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Torsion

This chapter discusses torsion and torsional loads on circular shafts. It defines torsion as twisting of a shaft by a torque or twisting moment. The key points covered include: - Torsional loads cause shear stresses and twisting/angular deformation in shafts. - The shear stress distribution in a circular shaft under torsion is uniform across any cross-section and the angular twist is calculated using torque and shaft properties. - Combined stresses from axial loads and torsional loads are considered using failure criteria like Mises and maximum shear stress. - Examples of stress analysis in shafts under various loading conditions are presented.

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29 views50 pages

Torsion

This chapter discusses torsion and torsional loads on circular shafts. It defines torsion as twisting of a shaft by a torque or twisting moment. The key points covered include: - Torsional loads cause shear stresses and twisting/angular deformation in shafts. - The shear stress distribution in a circular shaft under torsion is uniform across any cross-section and the angular twist is calculated using torque and shaft properties. - Combined stresses from axial loads and torsional loads are considered using failure criteria like Mises and maximum shear stress. - Examples of stress analysis in shafts under various loading conditions are presented.

Uploaded by

NerdCell 1stID
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 6

TORSION
TORSION
Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts
• Interested in stresses and strains of
circular shafts subjected to twisting
couples or torques

• Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft

• Shaft transmits the torque to the


generator
• Generator creates an equal and opposite
torque T’

In the transmission of power by a shaft in torsion, we are interested primarily in the twisting moment
which can be transmitted by the shaft without damage to the material, and hence we wish to know what
the stresses are in the shaft.
Geometry of deformation of a twisted
circular shaft
 Use of cylindrical coordinates r, Ɵ, z

Equilibrium requires that each cross


section of the shaft must transmit the
twisting moment Mt .
 When a circular shaft is twisted, the cross sections must remain
plane
 Each plane cross section originally normal to the axis remains plane
and normal and does not distort within its own plane.
Dilational deformation
𝐸0 𝐸1
𝛾𝜃𝑍 = lim
∆𝑍→0 𝐻1 𝐸0
𝑟∆∅
𝛾𝜃𝑍 = lim
∆𝑍→0 ∆𝑍
Stresses obtained from stress strain
relations
Equilibrium requirements
Stress and deformation in a twisted
elastic circular shaft
From

------ (A)

and
From Equation2

The total angle of twist between the ends is calculated by integrating eq 4

Substituting eq.4 in eq. A we get


𝑀𝑡 𝜏 𝐺∅
 = =
𝐼𝑃 𝑟 𝐿
𝜋𝑑 4
 𝐼𝑃 = -for solid shaft
32
𝜋(𝑑0 4 −𝑑𝑖 4 )
 𝐼𝑃 = -for hollow shaft
32
A solid steel bar of circular cross-section has diameter d=40mm, length L=1.3m, and G=80GPa.
a) if T=340Nm, what is the max shear stress in the bar? What is the angle of twist between the
ends.
b) if the allowable shear stress is 42MPa and the allowable angle of twist is 2.50, what is the
maximum permissible torque?
 Dia = 25 mm; aluminum alloy shaft.
 Find the angle through which O rotates.
 G = 26.5 GN/m2
 Ends A and C are built in
Stress analysis in torsion: Combined
Stresses
Stress analysis in torsion: Combined
Stresses

 A uniform, homogeneous circular shaft is


subjected to an axial tensile force P and a
twisting moment Mt.
Strain energy due to torsion
M t2
U  dz
L
2GI z

◦ Mises yield criterion

2  1   2    2   3    3   1 
1  2 2 2
 Y
 
◦ Maximum shear-stress criterion
 max   min Y
 max  
2 2
Problem
b

d = 77.8mm
Problem
Angle of twist in the elastic range

 Angle of twist is equal to


 Angle of twist is equal to the angle
the angle of rotation of the
through which one end of the shaft
free end
rotates with respect to the other
 Find ΦE
Problems SOLUTION:
• Apply a static equilibrium analysis on the
two shafts to find a relationship between TCD
and T0

• Apply a kinematic analysis to relate the


angular rotations of the gears

• Find the maximum allowable torque on each


shaft – choose the smallest

• Find the corresponding angle of twist for


each shaft and the net angular rotation of end
A
SOLUTION:
• Apply a static equilibrium analysis on the
two shafts to find a relationship between
TCD and T0
• Apply a kinematic analysis to relate the
angular rotations of the gears
• Find the T0 for the maximum
allowable torque on each shaft –
choose the smallest

T0  561lb  in
• Find the corresponding angle of twist for each shaft and the net angular rotation of end A
The 38 mm diameter shaft AB is made of a grade of steel for which the yield strength is Y =
250 MPa. Using the maximum shearing stress criterion (MSS), determine the magnitude of
torque T for which yield occurs when P = 240 kN

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