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Java Class 12 Notes

17/07/2022 by CBSEskilleducation

Teachers and Examiners (CBSESkillEduction) collaborated to create the Java Class 12 Notes. All
the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Information Technology (802) class
12. November 2023
April 2023

Contents [ show ] March 2023

February 2023
January 2023
Java Class 12 Notes
December 2022
Java Programming Class 12 November 2022

Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language. Java Interpreter java program to October 2022
Java Bytecode. This method has the advantage that once a Java programme has been converted to bytecode, September 2022
it can be executed on any platform (such as Windows, Linux, or Mac), provided the platform is running the
August 2022 July
JVM. Because of this, Java programmes are extremely portable and cross-platform.
2022

Variables and Datatypes in Java June 2022

May 2022
April 2022

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 March 2022 February
2022

Algorithm Flowchart

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What is Variable?
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Variables will be used to store the program’s data. A variable is a placeholder for information whose value Artificial Intelligence Class 12
may change as a result of a program’s execution. In a computer, a variable is the name of a memory region
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that stores data. All data variables in Java have to be declared and initialized before they are used.
Academic
What is Datatype? CBSE Academic Electives

When declaring variables, we have to specify the data type of information that the member will hold – CBSE Class 9 Science CBSE
integer, fractional, alphanumeric, and so on. The type of a variable tells the compiler, how much memory to NCERT Books PDF
reserve when storing a variable of that type.
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Java Datatype is divided into two types – 9 Social Science Competitive

Exams Computer Science
Primitive data types – includes byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean and char. Non-
Class 11 Computer Science
primitive data types – such as String, Arrays and Classes.
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Primitive data types class 10
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A reserved term is used to identify a primitive type, which is predefined by the language. The Java
programming language’s support eight primitive data types. Employability Skills Class 10 MCQ
Online Test

Data Type Type of values Size Employability Skills Class 10 Notes

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 Employability Skills Class 10
byte Integer 8-bit
Question Answers
short Integer 16-bit
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int Integer 32-bit Employability Skills Class 11 MCQ

long Integer 64-bit Employability Skills Class 11 Notes

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float Floating Point 32-bit
Questions and Answers
double Floating Point 64-bit Employability Skills Class 12 Employability

char Character 16-bit Skills Class 9 Employability Skills Class 9

MCQ Employability Skills Class 9 Notes
boolean True or False 1-bit
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Test
Datatype in Java
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Java Variables Naming rules
Questions and Answers
Variable names can begin with either an alphabetic character, an underscore (_), or a dollar sign ($). Indian AI
Variable names must be one word. Spaces are not allowed in variable names. Underscores
Information Technology Class 10
are allowed. “total_marks” is fine but “total marks” is not.
There are some reserved words in Java that cannot be used as variable names, for example – int. Information Technology Class 11
Java is a case-sensitive language. Variable names written in capital letters differ from Information Technology Class 12
variable names with the same spelling but written in small letters.
Information Technology Class 9
It is good practice to make variable names meaningful. The name should indicate the use of that
variable. JEE Exam
You can define multiple variables of the same type in one statement by separating each with Music in India
a comma.
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Physical Education
String Variable

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 String variables, also known as alphanumeric variables or character variables, treat their values as text. As a UPSC Short Notes
result, string variables may have values that are made up of letters, numbers, or symbols.
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Example – Application Class 12

String first_name = “Mayank”; String

last_name = “Saxena”;

Operators

In a programming language, operators are special symbols that carry out certain operations.

Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Assignment Operators
Logical Operators

Athematic Operator

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 Relational Operators

Assignment Operators
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 Logical Operator

Selection Structures

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 In real life, you often select your actions based on whether a condition is true or false. Similarly in a
program, you may want to execute a part of the program based on the value of an expression. Java provides
two statements –

If else Statement
Switch Statement

The if Else Statement

The if else statement in Java lets us execute a block of code depending upon whether an expression
evaluates to true or false. The structure of the Java if statement is as below –

Syntax –

if (expression) {
statements
}
else
{ }

Question > Write a Java program to check weather age is grater then 20 not?

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 The Switch Statement

The switch statement is used to execute a block of code matching one value out of many possible values.
The structure of the Java switch statement is as follows –

Syntax –

switch (expression) { case

1:
System.out.println(“Case 1”);

case 2:
System.out.println(“Case 2”);

case 3:
System.out.println(“Case 3”);

default:
System.out.println(“Default case”);
}
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 Question > Java programme to display a Switch statement example.

public class Example {

public static void main(String[] args) { int
number=30;
switch(number){
case 10:
System.out.println(“10”);
break;
case 20:
System.out.println(“20”);
break;
case 30:
System.out.println(“30”);
break;
default:
System.out.println(“Not in 10, 20 or 30”);
}
}
}

Repetition Structures
In real life you often do something repeatedly, for example, consider a task such as reading a book, first you
open the book, and then repeatedly – read a page; flip the page – until you get to the end of the book, then
close the book.

Difference between Entry control loop and Exit control loop

Entry Control Loop Exit Control Loop

In entry control loop condition is checked In exit control loop condition is checked last

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 first

If the condition is false, loop body will not If the condition is false, loop body will execute at least
execute once

Example of entry control loop – For & While

Example of exit control loop – Do-while

Difference between Entry control loop and Exit control loop

The While Statement

The while statement evaluates the test before executing the body of a loop. The structure of the Java while
statement is as shown –

Syntax –

while (expression)
{
statements
}

Question > Write a Java program to print the number from 1 to 5 using while statement. public class

WhileDemo {
public static void main (String[ ] args)
{ int number = 1;
while (number <= 5) {
System.out.print (“number);
number++;
}}}

The Do While Statement

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 The do while statement evaluates the test after executing the body of a loop. The structure of the Java do
while statement is as shown –

Syntax –

do
{
statements
} while (expression);

Question > Write a Java program to print the number from 1 to 5 using do-while statement. public

class DowhileDemo {
public static void main (String[ ] args)
{ int number = 1;
do {
System.out.print (“number);
number++;
} while (number <= 5);

}}

The for Statement

The for loop is the most widely used Java loop construct. The structure of the Java for statement is as below:

Syntax –

for (counter=initial_value; test_condition;change counter)

{
statements
}

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 Question > Write a Java program to print the number from 1 to 5 using for statement.

public class WhileDemo {

public static void main (String[ ] args)
{ int number;
for (number=1; number <= 5; number++)
{ System.out.print (“number);
}}}

Arrays in Java
Arrays are variables that can hold more than one value, they can hold a list of values of the same type.

For example,

Normal Variable Declaration

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 Array Variable Declaration

User Defined Methods

A method in Java is a block of statements grouped together to perform a specific task. A method has a
name, a return type, an optional list of parameters, and a body. The structure of a Java method is as below –

Syntax –

return_type method_name(list of parameters separated by commas)

{
statements return
statement
}

Example – Let us write a method that given the length and breadth of a rectangle as
parameters returns the area of the rectangle.

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 static double rectangle_area (double length, double breadth)
{
return (length * breadth);
}

Object Oriented Programming

A computer programming paradigm known as object-oriented programming (OOP) arranges the architecture
of software around data or objects rather than functions and logic. An object is a data field with particular
characteristics and behaviour.

What is Class?

A class is a collection of objects with similar characteristics. It serves as a model or blueprint from which
things can be made. It makes sense as a whole. It cannot be bodily.

A class in Java can contain:

Fields
Methods
Constructors
Blocks
Nested class and interface

Syntax to declare a class:

class <class_name>{
field;
method;
}

What is Object?

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 An object is an entity with state and behaviour, such as a chair, bike, marker, pen, table, or car. It could be
intellectual or physical (tangible and intangible). The banking system is an illustration of an intangible entity.

Object Definitions:

An object is a real-world entity.

An object is a runtime entity.
The object is an entity which has state and behavior.
The object is an instance of a class.

Constructors

A special method member called the constructor method is used to initialize the data members of the class
(or any other initialization is to be done at time of object creation).
The constructor has the same name as the class, has no return type, and may or may not have a
parameter list. Whenever a new object of a class is created, the constructor of the class is invoked
automatically. We do not call the constructor explicitly.

Access Modifiers

In object-oriented languages, the accessibility of classes, methods, and other members is controlled through
the use of access modifiers . Access modifiers are a particular type of syntax used in programming
languages that make it easier to encapsulate components.

Public, protected, default, and private are the four types of access modifiers in Java.

Getter and Setter Methods

A class’s private data members cannot be accessed from outside the class, but you can grant getter and setter
methods controlled access to data members outside the class. The value of a data member is returned by a
getter method.

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 For example we could define a getter method in the Bookclass for the price data member as given below –

double getPrice ( )
{ return price;
}

Java Libraries

A Java library is nothing more than a selection of already created classes. You can use those classes in your
code when you download them and inform your computer about them.

Java Standard Library

Without String, Enum, Double, etc., we cannot write any Java programme. Everything we need to
write Java code is available to us through the lang library.
Because util class contains the definitions of all data structures and collections, it is necessary in
order to use data structures and collections in Java.
We require the io library in order to deal with pipes and read data from files. It enables Java
programmers to use files in their programmes.

Data Input

The data input helps to take input from the user, this input are by default string. There are three ways to read
user input into a Java programme in a command-line environment: Java BufferedReader Class, Java Scanner
Class, and Console Class.

Note – In class 12, Only Java Scanner input is given.

Syntax for taking input from the user –

Scanner user_input = new Scanner(System.in);

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 Question > Write a program to accept name from user and print them in the console.

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Datainput {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner user_input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Enter Your Name”);
String name = user_input.next();
System.out.println(“Your name is : ” + name);
}}

Array Manipulation

The elements of an array can be any combination of integers, floating numbers, or complex numbers, and
they all share the same underlying data type. Array manipulation helps to manipulate the data using
predefine function, from example “binarySearch()”.

We can search for a specific element in an array using the binarySearch() function of the Arrays class. The
array to be searched and the key element to be searched are the parameters required. The method returns the
array’s index, which is the location of the key. The binarySearch method gives a negative value if the key
cannot be found in the array.

Example –

double[] marks = {103, 144, 256.5, 346, 387.5};

int key = 346;
int index = Arrays.binarySearch(marks,key);

String Manipulation

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 Exception Handling
Runtime issues such as ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException, RemoteException, etc. can
be handled through the Java Exception Handling mechanism. An exception is a disruptive occurrence that
takes place at run time, or during the execution of a programme, which interrupts the regular flow of the
program’s instructions.

Java provides the following keywords to handle an exception:

try – A try block surrounds the part of the code that can generate exception(s).
catch – The catch blocks follow a try block. A catch block contains the exception handler – specific code
that is executed when the exception occurs. Multiple catch blocks following a try block can handle different
types of exceptions.

Threads

A multithreaded programme can execute numerous tasks simultaneously for the best possible resource
utilisation on the computer. A multithreaded programme is made up of two or more threads, each of which is
capable of carrying out a particular task independently and concurrently.

In Java, threads can be created in two ways

1. By extending the Thread class
2. By implementing the Runnable interface

Wrapper Classes

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 Java’s primitive datatypes, including int, float, and others, are typically supplied by value rather than via
reference. Primitive datatypes may occasionally need to be passed by reference. When that happens, you can
use the Java wrapper classes.
These classes encapsulate the primitive datatype in an object. For instance, an int variable is held by the
Integer wrapper class.

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Employability Skills Class 12 MCQ

Communication Skills Class 12 MCQ

Self Management Skills Class 12
MCQ ICT Skills Class 12 MCQ
Entrepreneurship Class 12 MCQ
Green Skills Class 12 MCQ

Employability Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers

Communication Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers

Self Management Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers
ICT Skills Class 12 Notes Questions and Answers
Entrepreneurship Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers
Green Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers

Information Technology Class 12 802 Notes

Database Concepts Class 12 Notes

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 Operating Web Class 12 Notes
Java Class 12 Notes

Information Technology Class 12 802 MCQ

Database Concepts Class 12 MCQ

Operating Web Class 12 MCQ
Fundamentals of Java Class 12 MCQ

Information Technology Class 12 802 Questions and Answers

Database Concepts Class 12 Important Questions

Operating Web Class 12 Questions and Answers
Fundamentals of Java Programming Class 12 Questions and Answers

CBSE Skill Education, Information Technology Class 12

Operating Web Class 12 Notes
Database Concepts Class 12 MCQ

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