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Lecture 4

Balanced Failure Both concrete and steel reach their capacity simultaneously. This is the ideal failure mode.

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scpn5nnspr
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13 views

Lecture 4

Balanced Failure Both concrete and steel reach their capacity simultaneously. This is the ideal failure mode.

Uploaded by

scpn5nnspr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RC

Reinforced Concrete

Flexure
Lecture 4.
Lecture Goals

Basic Concepts
Rectangular Beams
n
Modular ration ( )
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆
𝑨𝒔 𝑨𝒄

𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 under 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞


ε𝒔 = ε 𝒄 𝑭𝒔 = 𝑭𝒄
𝐴𝑠 ∗ σ𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐 ∗ σ𝑐
𝐴𝑠 ∗ ε𝑠 ∗ 𝐸𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐 ∗ ε𝑐 ∗ 𝐸𝑐
E 𝐄𝐬
As = 𝐀𝐜 = n As 𝐧=
E 𝐄𝐜
Design Stages
Flexural Test
Flexural (bending) Test
Flexural Stress
The beam is a structural
member used to support
the internal moments and
shears. It would be
called a beam-column if
a compressive force
existed.
C=T
M = C*(jd)
= T*(jd)
Flexural Stress
The stress in the block
is defined as:
M*y) / I
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 1: No external
loads self weight.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 2: the external
load P cause the bottom
fibers to equal to
modulus of rupture of
the concrete. Entire
concrete section was
effective, steel bar at
tension side has same
strain as surrounding
concrete.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 3: The tensile
strength of the concrete
exceeds the rupture fr and
cracks develop. The
neutral axis shifts upward
and cracks extend to
neutral axis. Concrete
loses tensile strength and
steel starts working
effectively and resists the
entire tensile load.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.

Stage 4: The
reinforcement yields.
Stage 5: Failure of the
beam.
Design stages 1-3-5
The three stages of
the beam.
Stage 1: No external
loads acting on the
beam.
Stage 3: Service
loading on the beam.
Stage 5: Beam
failure.
Flexural Stress
The moment-curvature
diagram show the five
stages of the beam. The
plot is of the curvature
angle,  , verse the
moment.
= ( / y) = [ / E ] / y
= [(My / I) / E] / y
= M / ( E I )
Flexural Stress
The beam fails first in shear and the second beam fails
in bending moment.
Flexural Stress
The flexural strain and stress distribution of beam from a
test beam.
Stage 1
Elastic - Uncracked
Example-Definitions
Ec – Modulus of Elasticity - concrete
Es – Modulus of Elasticity - steel
As – Area of steel
d – distance to steel
b – width
Es
t – height n
Ec
σ𝒄

Z
≣
t or h

𝑪. 𝑮
d

𝒏 − 𝟏 𝑨𝑠t

b ∗ ∗ ∗
σ𝑠 Z=
∗
σ𝑡 < 𝒇𝑐𝑡 σ𝑡𝑠
∗
I= + 𝑏 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ (𝑍 − ) +(n-1)𝐴 *(𝑑 − 𝑍)
Uncracked . stage 1
Stresses
Calculations σ= y
σ = (t-z) < 𝒇𝒄𝒕
σ = (d-z) σ =𝑛∗σ

σ =− (z)
σ𝒄 ε𝒄
Z
𝑪. 𝑮
σ𝑡𝑠 ε𝑠
σ𝑡 ε𝑡
Stresses Strains
σ𝒄 ε𝒄
t/2

𝑪. 𝑮

Rft can be Stresses


Strains
Ignored σ𝑡 ε𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 1 ? ?
σ𝑡 = 𝒇𝑐𝑡

t
𝑓 = *
b

𝐌𝐜𝐫 ∶ 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡


𝐼𝑓 𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 Its Mcr , it means that
cracks already initiated and Rft is
needed in tension zone

Ast min

t
Minimum amount (Area)of
Reinforcement steel in
tension side…. b
To resist Mcr in other stages
Stage 3
Cracked-
Linear stress distribution
𝐟c𝐭 = 𝐙𝐞𝐫𝐨
Z
≣ 𝑵. 𝑨
d
t

n𝑨𝑠t
b
𝑏 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ =n𝐴 *(d-z) …. Z
∗
𝐼 = +n𝐴 *(𝑑 − 𝑍)

cracked . stage 3
σ𝒄 ε𝒄
Z
𝑵. 𝑨

σ𝑡𝑠 ε𝑠
ε𝑡
Stresses Strains
σ = z
< 𝒇𝑐
σ =𝑛∗σ
σ = (d-z) < 𝒇s
cracked . stage 3
Example (H.W)
For the following example find centroid and moment
of inertia for an uncracked and cracked section and
compare the results.

Es = 200 GPa
Ec = 25 GPa
d = 40 cm. b = 20 cm. h (t) = 45 cm.
Use 3D16 bars for the steel.
Stage 5
Cracked-nonlinear
𝐟ctr = 𝐙𝐞𝐫𝐨
Ultimate
State at failure
Flexural Stress
Basic Assumptions in Flexure Theory
Plane sections remain plane ( not true
for deep beams h > 4b)
The strain in the reinforcement is equal
to the strain in the concrete at the
same level, i.e. s = c at same level.
Stress in concrete & reinforcement may
be calculated from the strains using 
curves for concrete & steel.
Flexural Stress
Additional Assumptions for design (for simplification)

Tensile strength of concrete is neglected for


calculation of flexural strength.
Concrete is assumed to fail in compression,
when c (concrete strain) = cu (limit state) =
0.003
Compressive relationship for concrete
may be assumed to be any shape that results
in an acceptable prediction of strength.
Flexural Stress
The concrete may exceed the c at the outside edge
of the compressive zone.
What shall be the failure mode
if less Rft is
added in Tension side ????

Under Reinforced Section


What shall be the failure mode
if more and more Rft is
added in Tension side ????

Over Reinforced Section


So what is
the Perfect Failure Mode
???
Compression Tension
zone zone
Concrete Steel
Crushing Yielding
First First

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