Physics activity file

Session (2023-24)

Submitted to: Submitted by:

MR. KARANVEER SINGH students name
Class-xii
Roll NO.
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ACTIVITY -1 Back Page
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ACTIVITY – 1
AIM :– To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (ON/OFF)
swtiches, a fuse and a power source.
APPARATUS :–
Tester, Three electric bulbs of 40W, 60 W and 100 W, Three bulb holders,
Three switches (ON/OFF), Red and black insulated flexible wires, Fuse wire
Tools, Main plug, Insulating tape.
THEORY / PRINCIPLE :- Household circuit fuctions on main supply of 220 V ac at 50 Hz
and current rating is 5A for domestic use for bulbs, fluorescent tubes, fans, etc. and 15 A for
heavy load appliances like refrigerator, air-conditioner, geyser, hot plates, etc.
Total power consumption P at any time, P = P1 + P2 + P3 + .......
where P1 , P2 and P3 are powers drawn by various appliances at a potential V, from
the mains, I = P/V
Here, P is in watt, V in volt and I in ampere. Electric fuse in a safety device which is
used to limit the current. It is a short piece of wire made up of a material of high resistivity and
of low melting point so that it may easily melt due to overheating, when excessive current
passes through the circuit. It is always connected in series with a supply source on phase
wire. Remember that in household circuits, all appliances are connected in
parallel while a switch is connected in series with each appliance on phase wire of
the supply line.
RESULT :– All the bulbs and switches work properly with controlled power supply.
PRECAUTIONS :–1. The connections should be tight.
2. The red lead should always act as the live wire and the fuse should be introduced
in this wire.
3. The switch should always be connected in the live wire.
4. All the joints should be properly insulated.
SOURCES OF ERROR :- 1. Personal error.
2. All the components must be checked before using.
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ACTIVITY -2 Back Page

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ACTIVITY – 2
AIM :– To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
APPARATUS :–
Galvanometer, Two resistance boxes, Two one-way keys, Battery of two primary cells
Ammeter, Voltmeter, Rheostat, Connecting wires.
THEORY / PRINCIPLE :- In an electrical circuit, an ammeter is always connected in series
and a voltmeter is always connected in parallel to the two points of a circuit across which
potential difference is to be measured. Two resistors may be joined in parallel or in series
combination in the circuit.
RESULT :– If the assembled circuit is working properly, then the given components have
been assembled correctly.
PRECAUTIONS :–1. The ends of the connecting wires should be cleaned properly with
sandpaper.
2. While connecting different electrical components, make tight connections.
3. In the circuit, always connect the ammeter in series and the voltmeter in parallel to
the resistor.
4. Ammeter and voltmeter should be connected such that the current enters at their
positive terminal and leaves from the negative terminal.
SOURCES OF ERROR :-1. Volt / ammeter may not be connected with correct polarity in
the circuit.
2. Ammeter may be connected in parallel.
3. Voltmeter may be connected in series.
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ACTIVITY -3 Back Page
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ACTIVITY – 3
AIM :– To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising of at least a battery, a
resistor, a rheostat, a key, an ammeter and a voltmeter. Mark the component
that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the
circuit diagram.
APPARATUS :–
Battery, Rheostat, Voltmeter, Ammeter, One-way key, Resistor, Connecting wire.
THEORY / PRINCIPLE / FORMULA :-
Electric circuit is a conducting path consisting of electric components connected
between the two terminal of a cell.
Circuit diagram is a diagram indicating the arrangement of various components in
an electric circuit with the help of their symbols.
Open circuit is a conducting path consisting of electric components connected
between the two terminal of a cell with a switch in OFF position. No current flows in open
circuit.
Closed circuit A circuit is said to be closed circuit if all the primary components in an
electric circuit are connected in proper order and current is drawn from the cell.
OBSERVATIONS:-1. Ammeter and voltmeter are not connected properly as clearly seen in
the circuit diagram.
2. When ammeter and voltmeter are connected in proper order they show reading
when circuit is closed.
RESULT :–1. Circuit diagram shown in Figure is not proper in which voltmeter and
ammeter are wrongly connected.
2. Circuit diagram shown in next Figure is proper and correct.
PRECAUTIONS :–1. All connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The insulated wires should be used for connections.
3. A given circuit should not be checked by inserting plug into the key. This may
damage any components of the circuit.
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ACTIVITY -4 Back Page
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ACTIVITY– 4
AIM :– To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from
a mixed collection of these items.
APPARATUS :– Collection of
A diode, LED, Transistor, IC, Resistor, Capacitor, Multimeter.
THEORY / PRINCIPLE :- For identification of items from a collection, we have to consider
both, their appearance and working.
1. A diode :—A diode is a semiconducting device which has two terminals. It con-
ducts only when it is forward biased and it does not conduct when reverse biased.
2. A light emitting diode (LED) :—It is a two terminals device, which gives out
light when electric current passes through it. A diode and a LED both allow the flow of current
in one direction only.
3. A Resistor :—It is also a two terminal device. It conducts direct current and alter-
nating current both. A resistor can conduct equally even when the terminals of battery con-
nected across it are reversed.
4. A Capacitor :—It is also a two terminal device but it does not allow direct current
(dc) to flow through its self. It stores some charge when dc voltage is applied. It conducts
alternating current.
5. A Transistor :—It is a three terminal device (emitter, base and collector). It has
three terminals and it may be identified by appearance only.
6. An IC (intergrated circuit) :—In integrated circuit many circuits are intergrated in
one chip. ICs are obtained by a complex procedure involving diffusion, oxidation, photolitho-
graphy, metallisation, etc. It is a multiterminal component. Most of IC packages have flat
back. The tips of its legs are thinner than the tops.
IC is the component which has a flat back, a large number of legs / terminals, made of
flat metal strips.
OBSERVATIONS / RESULTS :– All the items in the mixed collection have been identified
and the result may be summed up as in the table given below.
A. Identification of Components with the Help of Terminals

S.N. No. of terminals/legs Devices

1. More than three IC

2. Three Transistor
3. Two Diode, LED, resistor and capacitor
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B. Identification of Components with the Help of Current Flow

S.N. No. of terminals/legs (02) Devices

1. Unidirectional with no light emission Diode

2. Unidirectional with light emission LED
3. Current in both direction (steady) Resistor
4. No flow of direct current in any direction Capacitor

PRECAUTIONS :–1. Connections should be neat and tight.

2. Strong current should not be passed through the components.
3. Polarity should be reversed for identifying the items, e.g., diode, LED, etc.
4. Students must handle the multimeter carefully since it is very sensitive.
SOURCES OF ERROR :-1. Multimeter shows zero resistance on touching its metal leads.
If it does not show zero resistance, bring the pointer to zero using zero adjustment knob on
the multimeter. If zero adjustment is not done, the resistance measurement will not be true.
2. While checking resistance, if metal ends of multimeter leads are touched by
hands, body resistance in parallel with the component resistance affects the value of the
resistance.
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ACTIVITY -5 Back Page
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ACTIVITY– 5
AIM :– Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor, (ii) distinguish between
n-p-n and p-n-p type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in
case of a diode and an LED, (iv) check whether a given electronic component
(e.g., diode, transistor or IC) is in working order.
APPARATUS :–
Multimeter, n-p-n and p-n-p transistors, IC, Junction diode, LED.
THEORY / PRINCIPLE :-
Transistor :—It is a three terminal device which consists of two p-n junctions fused
back to back. a transistor is formed by sandwiching a thin layer of extrinesic semiconductor
(n-type or p-type) between the two comparatively thicker layers of the opposite type (p-type
or n-type) as shown in Figs. a and b.
Transistors are of two types :
(i) p-n-p- transistor
(ii) n-p-n transistor.
Middle thin layer is known as base (B) and the left and right layers are called emitter
(E) and collector (C) respectively.
For Identifications, we have the following :
1. Identification of the base of a transistor :—There are three terminals of a tran-
sistor say, a, b and c. If conduction of current takes place when multimeter is connected
between a and b as well as between b and c. Then common terminal b is the base of the
given transistor.
It may also be noticed that collector lead (or terminal) lies on the other side of the base
terminal and is far from the other two leads (emitter and base) which are situated close to
each other.
2. Identification of type of a transistor :—As in the above case, if the common
(base) terminal of transistor is connected to +ve terminal of the battery and conduction
takes place then transistor is of n-p-n type. On the other hand if conduction takes place
when the common (base) terminal of transistor is connected to –ve terminal then transistor is
of p-n-p type.
3. Conduction of a diode and an LED :—An LED and a diode, both conduct only
when they are connected in forward biased mode. There will be no flow of electric current if
they are connected in reverse biased mode.
IC is a multiterminal device with a flat back. Normally, it consists of minimum 8 legs.
4. Working order of given component :—In case of a diode and an LED, they will
allow current to pass through them in forward biased mode only.
A transistor conducts only when the base-emitter is forward biased and does not
conduct in reverse biased mode. If it allows the flow of current in both biasing or does not
allow the flow of current in both biasing then, it is damaged.
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ACTIVITY -5 Back Page
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PRECAUTIONS :–1. The multimeter should be set for appropriate range.
2. Students must handle the multimeter carefully since it is a very sensitive device.
3. First check the base of the transistor.
4. A suitable current should be allowed to pass through an electronic component
otherwise the component may be damaged.