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CONVECTION

Convection is the vertical circulation that results from differences in density caused by differences in temperature. Hotter, less dense fluids rise while cooler, more dense fluids sink, transferring heat energy from one place to another. This process occurs across different scientific disciplines like geology, atmospheric science, and hydrology. It affects the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere components of the Earth system, and indirectly impacts the biosphere. Examples of natural convection include sea breezes and land breezes caused by uneven heating of land and ocean surfaces. Forced convection can also occur through the use of fans, pumps, etc. to induce fluid flow and heat transfer.

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11 views7 pages

CONVECTION

Convection is the vertical circulation that results from differences in density caused by differences in temperature. Hotter, less dense fluids rise while cooler, more dense fluids sink, transferring heat energy from one place to another. This process occurs across different scientific disciplines like geology, atmospheric science, and hydrology. It affects the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere components of the Earth system, and indirectly impacts the biosphere. Examples of natural convection include sea breezes and land breezes caused by uneven heating of land and ocean surfaces. Forced convection can also occur through the use of fans, pumps, etc. to induce fluid flow and heat transfer.

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alandrzga
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CONVECTION

Monday ,
2/1/2023
General Physics
By: Aland Rzgar
Supervisor: Mr. Tozhar
Introduction Some concepts and phenomena cross disciplinary
boundaries within the earth sciences, an example being the physical
process of convection. It is of equal relevance to scientists working in
the geologic, atmospheric, and hydrologic sciences, or the realms of
study concerned with the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere,
respectively. The only major component of the earth system not directly
affected by convection is the biosphere, but given the high degree of
interconnection between different subsystems, convection indirectly
affects the biosphere in the air, waters, and solid earth.
Convection can be defined as vertical circulation that results from
differences in density ultimately brought about by differences in
temperature, and it involves the transfer of heat through the motion of
hot fluid from one place to another. In the physical sciences, the term
fluid refers to any substance that flows and therefore has no definite
shape. This usually means liquids and gases, but in the earth sciences it
can refer even to slow-flowing solids. Over the great expanses of time
studied by earth scientists, the net flow of solids in certain
circumstances (for example, ice in glaciers) can be substantial.

History The effect of solid convection on the thermal evolution of


the Moon is explored for a variety of viscosities, radioactive
differentiation efficiencies and initial temperature profiles. Convective
heat flux in the models is calculated using an empirical relation derived
from the results of laboratory experiments and numerical solutions of
the Navier-Stokes equations. The method retains the spherically
symmetric approximation and, therefore, greatly facilitates numerical
calculations.
Results show that even though solid convection may determine the
thermal state of the lunar interior, it does not necessarily produce a
quasi-steady thermal balance between heat sources and surface loss. An
imbalance persists, due to the cooling and growth of the nonconvecting
lithosphere. The state of the lithosphere is sensitive to the efficiency of
heat source redistribution, while that of the convecting interior depends
primarily on rheology. Convecting models have viscosities of 1021–
1022 cm2s−1 in their interiors; the central temperature must be above
1100°C. Convection occurring within the first billion years after
formation could have led to mare flooding by magma produced in hot
zones of convection cells. However, it cannot be shown from model
calculations alone that solid convection must have dominated lunar
thermal history.
Objective
To experimentally determine the overall coefficient of heat transfer
(based on tube outside area) for the flow of heat through a condenser
tube wall in both free and forced convection, compare it to that obtained
from empirical correlations available in the literature, and estimate the
heat loss from the equipment from combined convection and radiation.

Convection Examples
As we have read previously, convection can either be forced or natural.
One of the most common examples of natural convection is the
phenomena of the sea and land breeze.
Sea breeze: This phenomenon occurs during the day. The sun heats
up both the sea surface and land. As the sea has a greater heating
capacity, it absorbs much of the sun’s energy but gets warmed up much
slower than the land. As a result, the temperature above the land rises
and heats the air in the atmosphere above it. Warm air is less dense, and
hence, it expands, creating a low-pressure area over the land near the
coast. Meanwhile, there is relatively high pressure over the sea. The
difference in air pressure causes the air to flow from sea to land. The
sudden gush of wind felt due to this is known as the sea breeze.
Land Breeze: This phenomenon occurs during the night when the
situation reverses. As the sun sets, the land and sea start cooling down.
The land quickly loses heat when compared to water due to the
differences in heat capacity. Consequently, the temperature of the sea is
relatively higher, which creates low air pressure there. This sets up a
flow of cool breeze offshore, known as the land breeze.

Calculation
Q(watt) Ts(K) Ts(K) hc
70 w 301 k 295 K ?
100 w 305 k 295 K ?
112w 310 k 295 K ?
Equation of convection: Q=hc∗A(Ts−Ta)
q 70
1. hc= ∆ T hc=
301−295
hc=11.66 w /m
2

q 100
2. hc= ∆ T hc=
30 5−295
hc=10 w/m
2
q 1 12
3. hc= ∆ T hc=
3 10−295
hc=7.46 w/m
2
Discussion
How does convection work? Convection works by areas of a
liquid or gas heating or cooling greater than their surroundings, causing
differences in temperature. These temperature differences then cause the
areas to move as the hotter, less dense areas rise, and the cooler, more
dense areas sink.
Often the areas of heating and cooling are fixed, and allow convective
cycles or currents to become established. For example, a saucepan of
water over a flame may develop convective currents as the water is
heated from below, rises to the surface, and cools. Once cooled enough,
the water then sinks back to the bottom of the saucepan where the cycle
is repeated, and the convective overturning continues.

How is convection different from conduction?


Convection is the movement of particles through a substance,
transporting their heat energy from hotter areas to cooler areas.
Conduction however, doesn’t necessarily involve particles moving.
Instead energy is passed from one particle to another upon contact,
transferring heat. As a result, conduction in liquids and gases is a much
slower process than convection, as particles are free to move and direct
contact is reduced. However, conduction is much more effective in
solids than convection, as the particles are densely packed, continuously
touching one another to allow an efficient transfer of heat. Additionally,
in solids particles fixed and unable to move, stopping the transfer of
energy via convection.

How does convection affect the weather?


Convection within the atmosphere can often be observed in our weather.
For example, as the sun heats the Earth’s surface, the air above it heats
up and rises. If conditions allow, this air can continue to rise, cooling as
it does so, forming Cumulus clouds. Stronger convection can result in
much larger clouds developing as the air rises higher before it is cooled,
sometimes producing Cumulonimbus clouds and even thunderstorms.
Why does convection occur? Convection is a vital process
which helps to redistribute energy away from hotter areas to cooler
areas of the Earth, aiding temperature circulation and reducing sharp
temperature differences. Without convection simple tasks such as
boiling water in a kettle would be much slower as only the water
directly in contact with the heat ring at the bottom of the kettle would be
able to be heated, with the water at the top staying cool.
Can convection be seen?
Convection is the rising motion of warmer areas of a liquid or gas, and
the sinking motion of cooler areas of liquid or gas, sometimes forming a
complete cycle. However, it is often difficult to see, particularly within
the air. Nevertheless, if convective clouds form during a sunny day, they
can often be observed growing in size and getting taller as more and
more air rises from the surface and condenses higher up into the cloud.

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