PRACTICAL NO.

IDENTIFICATION OF SYSTEM LAYOUT:

Aim:

a) To identify the front panel indicators and switches and rear side connector in a computersystem.
b) Familiarize the computer system layout : marking positions of SMPS , Motherboard, HDD ,DVD and
add on cards.

C) Configure BIOS setup program and troubleshoot the typical problem using BIOS utility.

a) Front panel indicators & switches and front side & rear side connectors.

Components/Tools :
Computer with front, real panel connection, CD drive, USB, audio,

Procedure:

Tower Case:
Switches:

i. Reset Switch:
Supporting the reset function requires, a momentary-contact switch that is normally open.

When the switch is closed, the board resets and runs POST.

ii. Power Switch:

Supporting the power on/off function requires, a momentary-contact switch that is normally open.
The switch should maintain contact for at least 50 ms to signal the power supply to switch on or off.

Connectors:
Front Side Connectors:

 USB Connectors:
USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a way of setting up communication between a computer and peripheral
devices. USB is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports.

USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, PDAs, gamepads and joysticks,
scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and external hard drives.
  Card Reader:
Card reader" is used to reads flash memory cards. It can be a standalone device that connects to
acomputer via USB or it may be integrated into a computer, printer, or multifunction device

Most card readers accept multiple memory card formats, including compactflash (CF), secure digital
(SD), and Sony's Memory Stick.

 Audio Jack:
A socket for plugging in an audio source, Audio jacks are found on many types of audio equipment and
musical instruments that accept external sound sources.

Rear Side Connectors:

 PS/2 Port:

The PS/2 standard, introduced by IBM in 1987, stands for Personal System/2. A PS/2port is an
electronic receptacle or plug found on computers. It accepts a PS/2 cable with a mini- DIN connector,
and is most often used to plug in a keyboard or mouse.

The connector is small with a diameter of about 1/3 inch (9.5mm). It features a metal sleeve that is
notched to ensure proper alignment when inserting it into the PS/2 port. This protects the circular
pins inside the DIN connector from becoming bent.

 Parallel Port:
This interface is found on the back of older PCs and is used for connecting external devices such as
printers or a scanner. It uses a 25-pin connector (DB-25). The latest parallel port standard, which
supports the same connectors, is called the Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP).

 Serial Port:
The serial port is used for peripherals such as mice, gaming controllers, modems, andolder printers.
It is sometimes called a COM port or an RS-232 port.

Result:
Thus the front panel indicators and switches and rear side connectors in a pc are identified.
b) ) Familiarize the computer system layout : marking positions of SMPS , Motherboard, HDD
,DVD and add on cards

Components/Tools :

SMPS, Motherboard, FDD, HDD, CD / DVD drive, processor, PATA/SATA Cables, different types
of RAM, and add on cards

Procedure:

Motherboard:

The motherboard has been an integral part of most personal computers. The motherboard

is a common circuit board. Each circuit card performs a unique function in the computer and gets

its power from the socket.

CPU:

The CPU, or processor, is the heart of your computer no matter what type (PC, Server,

and Laptop). There are many brands for processors such as Intel and Athlon all with different

processors for your computer.

RAM:

Random Access Memory (RAM) is the form of memory contained in most computers.

When an application is running it stores its information in the RAM. When you close the

application the information is deleted from the RAM.

Hard-Disk Drive:

A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in

RAM (which is temporary). The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files

CD-Rom:

The CD-Rom is reads CD's. CD-Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory.

CD's have much more data than a floppy disk. Using CD-RW you can make your own CD's and

use them more like a floppy disk.

DVD-Rom:

DVD-ROM is a digital optical disc storage format. DVDs offer higher storage capacity

than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Blank recordable DVD discs (DVD-R

and DVD+R) can be recorded once, Rewritable DVDs (DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM)

can be recorded and erased multiple times.

Floppy Drive:

A floppy drive reads the popular floppy disk. Floppy disk is easy to use, rewritable,

compact, and great for storing information. The floppy drive is simple and allows you to read,

write to, and write over information stored on a floppy disk.

Power supply:

The power supply is usually a small metal box in the top corner of a case (tower). You can see

the power supply as below diagrams.

Access slots:

Access slots or expansion slots are openings in a computer where a circuit board can be inserted

to add new capabilities to the computer. Examples of drives that may go here would be modems;

USB drives, networking cards, video adapters, and sound cards.

Result:

Thus the computer system layout in SMPS, Motherboard, FDD, HDD, CD, DVD and add

on cards of the pc’s are identified.

C) Configure BIOS setup program and troubleshoot the typical problem using BIOS utility.

Components/Tools :
Computer

Procedure:

Bios Setup:

The BIOS Setup utility reports system information and can be used to configure the

server BIOS settings. BIOS have a Setup utility stored in the BIOS flash memory. The

configured data is stored in the system's battery-backed CMOS RAM.

To access BIOS configuration screens and to change the system’s parameters complete

the following steps:

1. Power on or power cycle the server.

2. To enter the BIOS Setup utility, press the F2 key while the system is performing the

power-on self-test (POST)

3. Press F2 to Run Setup Prompt

4. When BIOS is started, the main BIOS Setup utility top-level screen appears. This

screen provides seven menu options across the top of the screen.

5. Use the left and right arrow keys to select the different menu options

6. To select an option on a top-level screen, use the up and down arrow keys to scroll up

and down the options presented.

7. Only options that can be modified are highlighted when you press the up and down

arrow keys.

8. If a field can be modified, as you select the option, user instructions for modifying the

option appear in the right column of the screen.

10. If a field is a link to a sub-screen, instructions to press the Enter key to access the sub

screen appear in the right column.

11. Modify the setup field and press the Esc key to save the changes and exit the screen.

Some screens present a confirmation dialog box that enables unwanted changes to be

retracted.

12. On sub-screens that only provide configuration information and cannot be modified,

press the Esc key to exit the screen.

13. To continue modifying other setup parameters, repeat Step 3 through Step 6.

Otherwise, go to Step 8

14. Press and release the right arrow key until the Exit menu screen appears.

15. Follow the instructions on the Exit menu screen to save or discard your changes and

exit the BIOS Setup utility.

16. BIOS Setup Screens Overview: Screen Description

BIOS Setup Utility Menu Screens :

The BIOS Main screens provide general product information, including BIOS, processor,

system memory, and system time/date.

 PRACTICAL – 2

Aim:
a) Install Hard Disk.
b) Configure CMOS-Setup.
c) Partition and Format Hard Disk.
d) Identify Master/Slave/IDE Devices.
e) Practice with scandisk, disk cleanup, disk De-fragmentation, Virus
Detecting and Rectifying Software.

a) Install Hard Disk.

Hardware required:

HDD, Data Cable, screwdriver, system.

Procedure:
1. Place the hard drive into the HDD mounting slot
2. Screw the HDD to the case using screws.
3. Insert the IDE cable into the IDE connector.
4. Push the power cable, IDE cable to motherboard.
5. Hard disk installed successfully.

b) Configure CMOS-Setup:
1. Restart the system
2. Press [DEL]key to open the CMOS.
3. In the CMOS, we will find a setting to AUTO Detect IDE hard drivers.
4. Using this BIOS should detect the hard drive.
5. Exit CMOS by saving new settings and the installation is complete

c) Partition and format hard disk

1. Right Click My Computer and Choose Manage->Storage->Disk Management.
2. Right click on the unallocated space and select “New Simple Volume”.
3. Enter new simple volume wizard by clicking next and specify volume size.
4. Assign Drive letter or Path, then format the partition into default file system.
5. Click finish to confirm to partition and format hard drive.

d) Identify Master/Slave/IDE Devices.

1. Restart your computer, navigate to CMOS setup and press “Enter”.
2. In CMOS menu find “Hard Disk” and then the “Primary Master” selection.
3. Press “Enter” Key to detect the primary hard disk.
4. Move cursor to the “Primary Slave” selection and press “Enter” again.
5. Press F10 key to save the changes. Exit the setup.

e) Practice with scan disk, disk clean up, disk De-fragmentation,

Virus Detect in and Rectifying Software.

Scan Disk:

1. Double-click on My computer
2. Select the drive you want to run a check.
3. Right click on the drive->Properties->Toll tab->Select Check
4. Click scan drive to begin the scan.

Disk Cleanup:

1. Click start->All programs->Accessories->System Tools->Disk clean up

2. Choose which drive->Click “Ok”.
3. Disk clean up will calculate the free space on your computer, you will see a dialog box
which says Are you sure you want to permanently delete these files?
4. Click Delete Files, it will delete the files and close automatically.

Disk Defragmentation:

1. Start->Control Panel ->System and Security

2. Click Defragment your Hard Drive, click the analyze Disk button.
3. When the analyze is complete, click the Defragment Disk button then close.

Virus Detecting and Rectifying Software:

1. Install an antivirus program in the system.

2. Scan the system to identify and locate the virus.
3. Troubleshooting the virus infected areas.
 PRACTICAL - 3
OBJECTIVE: - Install And Configure A DvD Writer And A Blu-Ray Disc Writer
B) Recording Dvd And Blu-Ray Disk.

To Install and Configure a DVD Writer and a Blu-ray Disc writer and recording a Blank DVDand Blu-ray Disc
blank in a computer system.

Components/Tools :
Computer running Windows 7 , DVD/Blue-ray writer, , Blank DVD, Nero DVD burningsoftware

Procedure:
To install an external DVD & Blu-ray drive:

When purchasing a new drive be sure to: DVD+/-RW and Blu-Ray Disc

If you have a USB connection on your computer you can use an external drive. Theadvantage to
an exterior drive is that you can use it on other computers as well.

To install an internal DVD & Blu-ray drive:

Look for a DVD with the letters RW on the box. This is so you can read disks and recordthem as well.
Make sure the speed rating is 16X.

Disconnect the power cord from the back of the

Open the case of the computer.

Locate the DVD drive. Most have two connections and can only be snapped in place one way. One
connection is for data and one for power.

Check to see if your computer mounts the DVD/CD ROM drives from the inside or if they are pushed
through the front panel (you may have to remove the plastic panel on some models.)

Carefully remove the plastic “knock-off.

Slide the DVD drive into an empty compartment or bay.

Connect the DVD drive to the data cable.

Look the DVD to the power connector.

Re-assemble the cover and plug the computer back in.

To record a blank DVD & Blu-ray:

STEP 1: Place a recordable disc in the optical drive of your computer. The following full sized (12cm)
recordable discs can be used: CD-R, CD-RW, DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW
STEP 2: In the AutoPlay window, click Burn an audio CD using Windows Media Player.

STEP 3: In the Windows Media Player window, click the Burn tab.

STEP 4: On the Burn tab, click the Burn options button, and then click to select

either Audio CD or Data CD or DVD.

STEP 5: Browse to the items in the Library that you want to burn to the audio CD and, to create a burn
list, drag items from the details pane (the pane in the middle of the window) to the list pane (the pane
on the right side of the window).

STEP 6: When the media icon shows it is full or the Burn list contains all the tracks you want it to
contain, click the Start burn button.
 PRACTICAL – 4

Aim:

Printer Installation and Servicing

a) Install and configure Dot-matrix printer, Inkjet and Laser printer.

b) Troubleshoot the above printers.

Hardware Requirements:

1. Dot-matrix Printer & Laser printer.

2. Computer.

Procedure:

a) Install and configure Dot-matrix printer, Inkjet and Laser printer.

1. Connect the printer to System and power cable to AC
2. Switch on, Insert driver CD
3. Double Click the Printer driver Setup file->Next->Install->Finish.
b) Troubleshoot the above printers.

1. Printer does not function

2. Printer does not print during self-test
3. Printer not ready error message displayed
4. Carriage does not move Paper empty-not sensing
5. No ribbon feed, Head pins problem and coils check.
6. Check and connect the data cable connectivity:
i. See whether the cables are inserted fully into the printer port and computer port.
ii. Check the continuity of the cable using multimeter.

Result:

Thus, the various operation shave been done in Dot-matrix and Laser Printer
successfully and output was verified.
 PRACTICAL – 5

Objective - To assemble a system with add on cards and check the working condition of
the system and install Dual OS.

Components / tools:

Motherboard, processor ,heat sink, cpu cooling fan, RAM, HDD, CD/DVD drive, SMPS,
connecting cables, Computer case, screws driver set. (All the items must be compatible to
assemble the computer). The example shows the assembling of a typical computer.

Procedure:

 Prepare the Main board (motherboard).

 Mount the CPU in the socket of the Main board. You must choose the correct CPU
for your motherboard, and install it according to its instructions. Be careful not to
install the CPU in wrong.

 Attach the RAM(memory) modules in the corresponding slots. The motherboard

should have rows of lots that have 2 or 3 sections that are different lengths. Make
sure the pinson the RAM cards line up with the pins on the motherboard connector.
Don't get theRAM slots mixed up with PCI slots.
 Open the case and mount the power supply which is M-ATX type. Make sure to
connect all the connections to the drives and the motherboard.
 Attach the Main board back plate to the case and check the Main board
mountingpositions. The motherboard's instructions should tell the position of the
motherboard.
 Mount the Hard disk and connect it to the power supply and the motherboard. There
should be separate connections for the power supply and the motherboard. In SATA
Hard disk case, should remove the jumper.
  Connect the SATA connectors to the drives and the USB connectors and the case
switches to the motherboard.
 Connect the 20 or 24 pin ATX connector and the 4-pin power supply control

connector to the motherboard.

 Mount the DVD-ROM drive. After connecting the ATA cable to the device, hook it
up tothe power supply.
 Insert the graphics card. You may have to bend a tab on the slot to allow the graphics
card to be inserted. The tab will help lock the graphics card in place. Apply light, even
force until the card is seated uniformly, and the back panel lines up.
 Secure the card. Once you have inserted the card, use a screw to secure it to the back
panel of the case.
 Install any other PCI cards. If you have any other PCI cards that you are add, such as
a dedicated sound card, the installation process is the same as the video card process.

Final Check:

Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor operator.

1. Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?

2. Are the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in there sockets?
3. you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
4. Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?
5. Are the drive secure?
6. Have you connected the power cables to all driver?

Powering up for the first time:

1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.
3. Plug in power card and switch the power supply.
4. If everything is connected as it should be
  All system, fans should start spinning.
 U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec.
 Amber light on monitor should go green.
 You will see computer start to boot with a memory check.
 Now check front LED’S to see if u plugged them in correctly.
 Check all other buttons.
 Power afford change any wrong settings.

Result:

Thus assemble PC with add on cards and check the working condition of the system
successfully.
 PRACTICAL – 6

Objective - Identification of mobile phone component.

Solution -

a) Basic mobile phone component :

 Circuit Board (PCB): The circuit board is the main platform that holds and connects all the
electronic components of the phone.
 Processor (CPU): Often referred to as the brain of the phone, the processor handles tasks
and calculations, ensuring the phone functions smoothly.
 Memory (RAM and Storage): Random Access Memory (RAM) is used for temporary data
storage, while internal storage holds the phone's operating system, apps, and user data.
 Battery: The power source of the phone, typically a lithium-ion or lithium-polymer battery.
 Display/Screen: The interface that shows visual information to the user. It can be an LCD,
OLED, or other display technology.
 SIM Card Slot: Where the subscriber identity module (SIM) card is inserted, allowing the
phone to connect to a mobile network.
 Antennas: Internal components responsible for receiving and transmitting signals for
cellular, Wi-Fi, and other wireless communications.
 Microphone and Speaker: Essential for voice communication, recording, and audio
playback.
 Buttons: Physical buttons like power, volume, and sometimes a home button.
 Charging Port: Where the charging cable is connected to recharge the phone's battery.

b) Familiarizing the basic circuit board components: Marking Position of

different IC and switches in the Network and power sections of the PCB.

 Microprocessor (CPU): The central processing unit is the brain of the phone, responsible
for executing instructions and managing the phone's operations.
 Memory (RAM and Flash Storage): RAM provides temporary storage for data in active
use, while flash storage holds the phone's operating system, apps, and user data.
 Power Management IC (PMIC): This component regulates and distributes power to
different parts of the phone, ensuring efficient power usage.
 Baseband Processor: Handles the communication functions of the phone, managing
the cellular radio and network connectivity.
 Sensors: Various sensors, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and ambient light sensors,
provide data input for features like screen rotation, motion sensing, and automatic
brightness adjustment.
 Connectors: Various connectors on the PCB allow for external connections, such as the
display connector, battery connector, and SIM card connector.
 Clock Generator: Generates clock signals that synchronize the timing of different
components on the circuit board
  Filters and Capacitors: These components help filter and stabilize the electrical
signals, ensuring smooth and reliable operation.
 Integrated Circuits (ICs): Various specialized ICs are used for specific functions,
such as signal processing, power amplification, and connectivity.
 Resistors and Capacitors: These are basic electronic components that are used for
controlling the flow of electrical current and storing electrical charge.
 Battery Connector: The point where the phone's battery is connected to the circuit
board.
 Display Connector: The connection point for the phone's display.
 Camera Connector: The connection point for the phone's cameras.
 SIM Card Slot Connector: The connection point for the SIM card slot.

Power Management Section:

 PMIC (Power Management IC): Usually located near the battery connector or in proximity
to the power input. It manages power distribution to various components.
 Voltage Regulators: Positioned near the PMIC, they regulate voltage for specific
components.

Network Section:

 Baseband Processor: Typically found in the vicinity of the SIM card slot or near the RF
section. It handles communication functions and manages the cellular radio.
 RF Transceivers and Amplifiers: Spread around the board, especially near antennas. They
manage wireless communication signals.

Switches:

 Power Button and Volume Buttons: These are typically located on the sides of the phone.
The corresponding switches on the PCB are usually close to these buttons.
 SIM Card Ejector Switch: Near the SIM card slot, responsible for triggering the ejection
mechanism.
 Home Button Switch (if applicable): Found near the home button on the front of the phone.
 PRACTICAL – 7
Aim :
a) Assembling and disassembling of mobile phone.
b) Fault finding and troubleshooting of Ear piece, Microphone ,Keypad and Display section
of mobile phones.

Rquired Components / tools:

1. Precision screwdrivers (usually Phillips or Torx)

2. Plastic pry tools or spudgers
3. Tweezers
4. Opening picks
5. Suction cup (for screen removal in some cases)
6. Anti-static wrist strap (optional but recommended)

Disassembly:

1. Prepare the Workspace:

 Work in a clean, well-lit, and static-free environment.

 Organize the screws and components you remove, ensuring they're easily identifiable for
reassembly.

2. Power Off and Remove Components:

 Power off the phone and remove the battery (if removable).
 Use a suitable tool to eject the SIM card tray and remove it.

3. Remove the Back Cover:

 For phones with removable back covers, gently pry the cover away from the phone body
using a plastic pry tool or your fingernails.
 Some phones might require heat application or other methods for adhesive removal.

4. Detach Components and Motherboard:

 Use the appropriate screwdriver to remove screws securing the motherboard,

connectors, and other components.
 Disconnect ribbon cables and connectors using plastic pry tools or tweezers, being careful
not to damage them.
 Gradually lift the motherboard, ensuring no cables are still attached.

5. Separate Screen Assembly (if needed):

 If the screen needs replacement, carefully heat and separate it from the phone body
using a heat gun or a specialized heating pad.
 Use opening picks or a suction cup to lift the screen away from the adhesive.
 6. Disassemble Other Components:

 Remove other components such as cameras, speakers, and buttons as necessary for
repair or replacement.

Assembly:
1. Reassemble Components:
 Follow the disassembly steps in reverse order, ensuring all components are properly
connected and secured.
 Use the correct screws in their respective places and ensure they're tightened appropriately
without over-tightening.
2. Attach the Screen (if removed):
 Apply adhesive or use the pre-installed adhesive on the replacement screen.
 Carefully position the screen in place and firmly press it down to ensure proper adhesion.
3. Install Back Cover and Battery:
 If the back cover is removable, place it back onto the phone body, ensuring it fits snugly.
 Insert the battery (if removable).
4. Test Functionality:
 Power on the phone and test all functions, including the touchscreen, buttons, cameras, and
connectivity.
 PRACTICAL – 8
Aim :
Flashing , unlocking and formatting memory card in mobile phones.

Rquired Components / tools:

1. Memory card.
2. Mobile phone.

Procedure:

1. Insert an SD card. Most newer phones allow you to insert an SD card using the SIM tray.
Locate the oval-shaped compartment that has a pinhole on the right. Insert a paperclip, pin,
or the SIM tray tool that came with your phone into the pinhole and press down to eject it.
Place a micro SD card in the SIM tray and reinsert it. Your phone should automatically
detect it.
2. Open the Settings app . To do so, swipe down from the top of the screen to display the
Quick Access menu. Tap the icon that resembles a gear in the upper-right corner.
Alternatively, you can open the Apps menu and tap the icon that resembles a gear.
3.
Scroll down and tap Battery and device care . It's next to a green icon that resembles a
circular arrow inside another circle

4. Tap Storage . It's the second option in the menu at the bottom of the screen.
5. Tap the More menu ( ⋮). It's the icon with three vertical dots in the upper-right
corner.
6.
Tap Advanced . It's in the More menu that appears when you tap the icon with
three dots.

7. Tap SD Card . It's at the bottom of the menu next to an icon that resembles an SD card.

8. Tap Format . This formats the SD card.

9.
 PRACTICAL-9

Aim:

Do the following cabling works in a network

a) Cable Crimpling
b) Standard Cabling
c) Cross Cabling
d) Testing the Crimped cable using a Cable tester

Requirements:

1. CrimperwithRJ45
2. Wire Stripper
3. Wire Cutter
4. RJ-45 plug
5. Cat-5UTPcable

Procedure:

a) Cable Crimpling
1. Strip off insulation, untangle wires
2. Place wires incorrect order and straighten, trim wires to desired length.
3. Slide wires into the plug make sure not to disturb the color scheme.
4. Crimp plug, repeat the above steps for the other end.
5. Test the wire using test equipment.
b) Standard Cabling

Patch cable both ends follow this

format Pin Color

1. Orange/White
2. Orange
3. Green/White
4. Blue
5. Blue/White
6. Green
7. Brown/White
8. Brown

c) Crossover Cabling

One end as a patch cable and the other as

follows. Pin color
1. Green/White
2. Green
3. Orange/White
4. Blue
5. Blue/White
6. Orange
7. Brown/White
8. Brown

d) Testing the Crimped cable using a Cable tester

1. Take the crimped cable, attach each side of a crimped cable in a cable tester.
2. Switch on the cable tester.
3. If it is blinks according to cable standard pin order.
4. If it is wrong it blinks different pin order.

Result:
Thus, the various operations have been done in cabling successfully and out-put was verified.
 PRACTICAL -10

Aim:

a) Configure Host IP, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway in a system in a

LAN(TCP/IP Configuration).
b) Configure Internet connection and use IPCONFIG, PING /Tracert and
Netstat utilities to Debug the Network issues.

Requirements:

1. Windows XP
2. Computers
3. Network Cable
4. Hubor Switch

a) Configure Host IP, Sub net Mask and Default Gateway in a

system in a LAN(TCP/IPConfiguration).

Procedure:

1. Click on start menu, go to settings->control panel->go to “network connections”

2. From the network connection window, we will see Local Area Connections. Double click on
that icon or right click mouse and go to “properties”.
3. Then select “internet protocol (TCP/IP)” under this connection uses the follow destems
loading, Then click “properties”.

Now select “use the following IP Address ”and type a private IP address, equivalent subnet mask,
and default gateway which will be provided by the internet connection provider or the Address of
the office or campus LAN.

4. If we want to addresses from a DHCP server, click “Obtain an IP

address automatically”. Then click on “ok” to finish configuring of the IP add
 a) Configure Internet connection and use IPCONFIG, PING/Tracert
and Netstat utilities to Debug the Network issues.

Ipconfig:

To display the basic TCP/IP configuration for a computer. Go to the command prompt and type
the command,

C:/>ipconfig

Ping:

Its main purpose is to determine whether we can reach another computer from our computer.

C:/>ping

Trace rt:

It display Sal is to fall the routers that a packet must go from the computer where trace rt is run
to any other computer on the internet.

C:/>tracert www.google.co.in

Netstat:

It issued to display list of active connections.

C:/>netstat

Result:

Thus, the configure internet connection using TCP/IP have been done successfully and output was
verified.
 PRACTICAL -11

Aim:

a) Install and configure Network Devices: HUB, Switch and Routers.

b) Install and Configure Wired and Wireless NIC and transfer files between systems.

Requirements:

1. Hub
2. Switch
3. Router
4. Computer
5. Network cable

Procedure:
a) Install and configure Network Devices: HUB, Switch Routers,
Hub:
1. Hubs are commonly used LAN connection; they serve as the central connection
points for LAN’s.
2. Hub organizes cables and relays data signals to all computer on the LAN.
3. Computer and other devices are attached to the hub using individual network
cables.
4. It supports faster varieties of Ethernet such as fast Ethernet.

Switch:

1. Switch is an inter-networking device used to manage the bandwidth on a

network.
2. Switch uses a combination of software and hardware to switch packets between
computers and other devices on the network.
3. Some switch acts as full-duplex network for sending and receiving of data
simultaneously.

Router:

1. Router operates at network layer, it uses a combination hardware and software.

2. A router to connect remote LAN’s together using different WAN technologies.
3. IP addresses allow routers to build a routing cable.
4. Router uses protocols to identify neighboring routers.
a)Install and Configure Wired and Wireless NIC and transfer files between
systems. Requirements:

5. Network interface card

6. Driver CD
7. Crossover cable
8. System

Procedure:
Installing Network card:

1. First step is to read the users guide.

2. Power down PC and remove the AC Power cord, Open the computer case.
3. Find an available Peripheral Component Inter connect (PCI) slot on the
motherboard.
4. Carefully remove the network card from its static proof plastic envelope,
and slide it into the slot.
5. Seat the card in the slot, then screw the card to the computer frame, but do
not over tighten.
6. Close the computer case. Plug the computer in and power it up.

Configuring the Network adapter

1. From the windows XP start Menu, select Control Panel.

2. From the control panel window, click Add Hardware

3. The Add new hardware wizard comes up. Click the next button on the first screen

4. Windows will try to detect new hardware. If it automatically detects the Ethernet card,
click finish to complete the installation.

Result:

Thus, the configure network devices HUB, Switch and Router have been done
successfully and output was verified
 PRACTICAL -12

Aim:

Transfer files between systems in LAN using FTP Configuration. Install a printer in LAN and
share it in the network.

Requirements:

1. Windows XP
2. Computers
3. Network cable
4. Hub or Switch
5. Printer

Procedure:

Install the FTP service under Windows 2003 server:

1. Start the Control Panel Add/Remove Programs applet

2. Open Add/Remove Windows Components.
3. Select Application server, then click Details. Select Internet Information
Services (IIs), and then click Details.
4. Select the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) service checkbox, then click OK. Next
Insert the Windows 2003 server CD-ROM into the computer’s CD-ROM drive.
5. Click OK. After completing the installation click Finish.

Creating Folder:

1. After setting up an FTP server, create a folder by the following

path: C:\inetpub\ftproot
2. For example, name the new folder Ftp Files, so that the path of the folder is
C:\inetpub\ftproot\FtpFiles

Configure Ftp:
1. Control panel->Administrative Tools menu, Select Internet Information
Services
2. Open the node for the computer, and then open the FTP sites node. Right
click the default ftp sites node.
3. Click New and then click Virtual Directory and click next. In the Virtual
Directory Creation Wizard, specify an alias (or name) that users can use to
get to the ftp folder created. The name can be anything we like. Then type or
browse to the path of the directory.
 4. From C:/Inetpub/ftproot\<folder name> specify the access permission and
click Next to finish.
5. Access ftp folder from server to local (win XP) system
6. Go to Start ->Run ,Then type ftp://servername or IP
7. When the files are displayed in the local host, download it.

Installation of windows server 2003 print server

1. Click Start->Administrative tools and click configure your server wizard.

2. Click Next, Click Print Server in the server role box and then click next.
3. On the printers and printer drivers’ page, click the types of windows clients
that the printer server will support and click next.
4. On the “add printer wizard welcome “page click Next.
5. Click local printer attached to this computer, click to clear the automatically
detect and install my plug and play printer check box and click next.
6. Click the port of the printer and click next. Click the printer make and
model and click next.
7. Accept the default name of the printer or provide a different name and click Next
8. Click share as option, type the share name and click next

Sharing printer in the Network

1. Click start->printer and faxes.

2. Right click the printer just installed and click sharing. Click Ok to close the
printer properties.
3. Click share this printer and then gives the share name for the printer.
4. Click Ok to close the printer properties.

Result:

Thus, the FTP configuration and Install a printer have been done successfully and
output was verified.
 PRACTICAL – 13

Aim: - Installation of Windows2008/2013 Server

Requirements:

1. Windowsserver2003
2. Computer

Procedure:

1. Insert the appropriate Windows Server 2008 installation media into your DVD drive.
2. Reboot the computer.
3. When prompted for an installation language and other regional options, make your
selection and press Next.
4. Next, press Install Now to begin the installation process.
5. Product activation is now also identical with that found in Windows Vista. Enter Your Product
ID in the next window, and if you want to automatically activate Windows the moment the installation
finishes, click Next.
6. If you did provide the right Product ID, select the Full version of the right Windows
version you’re prompted, and click Next.
7. Read and accept the license terms by clicking to select the checkbox and pressing Next.
8. In the “Which type of installation do you want?” window, click the only available
option – Custom (Advanced).
9. In the “Where do you want to install Windows?”, if you’re installing the server on
a regular IDE hard disk, click to select the first disk, usually Disk0, and click Next.
10. The installation now begins, The installation process will reboot your computer.
11. Then the server reboots you’ll be prompted with the new Windows Server 2008 type of
login screen. Press CTRL+ALT+DEL to log in.
12. Click on Other User. The default Administrator is blank, so just type Administrator
and press Enter.
13. You will be prompted to change the user’s password. You have no choice but to press Ok.
14. Finally, the desktop appears and that’ sit, you’re logged on and can begin working.

Result:

Thus, the Installation of windows 2008 server have been done successfully and output was verified..
 PRACTICAL – 14
Installation and configuration of DHCP Server

Requirements:

1. Windows server 2003

2. Computer

Procedure:

Install DHCP Server

How to install DHCP server on your Window Server device:

1. Click on the Start button in the lower left corner of the screen.
2. Look for the Server Manager option and click on it.
3. Click Add roles and features on the server manager dashboard.
4. Click on the Next button when the Add Roles and Features Wizard appears.
5. Select Role-based or feature-based installation and click Next.
6. Choose the server on which you’d like to install the DHCP service on the Select
destination server window. Then, click Next.
7. The available server roles will be listed; please select one and click Add Features.
8. Browse the Roles to find DHCP Server. Check it and click Next.
9. Click Next on the features screen.
10. Click Next on the DHCP server.
11. When you see the Confirm installation selections window, you should click Install You
can check the Restart the destination server automatically if required option before
installation.
12. Wait for the installation process to complete.

Configure DHCP Server

1. Open Server Manager and go to the server manager dashboard

2. Click on the yellow notification at the top left.
3. Click Complete DHCP configuration.
4. The DHCP Post-Install configuration wizard will show up. Please click Next in the
description window.
5. Shift to the Authorization window.
6. Use AD credentials if the DHCP server is joined to the domain; check Skip
AD authorization if the server is not joined to the domain.
 Click Commit and the Summary window will appear.

7. It lists the configuration steps; please click Close.

8. Click Start->expand Windows Administrative Tools->select DHCP to open the DHCP
management console.
9. Then, you need to create as cope, configure & activate the scope, and complete DNS
registration by following the on-screen instructions.

Result:

Thus, the Installation and configuration of DHCP Server have been done successfully and output
was verified
 PRACTICAL – 15
Installation and configuration of Mail Server

Aim:

To Install and configure of Mail Server in windows 2003 server environment.

Requirements:
1. Windows server 2003
2. Computer

Procedure:
Installation of mail server:

1. Start->Programs->Administrative Tools->Manage your Server.

2. Click on Add or Remove a role
3. This will start the Configure Your Server Wizard. Click next.
4. The wizard will now detect your network settings.
5. Click mail server (POP3, SMTP). Click Next.
6. You will now specify the type of authentication and type the email domain name.
7. Click next. Next step is confirming the option you have selected.
8. Click Next. The installation will start and also start the windows component wizard.
9. Click finish. You have now successfully installed the mail server.

Configure the mail server:

1. Click Start, then run, and type p3 server. msc.

2. This will open up the POP3 service. This is where you can configure and manage
the POP3 part of the mail server.
3. Click on<computer name> in the left pane.
4. Click on Server Properties in the right pane.
5. As you can see, we have a lot of settings whatever changes you want to do make it.

Result:
Thus, the installation and configuration of mail server have been done successfully and the output was
verified
 PRACTICAL – 16

Aim:

a) Installation of Red Hat Linux using Graphical mode.

b) Installation of Red Hat Linux using VMware.

Requirements:

1. Red hat Linux cd

2. Computer

Procedure:

a) Installation of Red Hat Linux using Graphical mode.

1. Insert the downloaded red hat Linux DV Don the DVD ROM, make the DVDROM to
boot first by changing the boot devices priority in the bios setup by pressing Delor F2 or
F10 key depending upon your manufacture.
2. Select the first option to install RHEL 6 in graphical mode. Next it will prompt you to
check the media, just simply give a skip to start the installation without checking media.
3. Click Next to start the installation. Select the language and then click Next.
4. Select the Keyboard for the system. Storage Options. If you are not familiar with the
SAN or ISCSI, just select the basic storage devices and click Next.
5. Click on Re-initialize all to start initializing the new HDD. This may lead to loss of data.
Be care full on do it on your own risk.
6. Next is to setup the Hostname and Networks settings. Type you Host name in the box.
Network setting can be done by clicking on configure network. Give the IP Address and
then click apply to save the settings, click Next to continue.
7. Select your Time Zone. Type the password for root account, this root is like windows
administrator. Password must be strong one.
8. Installation type, Select the replace the existing Linux system (you don’t worry, not
necessary to have the previous Linux installation) even if you are installing for first time.
The system will make partition automatically. To create the partition manually, select
Review and Modify Partitioning Layout and then Next.
9. Confirm the Partitioning by clicking on Write changes to disk. Select the customize
now and click Next to select the software for your requirement.
10. Select the Software or Sever Software’s as per your requirement. But if you are very new
 to red hat select the Desktop & X windows systems from Desktop Section, this will help you
get the graphical desktop for you to work. Once over click Next to Start the installation.
11. Now it will begin to install the Red Hat Linux. Click Finish to reboot the machine.

b) Installation of Red Hat Linux using VM ware.

1. Use the VM ware Work station Configuration Editor to verify the virtual machine’s devices are
set up as you expect before starting the installation.
2. Insert the Red Hat Linux CD in the CD-ROM drive and click the Power on button.
3. Follow the installation steps as you would for a physical lPC.
4. If the virtual machine’s Ethernet adapter has been enabled, the installation program
autodetects and loads the AMD PC/ Net 32 driver.
5. The text mode installer in Red Hat Linux6.0 presents a Host name Configuration screen. At
n the next screen Networking configuration respond OK to use the default: Use boot p/dhcp.
6. During the Linux installation select the standard VGA16 X server. In the choose card screen,
Select the Generic VGA compatible/ Generic VGA card from the list.
7. Finish installing Red Hat Linux6.x as you would on a physica lPC.
8. At this point RedHat6.x boots and presents a log on screen.

Result:
Thus, the installation of Red Hat O S has been done successfully and output was verified.
 PRACTICAL – 17

Aim:
a) Configuring and troubleshooting of / etc /grub.conf
b) Configuring and troubleshooting of / etc/ passwd

Configuration:
1. Backup the file:
Always make a backup of the /etc/grub.conf file before making any changes. You can use the cp
command to create a backup:

sudo cp /etc/grub.conf /etc/grub.conf_backup

2. Edit /etc/grub.conf:

Use a text editor like nano or vi to modify the /etc/grub.conf file. For example:

sudo nano /etc/grub.conf

3. Configure boot options:

Default boot entry: Set the default boot entry by modifying the default parameter. The numbering starts
from 0.

Kernel parameters: Add or modify kernel parameters for various boot options.

Timeout: Adjust the timeout parameter to define the time (in seconds) GRUB waits for user input before
booting the default entry.

4. Save changes:
After editing, save the changes and exit the editor.

5. Update GRUB:
Run the following command to apply the changes to GRUB:

sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg # For systems using GRUB2

6. Reboot:
Reboot your system to see the changes take effect.
Troubleshooting:
If you encounter issues with /etc/grub.conf:

1. Check for syntax errors:

Ensure that the syntax in the file is correct. Even a small typo can cause booting issues. Double-check
your changes.

2. Verify file permissions:

Make sure the /etc/grub.conf file has the correct permissions. It should generally be owned by root and
have restricted permissions for other users:

sudo chmod 644 /etc/grub.conf

sudo chown root:root /etc/grub.conf

3. Inspect disk and partition configurations:

Incorrect disk or partition configurations in the file can lead to boot failures. Verify that the specified
disks and partitions are correct.

4. Review kernel parameters:

Ensure that the kernel parameters specified in the file are accurate and compatible with your system.

5. Check for backup and recovery:

If the changes cause boot issues, use the backup file created earlier to restore the original
/etc/grub.conf configuration.

6. Access GRUB menu during boot:

If the changes prevent the system from booting properly, during startup, you can access the GRUB menu
by holding the Shift key (for legacy GRUB) or Esc key (for GRUB2) to select a different boot entry or edit
boot parameters.

Always exercise caution when modifying critical system files like /etc/grub.conf, as incorrect
configurations can prevent your system from booting. If unsure, seek guidance or assistance from
experienced users or system administrators.
b)

Configuration:
1. Backup the file:
Always create a backup before making any changes to system-critical files like /etc/passwd.

sudo cp /etc/passwd /etc/passwd_backup

2. Edit /etc/passwd:
Use a text editor like nano or vi to modify the /etc/passwd file.

sudo nano /etc/passwd

3. Add or modify user information:

Each line represents a user account in the format:

username:password:UID:GID:User Info:Home Directory:Shell

Username: The name used for logging in.

Password: Typically, 'x' (the actual password is stored in /etc/shadow for security reasons).

UID and GID: User and group IDs.

User Info: Additional information about the user.

Home Directory: The user's home directory.

Shell: Default shell for the user.

4. Save changes:
After editing, save the changes and exit the editor.

Troubleshooting:
If there are issues with the /etc/passwd file:

1. Check file integrity:

Ensure the /etc/passwd file is correctly formatted. Each line should have the correct number of fields
separated by colons (:).

2. Verify permissions and ownership:

The /etc/passwd file should be owned by root and have restricted permissions to prevent unauthorized
access.
sudo chmod 644 /etc/passwd

sudo chown root:root /etc/passwd

3. Avoid manual editing without understanding:

Incorrect modifications can render user accounts inaccessible. Be cautious while editing and ensure you
understand the changes you're making.

4. Check /etc/shadow file:

If there are password-related issues, verify the corresponding entries in the /etc/shadow file, which
stores the actual encrypted passwords.

5. Backup and restore original file:

If modifications cause issues, use the backup file to restore the original /etc/passwd configuration.

6. Use caution with user deletion or modification:

Deleting or modifying user entries improperly in /etc/passwd can lead to login problems. Make changes
carefully.