GRAMMAR REVIEW

1- Put the bracketed verbs in the right tense or form

1. Eduardo Shaw grew up in the pampas of Argentina and ( live ) has lived with
his family in north-western Patagonia for the past 18 years. A former teacher
and now a naturalist and lecturer, he is deeply involved in local foundations and
community projects that ( promote ) ……promote…….. sustainable
development. Eduardo ( lead) ………has led…….. National Geographic
Expeditions to Antarctica as well as numerous trips to Patagonia. He looks
forward ( share) ………to sharing….. his knowledge and passion for the region.
2. Alexander Graham Bell ( bear ) ……was born….. on March 3rd, 1847.
He was a Scottish-born American scientist, inventor, engineer, and
( innovate ) ………innovator……………. who is credited with patenting the
first practical telephone and ( found ) ……………founding……….the
American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1885.
3. She has made a remarkable recovery since she ( leave ) ………left
hospital a few days ago.
4. As I ( cycle ) …………was cycling …………. along a path near my home, a big
black dog ran out in front of me and I fell off my bike and ( hurt ) ……………
hurt……. my arm.
5. While we were travelling to Scotland, a lorry ( overturn ) …………
overturned…………. in front of us. Luckily, we ( not / go ) …………weren’t
going…………. very fast. The lorry was full of sheep and they all ( escape )
…………escaped………….

6. He prefers ( host ) …hosting ……. movie nights at home over ( go ) ………

going………. to loud house parties.
7. I picked up my things, ( run ) ………ran…… out the door, got in my car, and
( drive ) …drove……….off.
8. For decades , young doctors and nurses ( flee) have fled / have been
fleeing poor countries for the bright lights and the wealthier paychecks
of wealthier nations , ( abandon ) …………abandoning …the parts of the
 world with the highest burden of disease and most desperate need for
medical help.
60 % of medical doctors who ( train ) ………trained…………… in Ghana in
the 1980’s have since left the country , and there ( be) ……are…… more
Ethiopian doctors in Washington DC than in all Ethiopia .

9. I recommend that he ( see ) …………see…………….. a specialist.

10.I suggest that he( try ) ……………try………….. again
11.Is it essential that we ( be ) …………be…..there?
12.We recommended that she ( join ) ………join……..the committee.
13.Dr. Dave demanded that John ( prepare ) …………prepare……………..his
research paper before the end of the month.
14.Brian proposed that Frank ( be ) …………be…….. at the party.
15. The boss insisted that Sam ( not / be ) ……………not be …………..at the

meeting.

16. It's high time I (buy ) ……………bought………….. a new pair of jeans

17. It's about time this road ( be ) ………was…….. completed. They've been
working on it for months.
18. You talk to him as if he ( be ) ……………were …………… your slave!

2- Circle the right alternative

1- Mary wanted to make sure that she made her presentation creatively,
effectively and ( in a persuasive way / persuasively / persuasive ) .
2- I will either fly to Texas or ( to drive / drive / driving ) to Kansas.
3- The report card stated that the student often talked in class, ( bullied /
bullying / to bully ) other students, and rarely finished his homework.
4- The company is looking for a candidate who is friendly, ( immethodical /
organised / disorderly ) , meticulous, and ( who arrives on time / punctual
/ tardy ) .
5- The internet has not only opened the world of academia to those who
would otherwise not have had the opportunity to attain higher quality
education , it ( also gave / it also gives / has also given) them the chance (
of being / to be / be ) heard and to reach the world with their message.
6- The mineral iron has several benefits , including , but not limited to ,
better metabolism of proteins, increased production of haemoglobin, and (
strong / stronger / strongest ) protection against anaemia.
7- The more fruit and vegetables you eat, ( the little / the less / the least )
chance you have of getting cancer.
The + comparative form, the + comparative form
8- I like jogging, baking, ( paint / to paint / painting ) , and ( watch / to
watch / watching) movies.
9- I would rather ( = ‘d rather ) pay for my schooling myself than (
borrow / to borrow / borrowing ) for it.

Would rather do sth than do sth else

10- Eating well is as important as ( exercise / to exercise / exercising)

when it comes to fitness.
11- Some people would argue that saving their money is safer for the
family’s future than ( invest / to invest / investing) it in risky ventures
such as the stock market or ( let / to let / letting) the bank invest it for
them.
12- Karim hoped not only to pursue his higher education in Germany
but also ( settle / to settle / settling ) there later on.
13- She planned to collect data by either ( use / to use / using ) an online
survey or conducting phone interviews.
14- I have ( both / either / neither) the patience nor the time to complete
the assignment.
15- Agnes was neither going to classes nor ( do / to go / doing ) her
assignments.
16 The food was ( such /so / too ) cold and tasteless that I decided to
complain to the manager about it.
● So + adj + that + clause ( = a subject , a conjugated verb and a
complement )
● Too + adjective + to do sth
● Adj + enough + to do sth

17- No sooner had I started mowing the lawn ( than / when / then ) it
started raining.
18- It was important that they ( arrive / arrived / arriving ) before the
curtain went up last night.
19- I ( have / would / had ) rather go to school on foot ( than / when /
then ) take the bus.
20- You ( have / would / had ) better have your car regularly serviced.

Had better do sth = ‘d better do sth

= should do sth = ought to do sth
Had better not do sth = shouldn’t do sth = ought not to do sth
____ giving advice
21- Don't worry, John is used ( to drive / to driving/ to be driven ) for
long hours. He has worked as a professional driver for 20 years.

To be / get / become used to doing sth

= to be / get / become accustomed to doing sth
= to be / get / become familiar with doing sth

22- Grandma used (to live / to living / living ) in Madrid when she was
young.
Used to do sth ______ expressing an interrupted past habit

She used to live in Madrid =

She doesn’t live in Madrid anymore / any longer
She no longer lives in Madrid

23- Environmentalists are committed ( to protect / to protecting/

protecting ) the environment.
24- I don’t mind ( moving / to move / move ) to the countryside as long
as I lead a comfortable life.
25- If I have enough money, I ('ll buy / buy / would buy ) some new
shoes.
The conditional type 1
If + simple present , + future
26- She'll miss the bus if she ( didn’t leave / doesn't leave / won’t leave)
soon.
 27- If Miss Eliot ( didn’t leave / wouldn’t leave / hadn't left ) her
umbrella at home , she wouldn't have gotten soaked in the heavy rain
last Sunday.

Conditional type 3
If + past perfect, + would have + past participle

28- If I ( am / were / had been ) the manager of this company , I would

give you a promotion
Conditional type 2
If + simple past, + would + verb

29- Hardly ( had I got / I got / did I get ) into bed when the telephone rang.
30- Not only ( does he love / he loves / has he loved ) chocolate and
sweets, but he also smokes.
31- Little ( he knew / did he know / he knows) !
32- On no account ( you should do / you shouldn’t do / should you do)
anything without asking me first.
33- ( Nowhere / Anywhere / Everywhere ) have I ever had such bad
service.
34- Not until I saw John with my own eyes ( did I really believe / I really
believed / I really believe ) he was safe.

3- Express differently starting as shown

1. I would like it better if you did not smoke

I’d prefer you not to smoke.

2. Lucia didn't go to school last Monday because she was ill.

If Lucia hadn’t been ill, she would have gone to school.

3. Peter went out with his friends because he finished his homework on
time.

If Peter hadn’t finished his homework on time, he wouldn’t have gone

out with his friends.
 I can’t speak Chinese . So, I can’t understand what they are talking
about

If I ( speak ) ……………spoke ……….. Chinese , I ( understand) …………

would understand …………… what they were talking about.

Jane didn’t report the bullies . That’s why things got worse for her.

If Jane ( report ) ……had reported … the bullies, things ( not / go ) ……

wouldn’t have gotten …. worse for her.

Had Jane reported the bullies, things wouldn’t have gotten worse for
her.

If I had known about your problem, I would have helped you.

Had I known about your problem, I would have helped you.

4. You shouldn’t miss this golden opportunity.

If I were you, ……I wouldn’t miss this golden opportunity

5. If you had paid attention, nothing would have happened.

Had you paid attention, nothing would have happened.

6. Unfortunately, I ‘m not rich enough to buy that magnificent house.

If only I were rich enough to buy that magnificent house.

I wish I were rich enough to buy that magnificent house.

7- It is unnecessary to listen to that man. If you want to listen, that is your

choice, but it's not important.
You needn’t listen to that man.
Needn’t do sth

8- You needn't water the garden this evening. It's going to rain tonight.
There ‘s no need to water the garden. It’s going to rain tonight.

9- Mum prepared all that food, but it was not necessary because phoned to
say they wouldn't be coming.
Mum needn’t have prepared all that food.
You needn’t have done sth / you did sth which was not necessary

10- We had plenty of petrol in the tank so we didn’t fill it up because it wasn’t
necessary to do so.

We didn’t didn’t need to fill up the tank.

You didn’t need to do sth

Sth wasn’t necessary and you didn’t do it.

11- I no longer live in the countryside.

I don’t live in the countryside anymore .

I don’t live in the countryside any longer.

12- The greedy bosses will never care for the welfare of their employees.

Never will the greedy boss care for the welfare of his employees.

13- The ecosystem is being menaced by the careless human beings.

The careless human beings are menacing the ecosystem.

14- Although the environmentalists are making a lot of efforts, our world is still
menaced.

Despite the efforts made by the environmentalists , our world is still

menaced .
4- Rewrite the following sentences using "If Clause “

1. We were late for work yesterday morning so the boss was very angry
with us.

If + past perfect _________ would have + past participle

If we hadn’t been late, the boss wouldn’t have been very angry with
us.

2.She’d love to travel the world, but she is not rich enough.
If she were rich enough , she would travel the world.

3. Little boy refused to use the suncream.He had terrible sunburn on his
shoulders.

If the little boy hadn’t refused to use the suncream, he wouldn’t have
had sunburn on his shoulder.

4- John did not obtain the job because he was not qualified.

If John had been qualified, he would have obtained the job.

5- Complete the following sentences with who, whom, whose, or which.

1. This is the doctor ………who / that ………… helped Sara recover from
her illness.

2. This is the girl ………whom / that / who ………… he fell in love with in
Madrid

3. She managed to pass the exam in spite of all the difficulties, …………
which ……… didn't surprise people who knew her.

4. These are the kids ………whose………… parents were arrested.

5. Give me the plate ………which / that ………… is on the table.

6. I don't know ……who …………… did it.

7. The criminals, two of ……whom…… managed to escape, broke into a

bank downtown.
 8. The police identified the murderer ……whose …… fingerprints were
on the knife.

9. I know the candidate …………whom… I am going to support in the

next elections.

10. People ………who… are obese may suffer heart disease or diabetes.

11.Athletes , …who ……exercise regularly , have fewer health problems.

12. Dogs …which… are abandoned can be adopted from animal shelters.

1. Dogs, .……which ……love their owners , are loyal

6- Combine each pair of sentences into one sentence.

1- My uncle’s cottage has been damaged by floods. We usually spend

our holidays there.

My uncle’s cottage , where we usually spend our holidays, has been

damaged by floods.

2-The chemistry exam was actually quite easy. We had been worrying
about it.

The chemistry exam, which we had been worried about, was quite
easy.

3- My brother got into a fight near the school. His classmates had been
teasing him.

My brother , whose classmates had been teasing him, got into a fight
near the school .

4-There are dreadful traffic jams during the summer. Everyone goes on
holiday then.

There are dreadful traffic jams during the summer , when everyone
goes on holiday.
5- My parents enjoyed that film very much. They don’t often go to the
cinema.

My parents , who don’t often go to the cinema, enjoyed that film very
much.

6- Have you ever been back to the town? You were born in the town.

Have you ever been back to the town where you were born?

7- A talented and successful woman must hold executive positions in big

corporations.

It is essential that a talented and successful woman hold executive

positions in big corporations.

8- If women hadn’t been given the opportunity, they wouldn’t have

brought a great potential to their companies.

Unless women had been given the opportunity, they wouldn’t have
brought a great potential to their companies.

7- Turn to passive or active.

1 They should deliver our new state of the art computers this week.

→ Our new state of the art should be delivered computers this week.

→ Computers should be delivered to our new state of the art this

week.

2 The government will build a modern science museum here.

→A modern science museum will be built by the government here.

3 Did the director give the actors their roles last night?

→ Were the actors given their roles by the director last night?

→ Were the roles given to the actors by the director last night?
4 The release of the soundtrack had been announced before 9 o’clock.

→ They had announced the release of the soundtrack before 9 o’clock.

5 Discovery Channel is going to broadcast a new documentary on

wildlife.

→ A new documentary on wildlife is going to be broadcast by

Discovery Channel.

6 Can you repair the machine within a few days?.

→ Can the machine be repaired ( by you ) within a few days.

7 The singer hasn’t recorded any new albums in the last few years.

→ No new albums have been recorded by the singer in the last few
years.

8 A new gadget may be developed by the company next year.

→ The company may develop a new gadget next year.

8- Express differently making compound adjectives

1- The journey took 10 hours. → It was a 10-hour journey.

2- We need a guide who speaks French. → We need a French-speaking

guide.

3- The view took my breath away. → It was a breath-taking view.

5- John has a warm heart. → He is a warm-hearted man.

6- The tickets were cheaper than usual . → The tickets were cut- price.

7- She is very rich. → She is well - off / well-to-do

8- A family that has a low income. → It's a low-income family.

9- She has got green eyes. → She is green-eyed.

 10- The astronauts are trained very well. → They are well-trained.

11- This experience can never be forgotten.

→ It's a never-to - be - forgotten experience.

12- This system has a high quality. → It's a high-quality system.

9- Compete the compound adjectives with the right words

1- When I saw him, he was very good- looking

2- My best friend is very well-off so he can go to expensive restaurants.

3- They were both wearing short- sleeved shirts.

4- Jeff has just got a part -time job now. He works three hours a day, Monday to
Thursday.

5- My cousin has just bought a brand- new car.

brand-new # second-hand / pre- used

6- It was a very badly- written article: terrible punctuation and lots of spelling
mistakes.

7- I had a nice time with my friend - she's good company and very easy- going.

8- One boy was very misbehaved. He kept shouting and then threw food all
over the floor

9- Goran Ivanisevic is probably the most famous left-handed tennis player.

10- . She's got a little shop near the market, where she sells second-hand things.

11- She has a nine- year-old son.

Compound adjectives
 Compound adjectives Examples

1- adjective - noun A round-table discussion

2- verb- adjective A feel-good factor

3- verb-adverb A buy-now pay-later purchase

4- verb-preposition A stick-on label

5- adjective-noun-ed A middle-aged lady / a kind-

hearted man / blue-eyed / short-
sighted

6- noun-adjective A smoke-free zone

7- Adjective – present participle A long-lasting affair

8- adverb-present participle An ever-lasting love

A far-reaching decision

9- noun- present participle ( verb-ing) A car-producing factory

A mouth-watering dish

10- number-singular noun A five-storey building

 A 20-minute break

11- number-year-old A 50-year-old man.

12- noun-past participle A man-made table

Wind-powered generators

13- adverb-past participle A highly-equipped school

A well-known personality

14- colours in compounds A dark-blue sweater

A light-green shirt

15- comparatives and superlatives A shorter-term loan

in compounds
The highest-placed competitor

16- compounds including two African-American / Anglo-Asian

geographical modifiers

17- other compounds well-to-do

well-off

never-to-be-forgotten

10- Change the normal sentence into one with inversion.

1. We had hardly arrived when Julie burst into the house"
→ Hardly had we arrived when Julie burst into the house.
2. John had never been to such a fantastic restaurant.
 → Never had John been to such a fantastic restaurant.
3. I in no way want to be associated with this project.
→ In no way do I want to be associated with this project.
4. They had no sooner eaten dinner than the ceiling crashed onto the dining
table.
→ No sooner had they eaten dinner than the ceiling crashed into the
dining table.
5. I had scarcely finished writing my essay when the examiner announced the
end of the exam.
→ Scarcely had I finished writing my essay when the examiner
announced the end of the exam.
6. We would understand what had happened that night only later.
→ Only later would we understand what had happened that night.
7. The children should on no account go on their own.
8. → On no account should the children go on their own.
9. If you'd sent me your email, I'd have written to you.
10. → Had you sent me your email, I'd have written to you.

Inversion

Inversion happens in English for emphasis, dramatic purpose or formality.

Hardly Hardly had I got into bed when the telephone rang.
Hardly had I got home than the dog started barking.

Never Never had she seen such a beautiful sight before.

Seldom Seldom do we see such an amazing display of dance.

Rarely Rarely will you hear such beautiful music.

Only then Only then did I understand why the tragedy had
happened.

Not only ... but Not only does he love chocolate and sweets but he also
smokes.

No sooner No sooner had we arrived home than the police rang the
doorbell.
Scarcely Scarcely had I got off the bus when it crashed into the
back of a car.

Only later Only later did she really think about the situation.

Nowhere Nowhere have I ever had such bad service.

Little Little did he know!

Little time 'Little time did they have to explain.
Little patience Little patience does she have on a good day!'

Only in this way Only in this way could John earn enough money to
survive.

In no way In no way do I agree with what you're saying.

On no account On no account should you do anything without asking

me first.

Not until Not until I saw John with my own eyes did I really
believe he was safe.

Not since Not since Lucy left college had she had such a wonderful
time.

Only after Only after I'd seen her flat did I understand why she
wanted to live there.

Only when Only when we'd all arrived home did I feel calm.

Only by Only by working extremely hard could we afford to eat.

Conditional with Had I been there, this problem wouldn't have happened.
inversion:
Had we arrived sooner, we could have prevented this
tragedy!

so + adjective...that'
So delicious was the food that we ate every last bite.
11- Complete the sentences in the reported speech. Note the change of
pronouns and tenses.

1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.

→ She asked where her umbrella was.
2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.
→ Martin asked us how we were.
3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
→ He wanted to know if / whether he had to do it.
4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
→ The mother asked her daughter where she had been.
5. "Which dress will you wear tonight?" she asked her sister
→ She asked her sister which dress she would wear that night.
6. "What are they doing?" she asked.
→ She wanted to know what they were doing.
7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
→ He wanted to know if I was going to the cinema.
8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
→ The teacher wanted to know who spoke English.
9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
→ She asked me how I knew that.
10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
→ My friend asked me if Caron had talked to Keven.
11. “ I went to Jane’s party last night”, said Peter.
→Peter told Mary that he had gone to Jane’s party the previous night / the night
before.
12. “ My dad retired yesterday ,” said Tom.
→Tom informed me that his dad had retired the day before / the previous day.
13. He said, "don’t speak Italian."
→He said not to speak Italian.
14. “ Don’t make noise ,” said the teacher .
→The teacher ordered the students not to make noise.
15. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience.
→ The stuntman advised the audience not to try that at home.
 16- You have to work harder in school, or you'll fail", said mum
→Mum told me that I had to work harder in school , or I would fail.
17-“ Shall I call you later,” said Ben
→Ben asked if he should call me later.
18- “ Can I speak to Mary?” asked Tom
→Tom asked if he could speak to Mary.

12- Express differently starting as shown

1. I like you very much. However, you have a strange sense of humour.
In spite of your strange sense of humour , I like you very much.
2. They succeeded in escaping from the house that was on fire.
They managed to escape from the house that was on fire.

3. They broke up on Saturday despite their deep love for each other.
Although they deeply loved /love each other, they broke up on Saturday.

although + a clause ( Subject + a conjugated verb )

In spite of + noun / gerund
although = even though = though
In spite of = despite

4. The policemen wanted to know if I had my driving license and asked if they
could have a look at it /
The policeman:” Do you have your driving licence? Could we have a look at
it?”
5. Mary suggested that we should buy a new house near the coast /
Mary “ Shall we buy a new house near the coast?
6. My advice to you is to show more interest in your schoolwork /
If I were you, I would show more interest in my schoolwork.
7. Because of Lisa’s bad marks at school, she was punished by her parents
Lisa was punished by her parents for her bad marks at school.
8. “Why don't we have dinner out tonight?”, said Martin
Martin suggested that we have dinner out that night.
9. “Where do you want to put your luggage?”, I asked her
I asked her where she wanted to put her luggage.
10. “Does he know where Michael lives?”, I said
I wanted to know where Micael lived.
11. The dog was tired after his long run
The dog was tired because of his long run.
12. Would you like to go out with me? /
 I wondered if you would like to go out with me.
13. The Smiths are not very happy because of their lack of money
Since the Smiths lacked money, they are not very happy.
14. “Can you lend me your jacket this evening?”
He asked me if I would lend him my jacket that evening.
15. Although Patrick was ill, he still came to the meeting
In spite of his illness, he still came to the meeting.
In spite of being ill , he still came to the meeting.
In spite of the fact that he was , he still came to the meeting.
16. Despite being an accountant, she never seems to have any money
Even though she is an accountant, she never seems to have any money.
17. They said they hadn't seen the new performance yet /
“ We haven’t seen the new performance yet.
18. What a pity I broke the vase.
I wish I hadn’t broken the vase.
19. Helen married Edward because he was rich and famous.
If Edward hadn’t been rich and famous , Helen wouldn’t have married
him
20. If he doesn’t phone immediately, he won’t get the information.
Unless he phones immediately, he won’t get the information.
21. Two new suits are being made for him.
He is being made two new suits.
22. The teacher said to the students “Don't be late!”
The teacher ordered us not to be late.
23. She’s unhappy because she is ill.
She wishes she weren’t ill.
24. Why didn't you come to my party yesterday?”, Jane asked Peter
Jane asked Peter why he hadn’t come to my party the day before.
25. “Please, don´t shoot”
He begged us not to shoot.
26. I’d like you to put these chairs away. /
Do you mind putting these chairs away?

The reported Speech

Tense Changes
1-The Simple Present
Simple Present --------Simple Past
“ I always go to the cinema on Sunday,” said Adam.
Adam said that he always went to the cinema on Sunday.
2-The Present Continuous
Present Continuous--------Past Continuous
“Mary is coming tonight,”John told me.
John told that Mary was coming that night.
3-The Present Perfect
 Present Perfect--------Past Perfect
“Paul has got his degree from France,” Susan informed me
Susan informed me that Paul had got his degree from France.
4-The Present Perfect Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive---------Past Perfect Progressive
“I’ve been playing with Real Madrid for years,” declared Raoul.
Raoul declared that he had been playing with Real Madrid for years.
5-The Simple Past
Simple Past-------- Past Perfect
“My brother bought a new house last week,” said Bill.
Bill said that his brother had bought a new house the previous week.
6-The Past Continuous
Past continuous--------Past Perfect Continuous
“I saw this man while he was robbing the bank,” said the policeman.
The policeman said that he had seen that man while he had been
robbing the bank.
7-The Past Perfect
Past Perfect-------- Past Perfect
“I had lost all my money,” said Peter.
Peter said that he had lost all his money.
8-The Past Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive--------- Past Perfect Progressive
“I had been thinking of marrying a rich girl,” said Peter.
Peter said that he had been thinking of marrying a rich girl.
9-The Future
Future: will + verb-------- Present Conditional: would + verb
“Tony Blair will visit Baghdad next week,” announced the BBC.
The BBC announced that Tony Blair would visit Baghdad the following
week.

auxiliary + verb name → simple past

He said, "Do you go to school every He asked me if I went to school every
day?" day.*
He said, "Where do you go to He asked me where I went to school.
school?"

imperative → infinitive
He said, "Go to school every day." He said to go to school every day.

Modal Changes
Will → Would
May→ Might
Can → Could
Must→ Had to
Shall → Should

Direct Speech → Indirect Speech

can → could
He said, "I can go to school every He said (that) he could go to school every
day." day.

may → might
He said, "I may go to school every He said (that) he might go to school every
day." day.

might
He said, "I might go to school every
day."

must → had to
He said, "I must go to school every He said (that) he had to go to school
day." every day.

have to
He said, "I have to go to school
every day."

should → should
He said, "I should go to school every He said (that) he should go to school
day." every day.

ought to → ought to
He said, "I ought to go to school He said (that) he ought to go to school
every day." every day.

Time changes
direct speech reported speech

now then, at that time

today that day, on Sunday, yesterday

tonight that night, last night, on Sunday night

tomorrow the next day/ the following day, on Sunday, today

yesterday the day before/ the previous day, on Sunday

last night the night before/ the previous night, on Sunday night

this week that week, last week

last month the month before/ the previous month, in May

next year the following year, in 2014

two minutes ago two minutes before

in one hour one hour later

Comparatives and Superlatives

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Short adjective = one syllable Adjective + er The + adjective-est

adjectives

Big Bigger than Biggest

Nice Nicer than nicest
Cheap Cheaper than cheapest
Few Fewer than fewest
Slim Slimmer than slimmest
Fast Faster than fastest
Fat Fatter than fattest
Clean Cleaner than cleanest
Rude Ruder than rudest

Adjectives ending in Y Adjective + ier Adjective + iest

Happy Happier than happiest
Easy Easier than easiest
Busy Busier than busiest

Two-syllable adjective

Gentle Gentler / more gentle Gentlest / most gentle

clever Cleverer / more clever Cleverest / most clever
Three or more-syllable More + long adjective The most + adjective
adjective
more beautiful than most beautiful
Beautiful More expensive than most expensive
Expensive More courteous than most courteous
Courteous More well-behaved than most well-behaved
Well-behaved More ill-mannered than most ill-mannered
Ill-mannered More boring most boring
Boring

Irregular adjective

Good Better than best

Bad Worse than worst
Many + plural noun More than most
Much + uncountable noun More than most
Little + uncountable noun Less than least
Far Farther than / further than farthest / the furthest

Adverbs More easily most easily

Easily More thoroughly most thoroughly
Thoroughly More excitedly most excitedly
Excitedly More slowly most slowly
Slowly More quickly Most quickly
Quickly More interestingly Most interestingly
interestingly

Irregular adverbs
Well Better best
Far Farther / further farthest / the farthest
Fast Faster fastest
Early Earlier earliest
Late Later latest
Badly Worse worst
Ill Worse worst
Soon Sooner soonest
slowly slower slowest
 Remember!

● An adjective describes a noun

A fast runner / a beautiful girl / a crowded city

● An adverb describes a verb

He drives fast / she speaks fluently / They play noisily

● An adverb describes an adjective

She is extremely lazy

● “Less” / “The least” are used with all adjectives or adverbs for the
comparative to a lower degree

Examples :

My son is less active than my daughter

Dad is less fit than Mum.

Mary speaks less fast than her husband.

They drove less quickly than expected.

Mary’s dress is less expensive than Anna’s.

16/20 is less good than 18/20

She is less nice than her sister.

● Comparison of equality = comparison of scale

As + adjective + as

Mary is as tall as Nicholas.

As + adverb + as
 Dad drives as quickly as mum.

Dad speaks English as well as native speakers.

As + as much + an uncountable noun + as

I have as much money as you.

As + many + a plural noun + as

I have as many close friends as my sister.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE

FORM

Use the simple form of the verb : the infinitive without "to" with all the subjects

(singular or plural)

USE

The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after

certain expressions and in formal, impersonal English. In more informal language we

commonly use should.

Examples :

I recommend that he should see a specialist.

I recommend that he see a specialist.

I suggest that he study.

Is it essential that we be there?

We recommended that she join the committee.

Dr. Dave demanded that John prepare his research paper before the end of the
month.

Brian proposed that Frank be at the party.

The teacher insists that the students arrive on time.

It was vital that they be warned of the risks .

It is necessary that we be more cautious.

It is important that he figure this out.

Verbs followed by the Subjunctive

to command

to demand

to insist

to propose

to recommend

to suggest

Expressions followed by the Subjunctive

It is best (that)

It is crucial (that)

It is desirable (that)

It is essential (that)

It is imperative (that)

It is important (that)

It is recommended (that)

It is urgent (that)

It is vital (that)
It is of vital importance ( that )

It is a good idea (that)

It is a bad idea (that)

Negative and Passive Forms of Subjunctive

The Subjunctive can be used in negative, continuous and passive forms.

Negative Examples:

· The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting.

· The company asked that employees not accept personal

phone calls during business hours.

· I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the

salary.

Passive Examples:

· Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately.

· Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the

negotiations.

· We suggested that you be admitted to the organization.

The past subjunctive

The past subjunctive may be used:

* after if or I wish, if only / to express regret or longing

- If your grandfather were alive , he would help you.
- If I were rich I would buy a Ferrari.
- I wish I were taller.
- If only he were here now!
- If only I had a faster computer!
* after It’s time / It’s high time / It’s about time when you feel that
it is already late for something to happen,
- It’s time you took your job seriously
It's high time I bought a new pair of jeans
It's about time this road was completed. They've been working on it
for months.
* after as if/as though and similar expressions, to express doubt
or improbability.
You talk to him as if he were your slave!
I’d rather you didn’t tell everyone I’d lost my job.
He looks as if he knew the answer
He seems as if he hadn't slept for days
He seemed as if he hadn't slept for days.
She looks / behaves / sounds as if / as though she were the last
woman on earth.

Used to, be used to, get used to

1. Used to shows that: a particular thing always happened or was true in the
past. But it no longer happens or is no longer true now:

Examples: David used to live in Madrid. // She used to exercise every

morning, but since she had that terrible accident she doesn't exercise
anymore. // Why don't you come and see me like you used to?

2. .Be used to is used to say that something is normal, not unusual.

Examples: I'm used to living alone. // Don't worry, John is used to driving for long
hours. He has worked as a professional driver for 20 years.

3.Get used shows that something is in the process of becoming normal.

Examples: He doesn't like that small town, but he'll get used to it. // She found the
heels too high, but she got used to them. // I got used to living in Canada in spite of
the cold weather.

used to + base form Get used to + gerund

Get used to + noun
(verb+ing)
David used to live in I got used to the noise I got used to waking up
Madrid. I'm used to the cold early
I used to smoke heavily. weather I'm used to working late at
night