1.

Models of IOT

1. ANS:- Platform Business Model:

 Definition: The platform business model brings together manufacturers and consumers in a
marketplace facilitated by IoT technology. The platform's value lies in interoperability and
interconnection of devices, creating opportunities for revenue from transactions and related
services.

 Example: Amazon's Alexa voice recognition platform is a prime example. Amazon collects data
through Alexa-enabled devices, such as Echo speakers, and uses it to offer related products to
consumers. For instance, if you use an Echo to order products, Amazon can recommend additional
items based on your purchase history and preferences.

2. Subscription Model:

 Definition: IoT devices allow businesses to offer subscription-based services that provide ongoing
value to customers for a regular fee.

 Example: Amazon Prime is one of the most successful subscription models globally. It includes
services like free shipping (with same-day, two-day, or two-hour delivery), Prime Video, Prime
Reading, Prime Music, and exclusive discounts. Subscribers pay a monthly or annual fee for access to
these services.

3. Pay-per-Usage Model:

 Definition: IoT devices equipped with active sensors enable businesses to charge customers based
on their actual usage of a product or service.

 Example: Several auto insurance companies offer pay-per-usage models. They install telematics
devices in vehicles to monitor driving habits and charge customers based on the number of miles
driven, the time of day, and driving behavior. Progressive Snapshot is one such example.

4. Asset-Sharing Model:

 Definition: This model enables businesses to share their underutilized assets with others, reducing
expenses and increasing asset utilization.

 Example: The construction industry often employs asset-sharing models. Equipment rental
companies allow construction businesses to rent heavy machinery, like excavators and cranes,
rather than purchasing them outright. This approach reduces the upfront costs and allows
businesses to pay only when they need the equipment.

5. Asset-Tracking Model:

 Definition: IoT devices are used to track, monitor, and manage assets in real-time, providing
protection from loss or theft, as well as facilitating maintenance planning.

 Example: A company that specializes in shipping and logistics employs IoT devices to track the
location, condition, and security of packages and goods during transportation. This real-time tracking
allows them to optimize routes and minimize losses.

6. Outcome-Based Model:

 Definition: In this model, IoT devices enable products or services to automatically reorder
replacement parts or request service when they identify a need.

 Example: Some home appliances, like smart refrigerators, can detect when water filters need
replacement and automatically order new filters from the manufacturer. Additionally, industrial
equipment with IoT sensors can proactively schedule maintenance when components are likely to
fail, reducing downtime.
 7. Compliance Model:

 Definition: IoT devices are deployed to monitor and ensure compliance with safety, environmental,
or legal requirements, reducing the cost and effort associated with compliance.

 Example: Manufacturing companies may use IoT devices to continuously monitor environmental
conditions, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. This real-time data helps them
make adjustments before issues arise.

8. Data-Driven Model:

 Definition: This model relies on collecting data from IoT devices and using it to develop new
products, improve existing ones, or sell the data to third parties.

 Example: E-commerce businesses collect data from IoT sensors in their physical stores to analyze
customer behavior, foot traffic, and product placement effectiveness. This data can be used to
optimize store layouts, inventory management, and marketing strategies.

9. Service-Adjacent Model:

 Definition: Businesses offer services that complement IoT devices, but their primary focus is on the
service, not the device itself.

 Example: A company might offer predictive maintenance services for industrial machinery that
utilizes IoT sensors. While the sensors are critical for monitoring equipment health, the primary
business revolves around providing maintenance services, not manufacturing the sensors.

2. Applications of IOT

1. ANS:- Smart Home and Office:

 Description: Smart home and office applications utilize IoT technology to connect various devices to
the internet, enabling users to control and automate their environments using mobile applications.
These devices can include smart thermostats, lighting systems, security cameras, and more.

2. Healthcare:

 Description: IoT is instrumental in healthcare, allowing for the collection of vital patient data, real-
time diagnoses, remote patient monitoring, and efficient access to medical records. This technology
enhances patient care by providing healthcare professionals with timely and accurate information.

3. Autonomous Driving:

 Description: Autonomous driving is advancing with IoT technology, artificial intelligence, and smart
sensors. It includes features like advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that assist drivers in safe
driving, collision avoidance, and road condition warnings.

4. Agriculture and Smart Farming:

 Description: IoT aids agriculture and farming by providing real-time data on environmental
conditions, soil moisture, crop health, and equipment status. This data allows farmers to make data-
driven decisions to optimize crop production and resource management.

5. Industrial IoT for Manufacturing:

 Description: Industrial IoT (IIoT) revolutionizes manufacturing by connecting machinery, sensors,

and production processes. This connectivity improves operational efficiency, monitors equipment
health, and enhances the supply chain, resulting in more streamlined and data-driven production.

6. Disaster Management:
  Description: IoT, equipped with various smart sensors, is used to develop effective emergency
response systems. These systems can automatically detect emergency situations, such as fires,
floods, or other disasters, and relay real-time information to responsible authorities for swift
responses.

7. Logistics and Fleet Management:

 Description: IoT is employed in logistics and fleet management to monitor the real-time location,
condition, and integrity of goods during transportation. This technology ensures the safe and
efficient delivery of products, with continuous tracking and analysis of data.

8. Smart Grids and Energy Management:

 Description: Smart grids leverage IoT technology to monitor and optimize the distribution and
consumption of electricity. IoT sensors deployed on power lines and at customer locations allow
utilities to manage power distribution more efficiently, detect issues, and respond to outages and
voltage fluctuations promptly.

3. What is AI? Explain the Advantages and disadvantages

ANS:- Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by

machines, especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI include
expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition and
machine vision.
The following are examples of AI intelligence: Google
Maps and Ride-Hailing Applications. Face Detection and recognition.
Text Editors and Autocorrect.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence (AI):

1. Reduction in Human Error: AI systems can perform tasks with a high degree of accuracy, reducing the
likelihood of errors caused by fatigue or inattention, particularly in tasks that require precision and
consistency.

2. Reduce the Risk (Zero Risk): In situations involving high risks, such as exploring hazardous environments or
handling dangerous materials, AI can be used to minimize human exposure and risk.

3. 24/7 Support: AI-driven systems can provide continuous, round-the-clock support without the need for
breaks or shifts, making them ideal for applications like customer support and data monitoring.

4. Perform Repetitive Jobs: AI excels at performing repetitive, mundane tasks that humans may find tedious or
time-consuming. This frees up human workers to focus on more creative and complex tasks.

5. Faster Decision-Making: AI processes vast amounts of data quickly and can make data-driven decisions in
real-time, which can be critical in sectors like finance, healthcare, and manufacturing.

6. New Inventions: AI systems can analyze vast datasets, identify patterns, and generate insights, contributing
to the development of new inventions and solutions across various industries.

7. Digital Assistance: AI-powered virtual assistants, like Siri and Alexa, provide users with helpful information,
control smart devices, and execute tasks, enhancing convenience in daily life.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence (AI):

1. High Production Cost: Developing and implementing AI systems can be expensive due to the need for
specialized hardware, software, and skilled professionals, making it a significant initial investment.
 2. Risk of Unemployment: As AI automates tasks and processes, there is a risk of job displacement in certain
industries, which can lead to unemployment and a need for workforce retraining.

3. Increasing Human Laziness: Relying on AI for everyday tasks may lead to reduced human involvement and
physical activity, potentially contributing to a sedentary lifestyle and decreased productivity.

4. Emotionless: AI lacks emotional intelligence and empathy, which limits its effectiveness in roles requiring
understanding, compassion, and emotional connections, such as healthcare and counseling.

5. Lack of Creativity: While AI can generate insights based on existing data and patterns, it struggles with
creative thinking, innovation, and generating novel ideas, areas where human creativity excels.

4. Types of Machine Learning

ANS:- There are three types of machine learning: -

1)Supervised Learning: - In this type of learning we used labelled data which is paired with the desired output. For
example, if we have dataset of images of cat and dogs, then we can use supervised learning to train model to
identify cats and dogs.

Ex: - Image recognition, Email filtering, voice recognition, etc.

2)Unsupervised learning: - In this method we don’t use labelled data, the model has to learn to find patterns from
data on its own. For example, we could us unsupervised learning to cluster a dataset of customer into different
groups.

Ex: - Recommendation systems, Market analysis, Inventory management, etc.

3) Reinforcement learning: -This is type of machine learning in which model learns to make decisions in an
environment. Then model is being rewarded for taking good actions and penalized for taking wrong actions. This
helps to the model to learn how to behave in a way to maximize its rewards.

Ex: - self driving cars, Trading and finance, natural language processing, etc.

5. Methods of Deep Learning

1. ANS:- Learning Rate Decay:

 Explanation: Learning rate decay is a technique used to adjust the learning rate during the training
process. The learning rate determines how quickly a neural network updates its weights in response
to errors. Decaying the learning rate gradually reduces its value as training progresses, allowing the
model to converge more effectively and avoid overshooting the optimal solution.

 Example: Imagine training a neural network for image classification. Initially, you set a high learning
rate to make significant weight updates. As training proceeds, you reduce the learning rate. This
approach helps the model fine-tune its weights for improved accuracy without overshooting the
minimum loss point.

2. Transfer Learning:

 Explanation: Transfer learning involves taking a pre-trained neural network (often on a large
dataset) and adapting it to a new, related task with a smaller dataset. By using the knowledge gained
from the pre-trained model, you can significantly reduce the training time and data requirements for
the new task.

 Example: Suppose you have a pre-trained deep neural network that has learned to classify a wide
range of objects, like the Inception model, which was trained on millions of images. You can fine-
 tune this network on a smaller dataset for a specific image classification task, such as recognizing
different species of flowers.

3. Training from Scratch:

 Explanation: Training from scratch, or "fine-tuning," means starting with a new, randomly initialized
neural network and training it on your specific dataset and task. This method is used when pre-
trained models are not available or when the task is entirely different from what existing models
have been trained for.

 Example: If you are developing a neural network to predict stock market trends, you may start from
scratch by creating a new architecture and training it with historical stock market data.

4. Dropout:

 Explanation: Dropout is a regularization technique that helps prevent overfitting in neural networks.
During training, dropout randomly "drops out" (sets to zero) a fraction of neurons in each layer. This
forces the network to learn more robust features by preventing it from relying too heavily on
specific neurons.

 Example: In a deep neural network for image recognition, you can apply dropout to hidden layers.
For instance, with a dropout rate of 0.5, during each training iteration, half of the neurons in the
hidden layer will be deactivated, encouraging the network to rely on different pathways and avoid
overfitting to the training data.

6. Service Models of Cloud Computing

1. ANS:- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

 Explanation: IaaS is a cloud computing service model that provides virtualized computing resources
over the internet. It offers the foundational infrastructure elements like virtual machines, storage,
and networking. Users can deploy and manage their own operating systems, applications, and
software on this infrastructure.

 Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2 is a popular IaaS service. With AWS EC2, users can launch
virtual servers (EC2 instances) with various operating systems and configure them according to their
requirements. They have full control over the software stack and can install, run, and manage
applications within these instances.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS):

 Explanation: PaaS is a cloud service model that provides a platform and environment for developers
to build, deploy, and manage applications without worrying about the underlying infrastructure. It
abstracts infrastructure management, allowing developers to focus solely on coding and application
logic.

 Example: Google App Engine is a PaaS offering. Developers can build and deploy web applications on
Google App Engine without needing to manage servers or infrastructure. The platform handles
scaling, load balancing, and other operational aspects, while developers concentrate on writing code
and defining application services.

3. Software as a Service (SaaS):

 Explanation: SaaS is a cloud service model where software applications are hosted and provided to
users over the internet on a subscription basis. Users access these applications through a web
browser, and the software is maintained and updated by the service provider.
  Example: Salesforce is a well-known SaaS platform. Companies use Salesforce's cloud-based
customer relationship management (CRM) software to manage their sales, marketing, and customer
service operations. Users can access the application from anywhere with an internet connection, and
Salesforce takes care of all maintenance, updates, and data storage.

These service models represent a spectrum of cloud computing offerings, ranging from the foundational
infrastructure in IaaS to the fully managed and user-friendly software applications in SaaS. The choice of service
model depends on the specific needs of an organization, the level of control required, and the complexity of the
tasks to be performed in the cloud.

7. Deployments Models of Cloud Computing

1. ANS:- Private Cloud:

 Explanation: A private cloud is a cloud computing environment dedicated to a single organization. It

can be hosted on-premises or by a third-party provider and is typically designed for exclusive use,
offering enhanced control, security, and customization.

 Example: An organization might set up a private cloud on its own data centers to host sensitive,
mission-critical applications. These applications can be accessed and used exclusively by the
organization's employees and partners, ensuring data security and privacy.

2. Community Cloud:

 Explanation: A community cloud is shared by a specific group of organizations with common

interests or requirements. It provides collaborative cloud computing capabilities while addressing
the concerns of a particular community, such as industry-specific regulations or security standards.

 Example: Multiple healthcare organizations, each with strict regulatory requirements, might
collaborate to create a community cloud. This cloud allows them to securely share patient data and
applications while adhering to healthcare compliance standards.

3. Hybrid Cloud:

 Explanation: A hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more different cloud deployment models,
such as public and private clouds, that are connected and share data and applications. It offers
flexibility, allowing organizations to manage workloads according to their specific needs.

 Example: An e-commerce company may use a public cloud for its customer-facing website to handle
traffic spikes, while running its internal order processing and database systems on a private cloud.
These clouds are integrated to ensure seamless data flow between the two environments.

4. Public Cloud:

 Explanation: A public cloud is a cloud infrastructure made available to the general public by a cloud
service provider. Resources in a public cloud are shared among multiple users and organizations, and
users can access services and resources on a pay-as-you-go basis.

 Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) are
prominent public cloud providers. Organizations can use these services for a wide range of purposes,
from hosting websites and applications to leveraging scalable computing and storage resources.

These cloud deployment models offer organizations various options for managing their IT infrastructure and
applications, based on factors such as control, security, cost, and compliance requirements. The choice of
deployment model depends on the specific needs and objectives of each organization.
8. What are the skills required for Digital Transformation?

ANS:- Main skills which are required for digital transformation are: -

 Big Data Analytics: - This technology helps to analyze large amount of data to find patterns and insights. This
can help in decision making, optimize operations and understand customer behavior. A company use this
technology to understand customer behavior and improve the customer experience.

 Machine learning: - This technology helps machine to learn from data improve their performance over time.
Using this tech, we can automate task, make predictions and personalize experiences. A company use
machine learning to automate task and improve efficiency.

 Change Management: -This is not the tech but this is very important in the organization. This is the ability to
manage the process of change within an organization. It includes understanding the need for change,
communicating the change to employees and help them to adopt the changes occur in the organization.

 Cloud computing: - This technology can be used to store data and run applications using cloud based
services. A company use this type of tech to save money, improve scalability and increase agility in the
business.

9. What is VR? Explain the components of VR

ANS:- Virtual reality is an artificial environment that is created with software and

presented to the user in such a way that the user suspends belief and

accepts it as a real environment. On a computer, virtual reality is primarily

experienced through two of the five senses: sight and sound.

1. Targeted Behavior:

 Explanation: Targeted behavior in VR refers to the specific actions or responses that a user is
expected to exhibit within the virtual environment. It is about guiding or influencing the user's
actions and interactions with the virtual world.

 Example: In a VR flight simulator, the targeted behavior might be to mimic the actions of a pilot,
such as taking off, flying, and landing an aircraft. The user is expected to follow the procedures and
controls to achieve these actions accurately.

2. Organism:

 Explanation: In the context of VR, the "organism" represents the user or the entity that interacts
with the virtual environment. It could be a human user or, in some cases, an AI-driven avatar or
character.

 Example: When a person puts on a VR headset and enters a virtual world, they become the
"organism" in that environment. They control their actions and interactions within the virtual space.

3. Artificial Sensory Stimulation:

 Explanation: Artificial sensory stimulation involves the use of technology to provide sensory inputs
to the user's perception. This includes visual, auditory, and sometimes haptic feedback to create the
illusion of a virtual environment.

 Example: In a VR horror game, artificial sensory stimulation includes the use of 3D graphics,
surround sound, and haptic feedback in controllers to create a realistic and immersive experience.
When the user hears footsteps behind them or feels vibrations in the controller, it enhances the
feeling of being in a spooky environment.
 4. Awareness:

 Explanation: Awareness in VR refers to the user's perception and understanding of the virtual
environment. It encompasses the user's consciousness of the virtual world, its objects, and their own
presence within it.

 Example: In a VR educational simulation, a student exploring the ancient pyramids of Egypt gains
awareness of the pyramids' structures, the surroundings, and their own virtual presence as they
navigate and interact with the environment. This awareness aids in learning and retention.

These components are integral to the VR experience, enabling users to engage with and immerse themselves in
virtual worlds. VR technology aims to create a convincing and responsive environment that allows users to behave as
if they were in a different reality, enhancing applications across industries, from gaming and education to healthcare
and training.

10.AR Vs VR

ANS:- AUGMENTED REALITY

 Overlays computer generated 3D content on the real world

 User is able to interact with real world and virtual world

 User can clearly distinguish between both the worlds.

 It is achieved by smartphones, tablets or AR wearables.

VIRTUAL REALITY

 Visually immerse the user with simulated objects and environment.

 Completely shut down the real world and make user think that they are really in the virtual world.

 User finds it hard to differentiate between virtual and real world.

 It is achieved by VR headsets.

11. Explain the technology components of AR

ANS: - Technology Components

• Hardware- Hardware components for augmented reality are processor display, sensors and input devices.
• Display- Various technologies are used in Augmented Reality rendering including optical projection systems,
monitors, handheld devices, and display systems worn on the human body.
• Eyeglasses-AR displays can be rendered on devices resembling eyeglasses.
• Contact lenses- Contact lenses that display AR imaging are in development.
 Handheld- Handheld displays employ a small display that fits in a user's hand such as Mobile phones and
tablets.