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Report On Decorators and Generators in Python

This document discusses decorators and generators in Python. Decorators allow modifying functions and classes without changing their code, and are used for tasks like logging and authentication. Generators create iterable sequences efficiently without storing all values in memory, and are useful for large datasets. Both features simplify code, improve readability and optimize resource usage. Common applications include routing handlers in web frameworks, processing large files line-by-line, and optimizing memory usage in data science tasks.

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2K views

Report On Decorators and Generators in Python

This document discusses decorators and generators in Python. Decorators allow modifying functions and classes without changing their code, and are used for tasks like logging and authentication. Generators create iterable sequences efficiently without storing all values in memory, and are useful for large datasets. Both features simplify code, improve readability and optimize resource usage. Common applications include routing handlers in web frameworks, processing large files line-by-line, and optimizing memory usage in data science tasks.

Uploaded by

techmentorprotmp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Report on Decorators and Generators in Python

Abstract

Python is a versatile and powerful programming language


known for its simplicity and readability. Two essential features
that enhance Python's functionality are decorators and
generators. Decorators provide a convenient way to modify or
enhance the behavior of functions or methods, while
generators enable the creation of iterable sequences
efficiently. This report explores the concepts, implementation,
and applications of decorators and generators in Python,
showcasing their significance in simplifying code, improving
code structure, and optimizing resource usage.
Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Decorators in Python
2.1. Function Decorators
2.2. Class Decorators
2.3. Decorator Syntax
2.4. Common Use Cases
3. Generators in Python
3.1. What are Generators?
3.2. Generator Functions
3.3. Generator Expressions
3.4. Advantages of Generators
4. Applications of Decorators and Generators
4.1. Decorators in Web Frameworks
4.2. Generators for Large Data Processing
4.3. Memory Optimization
5. Conclusion
6. References
1. Introduction

Python, a high-level, interpreted programming language, offers a


wide range of features that make it a favorite among developers.
Two such features that contribute significantly to Python's
flexibility and efficiency are decorators and generators. These
features simplify code, enhance readability, and optimize resource
usage. In this report, we will delve into the details of both
decorators and generators, exploring their use cases and
advantages.

2. Decorators in Python

Decorators are a powerful tool in Python for modifying or


enhancing the behavior of functions or methods without changing
their source code. They are often used for tasks like logging,
authentication, and performance monitoring. Python supports two
types of decorators: function decorators and class decorators.
2.1. Function Decorators

Function decorators are the most commonly used decorators in


Python. They are applied to functions using the "@" symbol
followed by the decorator name. Here's a simple example:
@my_decorator

class MyClass:

# Class code here

2.2. Class Decorators

Class decorators, while less common, are used to modify the


behavior of classes. They can be applied to class definitions in a
similar manner to function decorators.
@my_decorator
class MyClass:

# Class code here

2.3. Decorator Syntax

To create a decorator, you define a function that takes another


function as an argument and returns a new function that usually
extends or modifies the behavior of the original function. Here's
an example of a simple decorator:

def my_decorator(func):

def wrapper():

print("Something is happening before the function is called.")

func()

print("Something is happening after the function is called.")

return wrapper

@my_decorator

def say_hello():

print("Hello!")

say_hello()

2.4. Common Use Cases

Decorators find applications in various scenarios, including:

Logging: To log function calls, parameters, and return values.


Authorization: To check if a user has the necessary
permissions to access a resource.
Caching: To cache the results of expensive function calls.
Timing: To measure the execution time of functions.
Validation: To validate input parameters before executing a
function.

3. Generators in Python

Generators are a mechanism for creating iterable sequences in


Python. They are particularly useful when dealing with large
datasets or when you want to generate values on-the-fly without
storing them in memory. Python supports two types of generators:
generator functions and generator expressions.
3.1. What are Generators?

A generator is a special type of iterator, defined using a function


or an expression, that generates values one at a time as you
iterate over it. Unlike lists, which store all values in memory,
generators produce values on demand, making them memory-
efficient.
3.2. Generator Functions

Generator functions are defined like regular functions but use the
‘yield’ keyword to yield values one at a time. Here's a simple
generator function that generates a sequence of numbers:
def number_sequence(n):

for i in range(n):

yield i

# Using the generator function

seq = number_sequence(5)

for num in seq:

print(num)

3.3. Generator Expressions


Generator expressions are a concise way to create generators.
They have a syntax similar to list comprehensions but use
parentheses instead of square brackets:
gen = (x * 2 for x in range(5))

# Using the generator expression

for val in gen:

print(val)

3.4. Advantages of Generators

Generator expressions are a concise way to create generators.


They have a syntax similar to list comprehensions but use
parentheses instead of square brackets:

Generators offer several advantages:

Memory Efficiency: Generators produce values on-the-fly, so


they don't store the entire sequence in memory.
Lazy Evaluation: Values are generated only when needed,
reducing unnecessary computations.
Infinite Sequences: Generators can represent infinite sequences
efficiently.
Improved Performance: They can be significantly faster for
large datasets.

4. Applications of Decorators and Generators


4.1. Decorators in Web Frameworks

Web frameworks like Flask and Django extensively use decorators


for routing, authentication, and authorization. For example, a route
handler in Flask can be decorated to specify the URL route it
should respond to.
@app.route('/hello')

def hello():

return 'Hello, World!'

4.2. Generators for Large Data Processing

Generators are invaluable when working with large datasets or


files. Reading and processing data line by line from a large file
using a generator can prevent memory overflow.
def read_large_file(file_path):

with open(file_path, 'r') as file:

for line in file:

yield line

for line in read_large_file('large_data.txt'):

process_line(line)

4.3. Memory Optimization

Generators help optimize memory usage in scenarios where


creating a list of values would be impractical due to size
constraints. This is particularly important in data science and
data analysis tasks.

5. Conclusion

Decorators and generators are two advanced features in Python


that greatly enhance the language's capabilities. Decorators allow
for the dynamic modification of functions and classes, making
code more modular and reusable. On the other hand, generators
provide a memory-efficient way to work with iterable sequences,
particularly useful when dealing with large datasets.
Understanding these features and their applications can
significantly improve code quality and performance in Python
projects. By using decorators and generators effectively,
developers can write more efficient, readable, and maintainable
code.

6. References

Python Official Documentation: https://docs.python.org/


Python Decorators: A Step-By-Step Introduction:
https://realpython.com/primer-on-python-decorators/
Python Generators: How to Use and When to Use:
https://realpython.com/introduction-to-python-generators/
Flask Web Framework: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/
Django Web Framework: https://www.djangoproject.com/

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