. Theretrievingofspecificcolumnsfromatable

SQL>SELECTcolumnname1,columnname2,….columnnamenFROMtablename;EX:(Writey

ourown Query)

TESTOUTPUT

c. Eliminationofduplicatesfromtheselectstatement

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SQL>SELECTDISTINCTcolumnname1,columnname2,….columnnamenFROMtablename;

EX:(WriteyourownQuery)

TESTOUTPUT

d. Selectingadatasetfromtabledata

SQL>SELECTcolumnname1,columnname2,….columnnamenFROMtablenameWHEREsearc

hcondition;

EX:(WriteyourownQuery)

TESTOUTPUT

Example1:DisplayDataFromRESERVESTable

Example2:DisplayDataFromBOATSTable

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2. INSERTINGDATAINTOTABLE

Insertcommandisusedtoinsertrowsintothetable.SYNT

AX:
INSERTINTOtablename(columnname1,columnname2,….columnnamen)

Example:

SQL>INSERTINTOSAILORSVALUES(22,’DUSTIN’,7,45.0);
1rowcreated
SQL>INSERTINTOSAILORSVALUES(29,’BRUTUS’,1,33.0);
1rowcreated

INSERTIONofDatacanalsobedonebythefollowingSyntax:

SYNTAX

INSERTINTOtablename(columnname1,columnname2,….columnnamen)VALUES(Value1,Value2,..V
aluen);

Example:
SQL>INSERTINTOSAILORS(SID,SNAME,RATING,AGE)VALUES(31,’LUBBER
’,8,55.5);
1rowcreated

Example1:INSERTdataintoRESERVEStable:T

ESTOUTPUT:

Example2:INSERTdataintoBOATStable:TE

STOUTPUT:

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UPDATE

ThisSQLcommandisusedtomodifythevaluesinanexistingtable.

SQL>UPDATEtablename

SETcolumn1=expression1,column2=expression2,...

WHEREsomecolumn=somevalue;

An expression consists of either a constant (new value), an arithmetic or

stringoperation oranSQL query. Note that the new valueto assign to
<column>mustmatchingdatatype.

An update statement used without a where clause results in changing

respectiveattributesofalltuplesin thespecifiedtable.

Example1:UPDATESAILORSS
SETS.age=S.age+1,S.rating=S.rating-
1WhereS.sid=34546;
TESTOUTPUT

Example2:(WriteyourownQuery)

TESTOUTPUT

DELETE

Inordertodeleterowsfroma

tableweusethiscommandSQL>DELETE

FROMtablenameWHEREcondition;

Basedontheconditionspecifiedtherows
getsfetchedfromthetableandgetsdeletedintable.HeretheWHEREclauseisoptional.

Example1:DELETES.AGEFROMSAILORSSwhereS.Sname=’Smith’;

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TESTOUTPUT

Example2:DELETEFROMSAILORS;TE

STOUTPUT

VIVAQUESTIONS

1. WhataretheDMLcommands?
2. Howthedataorvaluestobeenteredintoatable?
3. WhatistheuseofDELETEcommand?
4. Howthedataorvaluestobeupdatedonatable?
5. ListouttheusesofSELECTcommand?
6. Howthedata orvaluesareretrievedfromatable?
7. DefineDML?WhataretheDML commands?

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KEYCONSTRAINTS

Domain Integrity
constraintsEntity Integrity
constraintsReferentialIntegrityc
onstraints

1. PRIMARY KEY&NOTNULL
Example:
CREATETABLEsailors(sidinteger,
sname varchar(32)
,rating integer NOT
NULL,agereal,
PRIMARYKEY(sid));
Tablecreated.

TestOutput:

Example:PracticewithyourownQuery:

TestOutput

ImposingICusingALTER
Example:AlterTableSailorsMODIFYsname varchar(32)NOTNULL;
TestOutput

Example:PracticewithyourownQuery:

TestOutput

2. DEFAULT
CREATETABLEsailors(sidinteger,
sname varchar(32)
,rating integer NOT
NULL,age real DEFAULT
25,PRIMARYKEY(sid));

Example:PracticewithyourownQuery:

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TestOutput
3. UNIQUE

CREATETABLEsailors(sidinteger,
sname varchar(32) UNIQUE
,ratinginteger,
age real DEFAULT
25,PRIMARY
KEY(sid));
TestOutput

Example:PracticewithyourownQuery:

TestOutput

4. FOREIGNKEY

CREATE TABLE reserves ( sid integer not null, bid integer not null, day datetime not null, PRIMARY
KEY(sid,bid,day),FOREIGN KEY(sid)REFERENCESsailors(sid));

Example:PracticewithyourownQuery:

TestOutput

AddingForeignKeytoanexistingTable

AltertablereservesADDForeignKey(sidREFERENCESSailors(sid));

Example:PracticewithyourownQuery:

TestOutput

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VIVAQUESTIONS
1) DifferencebetweenUNIQUEandPRIMARY KEY
2) WhendoyouuseCompositePrimarykey?
3) DifferencebetweenCandidateKey&PrimaryKey
4) WhatisthePrerequisiteforakeytobeusedasaForeignKey
5) WhatisaReferentialIntegrity?
6) GiveTwopracticalexamplesforReferentialIntegrity?

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WEEK 7

AIM
QUERYING
QUERIES USING ANY, ALL, IN, INTERSECT, UNION

Objectives:

Student will able to learn to operate on multiple result sets to return a single result set.
Student will able to learn to perform nested Queries.

Outcomes:

Student gains the knowledge to implement queries using ANY, ALL, IN, INTERSECT, UNION.

6. Create the table using following attributes TICKET (TICKET_NO: NUMERIC (9): PK,
JOURNEY_DATE: DATE, AGE: INT (4), SEX: CHAR (10): MALE/FEMALE, SOURCE: VARCHAR2
(50), DEP_TIME: VARCHAR2 (50))

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query
CREATE TABLE TICKET (TICKET_NO NUMBER (9) PRIMARY KEY , JOURNEY_DATE DATE,
AGE NUMBER (4), SEX CHAR (10), SOURCE VARCHAR2 (50), DEP_TIME VARCHAR2 (50))

Describing table

Query

Desc TICKET

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Output

Table Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default Comment

TICKET TICKET_NO Number - 9 0 1 - - -

JOURNEY_DATE Date 7 - - - - -

AGE Number - 4 0 - - -

SEX Char 10 - - - - -

SOURCE Varchar2 50 - - - - -

DEP_TIME Varchar2 50 - - - - -

Inserting records into “TICKET” table

Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query
insert into TICKET values(1203,'10/FEB/11',19,'MALE','HYDERABAD','10.30 AM');

insert into TICKET values(1213,'10/FEB/11',19,'FEMALE','HYDERABAD','10.30AM');

insert into TICKET values(1201,'13/FEB/11',20,'FEMALE','HYDERABAD','11.30AM');

insert into TICKET values(1202,'14/FEB/11',20,'MALE','TIRUPATHI','11.00 AM'); insert into TICKET

values(1205,'14/FEB/11',20,'MALE','HYDERABAD','11.00 AM');

Display table

Syntax

Select <select list> from <table name>

Query

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select * from TICKET;

Output

TICKET_NO JOURNEY_DATE AGE SEX SOURCE DEP_TIME

1203 10-FEB-11 19 MALE HYDERABAD 10.30 AM
1
1
1
1

7. Create
e table using following attributes PASSENGER_TICKETS (PPNO:
VARCHAR2 (15): PK, TICKET_NO: NUMERIC (9))

Creating table

Syntax

Create tab e <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query
CREATE TABLE PASSENGER_TICKETS (PPNO VARCHAR2 (15) PRIMARYKEY,
TICKET_ NUMBER (9))

Describing tableQuery

Desc PASSENGER_TICKETS

Output

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213 10-FEB-11 19 FEMALE HYDERABAD 10.30 AM

201 13-FEB-11 20 FEMALE HYDERABAD 11.30 AM
202 14-FEB-11 20 MALE TIRUPATHI 11.00 AM
205 14-FEB-11 20 MALE HYDERABAD 11.00 AM

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Com me
Table Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Nullabl Defau
Key e lt

PASSENGER_TICKE PPNO Varchar2 15 - - 1 - - -

TS

TICKET_NO Number - 9 0 - - -

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Inserting records into “PASSENGER_TICKETS” table

Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query
insert into PASSENGER_TICKETS values(1,1203); insert into

PASSENGER_TICKETS values(2,1213); insert into

PASSENGER_TICKETS values(3,1201); insert into
PASSENGER_TICKETS values(4,1202); insert into

PASSENGER_TICKETS values(5,1205);Display table

Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>

Query
select * from TICKET;

Output
PPNO TICKET_NO
1 1203
2 1213
3 1201
4 1202
5 1205

8. Create the table using following attributes RESERVATION (PNR_NO: NUMERIC (9): FK,
JOURNEY_DATE: DATE, NO_OF_SEATS: INT (8), ADDRESS: VARCHAR2 (50), CONTACT_NO:
NUMERIC (10), STATUS: CHAR (3): YES/NO)

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 FOREIGN KEY(PNR_NO ) REFERENCES PASSENGER_TICKECTS(PPNO);

Creating table

Syntax

Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

create table reservation (pnr_no varchar2(15),journey_date date,no_of_seats

number(8),address varchar2(50),contact_no number(10),status char(3),foreign
key(pnr_no)references passenger_tickets(ppno));

Describing table

Query
Desc reservation

Output

Table Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default Comment

RESERV
PNR_NO Varchar2 15 - - - - -
ATION

JOURNEY_DATE Date 7 - - - - -

NO_OF_SEATS Number - 8 0 - - -

ADDRESS Varchar2 50 - - - - -

CONTACT_NO Number - 10 0 - - -

STATUS Char 3 - - -

Inserting records into “reservation” table

Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

57

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 FOREIGN KEY(PNR_NO ) REFERENCES PASSENGER_TICKECTS(PPNO);

Creating table

Syntax
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query

create table reservation (pnr_no varchar2(15),journey_date date,no_of_seats

number(8),address varchar2(50),contact_no number(10),status char(3),foreign
key(pnr_no)references passenger_tickets(ppno));

Describing table

Query
Desc reservation

Output

Table Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default Comment

RESERV
PNR_NO Varchar2 15 - - - - -
ATION

JOURNEY_DATE Date 7 - - - - -

NO_OF_SEATS Number - 8 0 - - -

ADDRESS Varchar2 50 - - - - -

CONTACT_NO Number - 10 0 - - -

STATUS Char 3 - - -

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Inserting records into “reservation” table

Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

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Query
insert into reservation values(1,'10/feb/11',5,'amberpet','7416944004','yes'); insert into

reservation values(1,'11/feb/11',8,'amberpet','7416944004','yes'); insert into reservation

values(2,'11/feb/11',8,'b.b nagar','7207204221','yes'); insert into reservation

values(2,'14/feb/11',2,'b.b nagar','7207204221','yes'); insert into reservation

values(3,'14/feb/11',3,'ecil','00000000','yes');

insert into reservation values(4,'14/feb/11',4,'nagaram','9700135300','yes'); insert into

reservation values(5,'16/feb/11',1,'b.b nagar','8143528258','yes'); insert into reservation

values(5,'15/feb/11',7,'b.b nagar','8143528258','yes');

Display table

Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>

Query
select * from reservation;

Output

PNR_NO JOURNEY_DATE NO_OF_SEATS ADDRESS CONTACT_NO STATUS

1 10-FEB-11 5 amberpet 7416944004 yes
1 11-FEB-11 8 amberpet 7416944004 yes
2 11-FEB-11 8 b.b nagar 7207204221 yes
2 14-FEB-11 2 b.b nagar 7207204221 yes
3 14-FEB-11 3 ecil 0 yes
4 14-FEB-11 4 nagaram 9700135300 yes
5 16-FEB-11 1 b.b nagar 8143528258 yes
5 15-FEB-11 7 b.b nagar 8143528258 yes

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Create the table using following attributes CANCELLATION (PNR_NO: NUMERIC (9): FK,
JOURNEY_DATE: DATE, NO_OF_SEATS: INT (8), ADDRESS: VARCHAR2 (50),
CONTACT_NO: NUMERIC (9), STATUS: CHAR (3): YES/NO)

 FOREIGN KEY(PNR_NO ) REFERENCES PASSENGER_TICKECTS(PPNO);

Creating table

Syntax
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query
create table cancellation (pnr_no varchar2(15),journey_date date,no_of_seats number(8),address
varchar2(50),contact_no number(10),status char(3),foreignkey(pnr_no)references
passenger_tickets(ppno));

Describing table

Query
Desc reservation

Output

Com men
Table Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default

CANCELLAT
PNR_NO Varchar2 15 - - - - -
ION

JOURNEY_DATE Date 7 - - - - -

NO_OF_SEATS Number - 8 0 - - -

ADDRESS Varchar2 50 - - - - -

CONTACT_NO Number - 10 0 - - -

STATUS Char 3 - - - - -

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Inserting records into “CANCELLATION” table

Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query
insert into cancellation values(1,'10/feb/11',5,'amberpet','7416944004','yes'); insert into

cancellation values(1,'11/feb/11',8,'amberpet','7416944004','yes'); insert into cancellation

values(2,'11/feb/11',8,'b.b nagar','7207204221','yes'); insert into cancellation

values(2,'14/feb/11',2,'b.b nagar','7207204221','yes'); insert into cancellation

values(3,'14/feb/11',3,'ecil','00000000','yes');

insert into cancellation values(4,'14/feb/11',4,'nagaram','9700135300','yes'); insert into

cancellation values(5,'16/feb/11',1,'b.b nagar','8143528258','yes'); insert into cancellation

values(5,'15/feb/11',7,'b.b nagar','8143528258','yes');

Display table

Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>

Query
select * from cancellation

Output

PNR_NO JOURNEY_DATE NO_OF_SEATS ADDRESS CONTACT_NO STATUS

1 10-FEB-11 5 amberpet 7416944004 yes
1 11-FEB-11 8 amberpet 7416944004 yes
2 11-FEB-11 8 b.b nagar 7207204221 yes
2 14-FEB-11 2 b.b nagar 7207204221 yes
3 14-FEB-11 3 ecil 0 yes

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4 14-FEB-11 4 nagaram 9700135300 yes

5 16-FEB-11 1 b.b nagar 8143528258 yes
5 15-FEB-11 7 b.b nagar 8143528258 yes

26. Write a trigger on passenger to display messages ‘1 Record is inserted’, ‘1 record is

deleted’, ‘1 record is updated’ when insertion, deletion and updation are done on
passenger respectively.

27. Display unique PNR_NO of all passengers.

Query
select distinct(pnr_no) from reservation;

Output

PNR_NO
1
3
5
2
4

28. Display all the names of male passengers.

Query
select name from passenger where sex='MALE'

Output
NAME
TIRUMALAY
NAGARAJU
AVS.RAVI

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29. Display the ticket numbers and names of all the passengers.

Query
select p.name,t.ticket_no from passenger p,passenger_tickets t where
t.ppno=p.ppno
NAME TICKET_NO
TIRUMALAY 1203 Output
SUPRIYA 1213
AMULYA 1201
NAGARAJU 1202
AVS.RAVI 1205

30. Find the ticket numbers of the passengers whose name start with ‘t’ and ends with ‘y’.

Query
select t.ticket_no from passenger p,passenger_tickets t where p.name like'T%Y'and
t.ppno=p.ppno;

Output

TICKET_NO
1203
31. Find the names of passengers whose age is between 15 and 20.
Query
select name from passenger where age between 15 and 20

Output

NAME
TIRUMALAY
SUPRIYA
AMULYA
NAGARAJU
AVS.RAVI

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32. Display all the passengers names beginning with ‘A’.

Query
select name from passenger where name like 'A%';

Output

NAME
AMULYA
AVS.RAVI

33. Display the sorted list of passengers names.

Query
select name from passenger order by name;

Output

NAME
AMULYA
AVS.RAVI
NAGARAJU
SUPRIYA
TIRUMALAY

34. Write a query to display the information present in the PASSENGER and
CANCELLATION tables. (Use UNION Operator).

Query
select * from passenger p,cancellation c where p.ppno=c.pnr_nounion

select * from passenger p1,cancellation c1 where p1.ppno=c1.pnr_no

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Output

PP NAME A SEX ADDR PNR_ JOU R NEY _ NO_OF_S ADDR CONTAC STAT
NO GE ESS NO DATE EATS ESS T_NO US
1 TIRUMA 19 MAL AMBER 1 10-FEB-11 5 amberpe 7416944004 yes
LAY E PET t
1 TIRUMA 19 MAL AMBER 1 11-FEB-11 8 amberpe 7416944004 yes
LAY E PET t
2 SUPRIY 20 FEMA B.B 2 11-FEB-11 8 b.b 7207204221 yes
A LE NAGAR nagar
2 SUPRIY 20 FEMA B.B 2 14-FEB-11 2 b.b 7207204221 yes
A LE NAGAR nagar
3 AMULY 20 FEMA ECIL 3 14-FEB-11 3 ecil 0 yes
A LE
NAGAR 20 MAL NAGAR 4 14-FEB-11 4 nagaram 9700135300 yes
AJU E AM
5 AVS.RA 20 MAL B.B 5 15-FEB-11 7 b.b 8143528258 yes
VI E NAGAR nagar
5 AVS.RA 20 MAL B.B 5 16-FEB-11 1 b.b 8143528258 yes
VI E NAGAR nagar

35. Display the number of tickets booked for each PNR_NO using GROUP BY clause.
(Use GROUP BY on PNR_NO).

Query
select pnr_no,sum(no_of_seats) from reservation group by pnr_no;

Output

PNR_NO SUM(NO_OF_SEATS)
1 13
3 3
5 8
2 10
4 4

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36. Find the distinct PNR numbers that are present.

Query
Select distict (pnr_no) from reservation;

Output

PNR_NO
1
3
5
2
4

37. Find the number of tickets booked by a passenger where the number of seats is
greater than 5. (Use GROUP BY, WHERE and HAVING clauses).

Query
select pnr_no,sum(no_of_seats) from reservation group by pnr_no havingsum(no_of_seats) > 5

Output

PNR_NO SUM(NO_OF_SEATS)
1 13
5 8
2 10

38. Find the total number of cancelled seats.

Query
select sum(no_of_seats) from cancellation;

Output

SUM(NO_OF_SEATS)
38

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VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the syntax for create command?

2. What is the difference between primary key and foreign key?

3. What is the command to display data from a table?

4. What are the types of clause used in mysql ?

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WEEK 8 & 9:

Querying Using Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVERAGE using GROUPBY

and HAVING) Queries using Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX and
MIN), GROUP BY, HAVING and Creation and dropping of Views.
Objectives:

Student will able to learn to perform mathematical operations that return a single value, calculated from
values in a column.

Outcomes:

Student gains the knowledge to perform aggregate operations on the database appropriately.

Aggregate operators: In addition to simply retrieving data, we often want to perform some computation or
summarization. SQL allows the use of arithmetic expressions. We now consider a powerful class of
constructs for computing aggregate values such as MIN and SUM.

1. Count: COUNT following by a column name returns the count of tuple in that
column. If DISTINCT keyword is used then it will return only the count of unique tuple
in the column. Otherwise, it will return count of all the tuples (including duplicates) count
(*) indicates all the tuples of the column.

Syntax: COUNT (Column name)

Example: SELECT COUNT (Sal) FROM emp;

2. SUM: SUM followed by a column name returns the sum of all the values in that
column.

Syntax: SUM (Column name)

Example: SELECT SUM (Sal) From emp;

3. AVG: AVG followed by a column name returns the average value of that column
values.

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Syntax: AVG (n1,n2..)

Example: Select AVG(10, 15, 30) FROM DUAL;

4. MAX: MAX followed by a column name returns the maximum value of that column.

Syntax: MAX (Column name)

Example: SELECT MAX (Sal) FROM emp; SQL> select

deptno,max(sal) from emp group by deptno;

DEPTNO MAX(SAL)

10 5000
20 3000
30 2850
SQL> select deptno,max(sal) from emp group by deptno having max(sal)<3000;DEPTNO
MAX(SAL)

30 2850

5. MIN: MIN followed by column name returns the minimum value of that column.

Syntax: MIN (Column name)

Example: SELECT MIN (Sal) FROM emp;

SQL>select deptno,min(sal) from emp group by deptno having min(sal)>1000;DEPTNO

MIN(SAL)

10 1300

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VIEW: In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.

A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from one or
more real tables in the database.

You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present the data as if the
data were coming from one single table.

A view is a virtual table, which consists of a set of columns from one or more tables. It is similar to
a table but it doest not store in the database. View is a query stored as an object.

Syntax: CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT set of fields FROM

relation_name WHERE (Condition)

1. Example:

SQL>CREATE VIEW employee AS SELECT empno,ename,job FROM EMPWHERE job =

‘clerk’;

View created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE; EMPNO

ENAME JOB

7369 SMITH CLERK

7876 ADAMS CLERK

7900 JAMES CLERK

7934 MILLER CLERK

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2. Example:

CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] ASSELECT

ProductID,ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE Discontinued=No

DROP VIEW: This query is used to delete a view , which has been already created.

Syntax: DROP VIEW View_name;

Example : SQL> DROP VIEW EMPLOYEE;

View dropped

Queries using Conversion functions (to_char, to_number and to_date), string functions
(Concatenation, lpad, rpad, ltrim, rtrim, lower, upper, initcap, length, substr and instr), date
functions (Sysdate, next_day, add_months, last_day, months_between, least, greatest, trunc,
round, to_char, to_date)

1. Conversion functions:To_char: TO_CHAR (number) converts n to a value

of VARCHAR2 data type, using the optional number format fmt. The value n can
be of type NUMBER, BINARY_FLOAT, or BINARY_DOUBLE.

SQL>select to_char(65,'RN')from dual;

To_number : TO_NUMBER converts expr to a value of NUMBER data type.

SQL> Select to_number('1234.64') from Dual;1234.64

To_date:TO_DATE converts char of CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR,or

NVARCHAR2 data type to a value of DATE data type.

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SQL>SELECT TO_DATE('January 15, 1989, 11:00 A.M.')FROM DUAL;TO_DATE('

15-JAN-89

2. String functions:

Concat: CONCAT returns char1 concatenated with char2. Both char1 and char2 can beany of the datatypes

SQL>SELECT CONCAT(‘ORACLE’,’CORPORATION’)FROM DUAL;

ORACLECORPORATION

Lpad: LPAD returns expr1, left-padded to length n characters with the sequence ofcharacters in expr2.

SQL>SELECT LPAD(‘ORACLE’,15,’*’)FROM DUAL;**********ORACLE

Rpad: RPAD returns expr1, right-padded to length n characters with expr2, replicated asmany times as
necessary.

SQL>SELECT RPAD (‘ORACLE’,15,’*’)FROM DUAL;

ORACLE*********

Ltrim: Returns a character expression after removing leading blanks.

SQL>SELECT LTRIM(‘SSMITHSS’,’S’)FROM DUAL;MITHSS

Rtrim: Returns a character string after truncating all trailing blanks

SQL>SELECT RTRIM(‘SSMITHSS’,’S’)FROM DUAL;SSMITH

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Lower: Returns a character expression after converting uppercase character data tolowercase.

SQL>SELECT LOWER(‘DBMS’)FROM DUAL;

dbms

Upper: Returns a character expression with lowercase character data converted to uppercase

SQL>SELECT UPPER(‘dbms’)FROM DUAL;DBMS

Length: Returns the number of characters, rather than the number of bytes, of thegiven string
expression, excluding trailing blanks.

SQL>SELECT LENGTH(‘DATABASE’)FROM DUAL;8

Substr: Returns part of a character, binary, text, or image expression.

SQL>SELECT SUBSTR(‘ABCDEFGHIJ’3,4)FROM DUAL;CDEF

Instr: The INSTR functions search string for substring. The function returns an integer indicating the
position of the character in string that is the first character of this occurrence.

SQL>SELECT INSTR('CORPORATE FLOOR','OR',3,2)FROM DUAL;14

3. Date functions:
Sysdate: SQL>SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;29-DEC-08

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next_day:

SQL>SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,’WED’)FROM DUAL;05-JAN-09

add_months:

SQL>SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,2)FROM DUAL;28-FEB-09

last_day:

SQL>SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)FROM DUAL;31-DEC-08

months_between:

SQL>SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)FROM EMP; 4

Least:

SQL>SELECT LEAST('10-JAN-07','12-OCT-07')FROM DUAL;10-JAN-07

Greatest:

SQL>SELECT GREATEST('10-JAN-07','12-OCT-07')FROM DUAL;10-JAN-07

Trunc:

SQL>SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY')FROM DUAL;28-DEC-08

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Round:

SQL>SELECT ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY')FROM

DUAL;28-DEC-08

to_char:

SQL> select to_char(sysdate, "dd\mm\yy") from

dual;24-mar-05.

to_date:

SQL> select to_date(sysdate, "dd\mm\yy") from

dual;24-mar-o5.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are aggregate functions?

2. What is the difference between LPAD and RPAD?

3. Define View?

4. What is the difference between group by and order by clause?

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Week-10
TRIGGERS

In MySQL, a trigger is a set of SQL statements that is invoked automatically when a change

ismadetothedataontheassociatedtable.Atriggercanbedefinedtobeinvokedeitherbeforeorafterthedatai
schangedbyINSERT, UPDATEorDELETEstatement.

 BEFOREINSERT –activatedbeforedataisinsertedintothetable.
 AFTERINSERT – activatedafterdataisinsertedintothetable.
 BEFOREUPDATE –activatedbeforedatainthetableisupdated.
AFTERUPDAT
 –activatedafterdatainthetableisupdated.
BEFOREDELETE
 AFTERDELETE –activatedbeforedataisremovedfromthetable.
 –activatedafterdataisremovedfromthetable.

A database trigger is procedural code that is automatically executed in response to

certainevents on a particular table orview in a database. The trigger is mostly used for
maintainingtheintegrity oftheinformationon thedatabase.

Theeventsthatfireatriggerincludethefollowing:
1)DMLstatementsthatmodifydatainatable(INSERT,UPDATE,orDELETE)2)DDLstateme
nts.
3) Systemeventssuchasstartup,shutdown,anderrormessages.
4) Usereventssuchaslogonandlogoff.Note:OracleFormscandefine,store,andruntriggersofadiffe
rentsort.

ToViewlistoftriggers;

Showtriggers;

ToremoveatriggerforDatabase
droptriggertrigger_name;ex:

droptriggerins_sal;

TypesofTriggers:-
1. Row Triggers :-A row trigger is fired each time the table is affected by the
triggeringstatement. For example, if an UPDATE statement updates multiple rows of a table, a
rowtrigger is fired once for each row affected by the UPDATE statement. If a triggering
statementaffectsnorows,arowtriggerisnotexecutedatall.

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Rowtriggersareusefulifthecodeinthetriggeractiondependsondata
providedbythetriggering statement or rows that are affected. For example, Figure 15 - 3
illustrates a rowtriggerthatusesthevaluesofeachrowaffectedbythetriggeringstatement.
2. Statement Triggers :A statement trigger is fired once on behalf of the triggering

statement,regardless of the number of rows in the table that the triggering statement affects
(even if norows are affected). For example, if a DELETE statement deletes several rows
from a table, astatement-level DELETE trigger is fired only once, regardless of how many
rows are deletedfromthetable.
Statement triggers are useful if the code in the trigger action does not depend on
thedata provided by the triggering statement or the rows affected. For example, if a trigger
makesa complex security check on the current time or user, or if a trigger generates a
single auditrecordbasedonthetypeoftriggeringstatement,astatementtriggerisused.
When defining a trigger, specify the trigger timing. That is, specify whether the
triggeraction is to be executed before or after the triggering statement. BEFORE and
AFTER apply tobothstatementandrowtriggers

Sample:

CREATETRIGGERtrigger_name trigger_time
trigger_eventONtable_name
FOREACHROW
BEGIN
...END
;

trigger_time=before/aftertrigger_event=insert/delete/
update

Example:
CREATE TRIGGER sal_sum after insert ON
empFOREACHROWSET@sal=@sal+NEW.sal;

Firingatrigger:

Question:Findthesumofsalariesofallemployees1)Firs

tcreateatableempwithfollowingcolumns

Field Type

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empid int(11)
ename varchar(50)
sal int(11)

WriteaQuery:

TESTOUTPUT

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2) createvariable/parametersalasbelowatmysqlpromptmysql

>set@sal=0;

3) nowcreatetriggeronemp

CREATE TRIGGER sal_sum after insert ON

empFOREACHROWSET@sal=@sal+NEW.sal;
TESTOUTPUT

4) insertthevaluesintotableemp;
mysql> insert into emp
values(1001,'suhaas',10000);mysql> insert into emp
values(1002,'Dilraj',15000);mysql>insertintoempvalues(1
003,'Riyanshi',25000);

Note:triggerisfiredonafterinsert5)
checkvaluesinthetableemp;

mysql>select*fromemp;
TESTOUTPUT

6) checkingvalueintheparametersalm

ysql>select@salasTotalSalary;
TESTOUTPUT

Note:wheneverthereisinsertoperationthatvalueinthesalvariableincreases

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VIVAQUESTIONS

1. Definedatabasetriggers.
2. Listouttheusesofdatabasetriggers.
3. Whataretheparsoftriggersand ituses?
4. Listoutthetypesoftrigger.
5. Whatistheuseofrowtrigger?
6. Whatistheuseofstatementtrigger?
7. Whatdoyoumeantbytriggertime?
8. Comparebeforetriggerandaftertrigger.
9. WhatisthesyntaxforDROPatrigger?
10. Listoutthesomesituationstoapplybeforeandaftertriggers.

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WEEK-11, 12

PROCEDURES

Procedures: Creation of stored procedures, Execution of procedure and modification of

procedures.

Objectives:

Student will able to learn the features like reusability, maintainability and modularity.
Student will able to learn to develop procedures and function for various operation.
Outcomes:

Student gains the knowledge to implement procedures and function for various operations.

CREATE PROCEDURE my Proc()BEGIN

SELECT COUNT (Tickets) FROM Ticket WHERE age>=40;End;

Procedures created

SQL>CREATE PROCEDURE myproc(in_customer_id INT)BEGIN

DECLARE v_id INT;

DECLARE v_name VARCHAR(30);

DECLARE c1 CURSOR FOR SELECT stdId,stdFirstnameFROM students

WHERE stdId=in_customer_id;

OPEN c1;

FETCH c1 into v_id, v_name;Close

c1;

End;

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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PL/SQL

PL/SQLprogramsarewrittenaslinesoftextusingaspecificsetofcharacters:

 Upper-andlower-caselettersA..Zanda..z
 Numerals0..9
 Symbols()+-*/<>=!~^;:. '@%, "#$&_|{}?[]
 Tabs,spaces,andcarriagereturns

PL/SQL keywords arenotcase-sensitive,so lower-caseletters areequivalent tocorrespondingupper-

caselettersexceptwithinstringandcharacterliterals.

AlineofPL/SQLtextcontainsgroupsofcharactersknownaslexicalunits:

 Delimiters(simpleandcompoundsymbols)
 Identifiers,whichincludereservedwords
 Literals
 Comments

To improve readability, you can separate lexical units by spaces. In fact, you must
separateadjacentidentifiersbyaspaceorpunctuation.Thefollowinglineisnotallowedbecausethereserve
dwordsENDandIFarejoined:

IFx>yTHENhigh:=x;ENDIF;--notallowed,mustbeENDIF

You cannot embed spaces inside lexical units except for string literals and comments.
Forexample,thefollowinglineisnotallowedbecausethecompoundsymbolforassignment(:=)issplit:

count:=count+1;--notallowed,mustbe:=

Toshowstructure,youcansplitlinesusingcarriagereturns,andindentlinesusingspacesortabs.Thisf
ormattingmakesthefirstIF statementmorereadable.

IFx>yTHENmax:=x;ELSEmax:=y;ENDIF;

1) WRITEA PROGRAM TOPRINTHELLO

WORLDBEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('HELLOWORLD');EN
D;

TESTOUTPUT

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2) WRITEAPROGRAMTOPRINTEVENNUMBERSFROM1TO100DECLA
RE
NNUMBER(3):=0;
BEGIN
WHILE
N<=100LOOP
N
:=N+2;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
(N);ENDLOOP;
END;

TESTOUTPUT

3) WRITEAPROGRAMTOACCEPTANUMBERANDFINDSUMOFTHEDIGITSDECLAR
E
NNUMBER(5):=&N;S
NUMBER:=0;
RNUMBER(2):=0;BEGIN
WHILE N
!=0LOOPR:=MOD
(N,10);S:=S+R;
Page 1 of
7N:=TRUNC(N/10
);ENDLOOP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SUM OF DIGITSOFGIVENNUMBERIS'||S);END;

TESTOUTPUT

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4) WriteaprogramtoacceptanumberandprintitinreverseorderDECLA
RE
N
NUMBER(5):=&N;RE
VNUMBER(5):=0;R
NUMBER(5):=0;BEGI
N
WHILE N
!=0LOOPR:=MO
D(N,10);REV:=RE
V*10+R;N:=TRUN
C(N/10);ENDLOO
P;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THEREVERSEOFAGIVENNUMBERIS'||REV);END;

TESTOUTPUT

5) WriteaprogramacceptthevalueofA,B&Cdisplay
whichisgreaterDECLARE
ANUMBER(4,2):=&A;
B
NUMBER(4,2):=&B;C
NUMBER(4,2):=&C;B
EGIN
IF(A>BANDA>C)THENDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('
AISGREATER'||''||A);ELSIFB>CTHEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('BISGREATE'||''||B);EL
SE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CISGREATER'||''||C);END
IF;
END;

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VIVAQUESTIONS
1. What is PL/SQL?
2. What is the basic structure of PL/SQL?
3. How is a process of PL/SQL compiled?
4. Mention what PL/SQL package consists of?
5. What are the benefits of PL/SQL packages?
6. What is the difference between FUNCTION,PROCEDURE AND PACKAGE inPL/SQL
7. Show how functions and procedures are called in a PL/SQL block?
8. What is Stored Procedure?
9. What is difference between Function and Stored Procedure?

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WEEK 13
DCL (DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE): Data Control Language statements are used
tocreate roles, permissions, and referential integrity as wellit is used tocontrol
accesstodatabasebysecuringit.DCLCommandsareGrantandRevoke

GRANT -givesuser'saccessprivilegestodatabase

REVOKE -

withdrawaccessprivilegesgivenwiththeGR

ANTcommand

CheckingofUserPrivileges,Grantsetcm

ysql>createusermrcet_cse;
QueryOK,0rowsaffected(0.30sec)
*ToCheckwhereisthecreateduseri.elocationinourdatabase
mysql>selectuser();
TESTOUTPUT

*Tocheckwhatarethegrantsthatthelocationishaving/mysq
l>showgrants;

TESTOUTPUT

*ToCheckwhataretheGRANTShavingforcreatedusermys
ql>showgrantsformrcet_cse;

TESTOUTPUT

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mysql>showtables;

TESTOUTPUT

*ToFlush(RE-
FRESH)theprivilegesmysql>flushprivile
ges;
QueryOK,0rowsaffected(0.08sec)

*Explanation:Tocheckwhereistheuseri.eincaseifwecreateduser(Ex:mrcet_cse)itwillbedisplayed
as“%”. Rootuserisbydefaultsoit will beavailablein“Localhost”

mysql>selecthost,userfrommysql.user;
TESTOUTPUT

VIVAQUESTIONS

1. WhatareDCLcommands?
2. ListouttheusesofvariousDCLcommands?
3. WhatarethedifferenttypesofCommands inSQL.
4. Whatis thedifferencebetweenTCL &DCLcommands.
5. Whohastheprivilegetoaccess theDCLcommands.

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CASESTUDY1

Emp(eid:integer,ename:string,age:integer,salary:real)Works(

eid:integer,did:integer,pcttime:integer)

Dept(did:integer,dname:string,budget:real,managerid:integer)

1. GiveanexampleofaforeignkeyconstraintthatinvolvestheDeptrelation.Whataretheoptions

forenforcingthisconstraintwhenauserattemptstodeleteaDepttuple?

2. Write theSQLstatementsrequired tocreate the above relations,including

appropriateversionsofallprimaryandforeignkeyintegrityconstraints.

3. DefinetheDeptrelationinSQLsothateverydepartmentisguaranteedtohaveamanage

r.

4. WriteanSQLstatementtoadd`JohnDoe'asanemployeewitheid=101,age=32and

salary=15;000.

5. WriteanSQLstatementtogiveeveryemployeea10%raise.

6. WriteanSQLstatementtodeletethe`Toy'department.Giventhereferentialintegrityconstraint

s you chose for this schema, explain what happens when this statement isexecuted.

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CASESTUDY2

Suppliers(sid:integer,sname:string,address:string)Pa

rts(pid: integer, pname: string, color:

string)Catalog(sid: integer, pid: integer, cost:

real)Relational AlgebraandCalculus117

The key fields are underlined, and the domain of each field is listed after the field

name.Thussidisthekeyfor Suppliers,pidisthekeyfor Parts,andsidandpidtogetherformthekey

for Catalog. The Catalog relation lists the prices charged for parts by Suppliers.

Writethefollowingqueriesinrelationalalgebra,tuplerelationalcalculus,anddomainrelationalc

alculus:

1. Findthenamesofsupplierswhosupplysomeredpart.

2. Findthesidsofsupplierswhosupplysomeredorgreenpart.

3. Findthenumberofpartswhosenamehas5letters.

4. Findthesidsofsupplierswhosupplyatleast3parts.

5. Findthesidsofsupplierswhosupplyeverypart.

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6. Findthesidsofsupplierswhosupplyeveryredpart.

7. Findthesidsofsupplierswhosupplyeveryredorgreenpart.

8. Findthesidsofsupplierswhosupplyeveryredpartorsupplyeverygreenpart.

9. Findpairsofsidssuchthatthesupplierwiththefirstsid

chargesmoreforsomepartthanthesupplierwiththesecondsid.

10. Findthepidsofpartsthataresuppliedbyatleasttwodifferentsuppliers.

11. Findthesidofsupplierwhosupplycostliestpart.

12. Findthepidsofpartssuppliedbyeverysupplieratlessthan$200.(Ifanysuppliereitherdoesnotsuppl

ythepartorchargesmorethan$200forit,thepartisnotselected.)

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CASESTUDY3
Considerthefollowingrelationscontainingairlineflightinformation:Flig

hts(flno:integer,from:string,to:string,

distance:integer,departs:time,arrives:time)

Aircraft(aid:integer,aname:string,cruisingrange:integer)Certified(eid:int

eger,aid:integer)

Employees(eid:integer,ename:string,salary:integer)

Note that the Employees relation describes pilots and other kinds of employees as well;
everypilot is certified for some aircraft (otherwise, he or she would not qualify as a pilot), and
onlypilotsarecertified tofly.

Write thefollowingqueriesin relational algebra, tuple relationalcalculus, anddomainrelational

calculus.

1. FindtheeidsofpilotscertifiedforsomeBoeing aircraft.

2. FindthenamesofpilotscertifiedforsomeBoeingaircraft.

3. Findtheaidsofallaircraftthatcanbeusedonnon-stopflightsfromBonntoMadras.

4. Identifytheflightsthatcanbepilotedbyeverypilotwhosesalaryismorethan$100,000.

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(Hint:Thepilotmustbecertifiedforatleastoneplanewithasufficientlylargecruisingrange.)

5. Findthenamesofpilotswhocanoperatesomeplanewitharangegreaterthan3,000milesbutare

notcertifiedonanyBoeingaircraft.

6. Findtheeidsofemployeeswhomakethehighestsalary.

7. Findtheeidsofemployeeswhomakethesecondhighestsalary.

8. Findtheeidsofpilotswhoarecertifiedforthelargestnumberofaircraft.

9. Findtheeidsofemployeeswhoarecertifiedforexactlythreeaircraft.

10. Findthetotalamountpaidtoemployeesassalaries.

11. Istherea sequenceofflightsfromMadisontoTimbuktu?Eachflight

inthesequenceisrequiredtodepartfromthecitythatisthedestinationofthepreviousflight;thefirst

flightmustleaveMadison,thelastflightmustreachTimbuktu,andthereis

norestrictiononthenumberofintermediateflights.Yourquerymustdeterminewhetherasequence

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