Name: ___________________________________________

Student Number: ___________________________________________

ENME421: Materials 1 – Midterm 1

Multiple Choice
Please circle the correct answer in each of the following 10 questions. There is only one
correct answer per question and each question is worth one mark.

1. The fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its melting temperature of 327°C is
(assume an energy for vacancy formation of 0.55 eV/atom):
a) 2.41 × 10'(
b) 1.205 × 10'*
c) 4.82 × 10',
d) 2.41 × 10'*

2. A SCC (Simple Cubic Closed Packed) unit cell contains how many atoms?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 4
d) 6

3. The structure factor is important to X-ray diffraction measurements because:

a) it can be used to determine the polarization of the diffracted x-rays at the
detector of an XRD instrument.
b) it can directly be used to determine the diffraction angle when analyzing the XRD
data.
c) it allows us to visualize the symmetry of crystal systems, but nothing else.
d) it allows one to determine the allowed and forbidden diffraction planes to index
on the spectra.

4. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride (HCl)
(19.4°C versus -85°C) despite HF having a lower molecular weight. This difference is a result
of
a) the difference in the Coulombic attraction between the H+ and F-/Cl- in a single
molecule.
b) the strength of secondary bonds forming between molecules of HF versus HCl.
c) the stronger covalent bond between the H+ and F- versus the H+ and Cl-.
d) a dispersive interaction resulting in temporary dipoles forming in the acid
molecules.

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5. Bond hybridization is particularly important in carbon-based materials. In sp3 hybridized
bonds, the following mechanism occurs.
a) A hydrogen atom takes one of the paired electrons from the 2s orbital of the
carbon and the other two unpaired electrons are shared with two other
hydrogen atoms.
b) The four unpaired electrons in the 2s and 2p orbitals are shared with four
hydrogen atoms.
c) One electron from the 1s orbital is promoted to the vacant 2p orbital, all s and p
orbitals are made the same energy, and all form covalent bonds with hydrogen.
d) One electron from the 2s orbital is promoted to the vacant 2p orbital, all 2s and
2p orbitals are made the same energy, and all form covalent bonds with
hydrogen.

6. There are 4 types of bonds that exist between atoms. Of these four, which of them are
called “non-directional” bonds
a) Ionic bonds
b) Covalent bonds
c) van der Waals/Secondary bonds
d) Metallic bonds
e) Both a and d
f) Both b and c
g) All of the above

7. Only certain types of diffusion processes can be solved using Fick’s second law in ENME421.
Which of the following diffusion processes was discussed in class as an excellent example of
an application of Fick’s second law?
a) The amount of poison that can leach through a pair of protective gloves.
b) The diffusion of coloured dye dropped carefully in a glass of water.
c) The flow of atoms that occurs when two blocks of dissimilar metals are brought
into contact with each other.
d) Doping a semiconductor.

8. When indexing the peaks in an x-ray diffraction (XRD) experiment, they must be ordered in
increasing value of the following equation:
a) ℎ + 𝑘 + 𝑙.
b) ℎ1 + 𝑘 1 + 𝑙 1 .
c) 2𝑑 sin 𝜃.
d) 𝐸𝜖.

9. The area of the (100) plane in a FCC unit cell is?

a) 4√5𝑅1
b) (16/3)𝑅1
c) @16√2/3A𝑅1
d) 4𝑅1

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10. What is the difference between a low angle grain boundary and a high angle grain
boundary?
a) Low angle grain boundaries have lower surface energy than high angle grain
boundaries.
b) Low angle grain boundaries are often formed through twinning while high angle
grain boundaries are not.
c) Low angle grain boundaries are formed by dislocations accommodating the
lattice mismatch between the two grains, which is not a requirement in high
angle grain boundaries.
d) Low angle grain boundaries increase the yield strength of materials more than
high angle grain boundaries.
e) Both a and c.

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Short Answer
Please answer the following questions in your exam booklet.

11. (13 marks) Determine the indices for the following vectors/planes using the provided
coordinate system. You may move the origin of the coordinate system if you wish.
z z 3/4 z
(a) (b) (c)
2/3
1/2

(2)
(1)

y y y

(3)
x x x

z z z
(d) (e) (f )

c/2 (1)
(3)
a2 a2 a2

(2)
a3 a3 a3

a1 a1 a1

12. (10 marks) Consider an iron-carbon alloy that contains 0.2 wt% C, in which all the
carbon atoms reside in tetrahedral interstitial sites. Compute the fraction of these sites
that are occupied by carbon atoms. The figure below may be of use.

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 Name: ___________________________________________

Student Number: ___________________________________________

𝐹
𝜎‚ =
𝐴z
𝐸 = C 𝐹𝑑𝑟
𝑙z
1 𝜖 ‚ = 𝑙𝑛 v w
𝐴= (𝑍 𝑒)(𝑍1 𝑒) 𝑙s
4𝜋𝜖H J 𝜎‚ = 𝜎 (1 + 𝜖 )
1 𝜖 ‚ = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝜖 )
%𝐼𝐶 = P1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 T− (𝑋V − 𝑋W )1 XY × 100
4 𝜎‚ = 𝐾𝜖 ‚„
𝑛𝐴 2𝑃
𝜌= 𝐻𝐵 =
𝑉] 𝑁V 𝜋𝐷ˆ𝐷 − √𝐷1 − 𝑑 1 ‰
NA = 6.022×1023 𝐻𝑉 = 1.854𝑃𝑑 1
1
𝑢 = (2𝑈 − 𝑉 ) z erf(z) z erf(z)
3 0 0 0.55 0.5633
1
𝑣 = (2𝑉 − 𝑈) 0.025 0.0282 0.60 0.6039
3
𝑡 = −(𝑢 + 𝑣) 0.05 0.0564 0.65 0.6420
𝑤=𝑊 0.10 0.1125 0.70 0.6778
𝑖 = −(ℎ + 𝑘) 0.15 0.1680 0.75 0.7112
𝑛𝜆 = 2𝑑ghi sin 𝜃 0.20 0.2227 0.80 0.7421
𝑎 0.25 0.2763 0.85 0.7707
𝑑ghi =
√ℎ1 + 𝑘 1 + 𝑙 1 0.30 0.3286 0.90 0.7970
𝑄k 0.35 0.3794 0.95 0.8209
𝑁k = 𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑝 T− X
𝑘𝑇 0.40 0.4284 1.0 0.8427
k=8.62×10-5 eV/atom K = 1.38×10-23 0.45 0.4755 1.1 0.8802
J/atom K 0.50 0.5205 1.2 0.9103
𝑀 z erf(z)
𝐽=
𝐴𝑡 1.3 0.9340
𝑑𝐶
𝐽 = −𝐷 1.4 0.9523
𝑑𝑥 1.5 0.9661
𝜕𝐶 𝜕1𝐶
=𝐷 1 1.6 0.9763
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 1.7 0.9838
𝐶r − 𝐶s 𝑥
= 1 − 𝑒𝑟𝑓 v w 1.8 0.9891
𝐶t − 𝐶s 2√𝐷𝑡
𝑄x 1.9 0.9928
𝐷 = 𝐷s 𝑒𝑥𝑝 T− X 2.0 0.9953
𝑅𝑇
R=8.314 J/mol K 2.2 0.9981
𝐹 2.4 0.9993
𝜎= 2.6 0.9998
𝐴s
𝑙z − 𝑙s Δ𝑙 2.8 0.9999
𝜖= =
𝑙s 𝑙s
𝐹
𝜏=
𝐴s
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾
𝐸 = 2𝐺[1 + 𝜈]

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