SSUET/QR/112

Laboratory Manual

Applied Physics (MS – 111L)

1st Semester, Fall 2023

Student Name: ______________________________

Roll No : 2023F-BCS- Section: _____

BS in Computer Science
Department of Computer Science & Information Technology
Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
University Road Karachi - 75300
http://www.ssuet.edu.pk
 SSUET/QR/113
Course Learning Outcome(s):
CLO Bloom’s
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) PLOs
No. Taxonomy
Follow the instructions to perform the PLO-1 P3
1 experiments in order to verify the laws of (Engineering Knowledge) (Guided
Physics. Response)
PLO_9 P4
Construct a project using basic knowledge of
2 (Individual and Team (Mechanism basic
physics.
Work) proficiency)
Communicate the knowledge related to PLO_10 A2
3
performed experiments and designed projects. (Communication) (Responding)

Department of Computer Science & Information Technology

 Laboratory Experiments
Lab
Topics Remarks Signature
No.

1 The moment of inertia of a flywheel.

viscosity of glycerin.by Stokes method

2

Young’s modulus of a metal (steel) bar

3 by bending method.
viscosity of water. By Poisselleous
4 method

value of unknown resistances by neon

5 flash bulb

6 LRC acceptor circuit

7 LRC rejector circuit

8 PN diode biasing

9 Zener diode biasing

10 P-N-P Transistor Characteristics curve

11 JFET Characteristics curve

Acceleration due to gravity “g” by

12 using Compound pendulum
13 Inverse square law, using Photocell

14 SUBJECT PROJECT

Department of Computer Science & Information Technology

 Laboratory Rubrics
Exceeds Meets
Developing Unsatisfactory
Criteria Expectations Expectations
(50%-69%) (<50%)
(>=90%) (70%-89%)
Able to use
Able to use Able to use
Hardware with its
Hardware Hardware with its Hardware with
standard and Unable to use
Handling standard and its standard
advanced features the Hardware
(2) advanced features features with
with minimal
without assistance assistance
assistance
Able to achieve all
Able to achieve
the desired results Unable to
Results Able to achieve all most of the
with alternate achieve the
(2) the desired results desired results
ways to improve desired results
with errors
measurements
Laboratory
manual has
Laboratory several
Laboratory manual -Laboratory
manual has no grammatical/
has very few manual has
grammatical and/ spelling errors
grammatical/ multiple
Lab or spelling errors. and sentence
spelling errors. grammatical/
Report All sections of the construction is
All sections of the spelling errors.
(1) report are very poor.
report are Few sections of
well written and -All sections of
technically the report contain
technically the report
accurate. technical error s.
accurate. contain
multiple
technical errors.

1
 Laboratory Report Score
Lab# Criteria Score
1. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
2. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
3. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1

4. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report

( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
5. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
6. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
7. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
8. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
9. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
10. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1

11. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report

( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
12. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
13. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1
14. Hardware Handling Results Lab Report
( )/2 ( )/2 ( )/1

2
 Semester Project Rubric
Meets
Exceeds Expectations Developing Unsatisfactory
Criteria Expectations Score
(>=90%) (50%-69%) (<50%)
(70%-89%)
Able to demonstrate the Able to Able to Able to
project with demonstrate the demonstrate the demonstrate the
achievement of required project with project with project with
objectives having clear achievement of achievement of achievement of
understanding of project required a*t least 50% less than 50%
limitations and future objectives but required required
enhancements. understanding of objectives and objectives and
Hardware and/or project insufficient lacks in
Hardware modules are limitations and understanding understanding
Project
fully functional, if future of project of project
Demonstration
applicable. enhancements is limitations and limitations and
(5)
insufficient. future future
Hardware and/or enhancements. enhancements.
Hardware Hardware Hardware
modules are and/or and/or
functional, if Hardware Hardware
applicable. modules are modules are not
partially functional, if
functional, if applicable.
applicable.
Able to achieve all the Able to achieve Able to achieve Unable to
Project results desired results with all the desired most of the achieve the
(3) alternate ways to results desired results desired results
improve measurements with errors
Project report has no Project report has Project report Project report
grammatical and/ or very few has multiple has several
spelling errors. grammatical/ grammatical/ grammatical/
Report spelling errors. spelling errors. spelling errors
All sections of the
Writing and sentence
report are very well- All sections of Few sections of
(3) construction is
written and technically the report are the report
poor.
accurate. technically contain
accurate. technical errors.
Able to answer the Able to answer Able to answer Unable to
Viva questions easily and the questions the questions answer the
(4) correctly across the related to the but with questions
project. project mistakes
Obtained Score out of (15)
Obtained Score out of (X)= Obtained Score out of (15) /15* X
Laboratory Examination Rubric
Exceeds Meets
Developing Unsatisfactory
Criteria Expectations Expectations Score
(50%-69%) (<50%)
(>=90%) (70%-89%)
Performance Able to present Able to present Able to present No or very less
(15) full knowledge adequate sufficient knowledge of both
3
 of both problem knowledge of knowledge of both problem and
and solution. both problem problem and solution
and solution solution
Viva Able to answer Able to answer Able to answer the Unable to answer
(5) the questions the questions questions but with the questions
easily and related to the mistakes
correctly across project
the project.
Obtained Score out of (20)

Obtained Score out of (X)= Obtained Score out of (20) /20* X

Final Lab Assessment

Criteria Score

Laboratory Report (15)

Semester Project (15)

Laboratory Examination (20)

Total Score out of (50)

Examiner’s Name & Signature: ____________________________

4
 Experiment 1

Object:

Determine the value of acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ by Compound Pendulum (bar
pendulum).

Apparatus:

A bar pendulum, stop watch, meter scale & knife-edge.

Working formula:

Compound pendulum consists of a rigid body that can oscillate freely about a horizontal axis
passing through it. In our experiment we use a regular, rectangular, metallic shaped bar as our
pendulum. We know that,

𝐿
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔

Here,
L is the length of an equivalent simple pendulum &
g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Above equation can be simplified to obtain the value of ‘g’.

𝐿
𝑔 = 4𝜋2
𝑇2

Procedure:

1. Mark one of the ends of the bar as “A” and the other end as “B”.
2. Fix the knife-edge into the first hole near end “A” and suspend the bar on the support.
3. Now displace the bar from its equilibrium position and set it into oscillation, make sure
that the amplitude of oscillation is small and its motion is in one plane. Note down the
time for ten oscillations. Repeat this step three times. Find out mean time and calculate
the time period of a single oscillation by dividing the mean by 10.
4. Repeat the above step with each hole near and note down the corresponding time
period.
5. Now invert the bar and fix the knife-edge in the first hole near end “B”. Set the bar into
small amplitude oscillatory motion.
6. Similarly determine the time period corresponding to each hole near end “B”.

7. Plot the graph between length and time period for both ends on the same graph paper.

5
 Observations:

End “A” End “B”

Distance
b/w center Time Time
Time for 10 vibrations Time for 10 vibrations
of gravity
S. No. t(sec) period t(sec) period
& point of
suspension T = t/10 T = t/10
cm Mean Mean
1 2 (sec) 1 2 (sec)
t(sec) t(sec)

1. 2 40
.
2. 3 30
.
3. 4 20
.
4. 5 10
.

Calculations:

From Graph:

LN = cm

MO = cm

Distance L = (LN + MO)/2 = cm

Time intercept of the line LMNO = T = sec

Value of g can be calculated by using following formulae

𝐿
𝑔 = 4𝜋2
𝑇2

6
 Result:

The calculated value of acceleration due to gravity (g) = __________ cm/s2.

Percentage Error: Actual Value (A.V) of g = 980 cm/s2

% E = [ A.V – O.V / A.V] * 100

% E = _________ %

 If the length of the pendulum is increased four times, then Time period becomes ___________

 If the length of the pendulum is increased nine times, then Time period becomes ___________

 Length of the second’s pendulum is _____m and Frequency of second’s pendulum ______Hz

Conclusion:

7
 Experiment 2

Object:

Determine the co-efficient of viscosity of glycerin by Stoke’s Method.

Apparatus:

Glycerin, steel balls, stop watch, screw gauge, Vernier caliper, long & graduated glass
tube.

Working Formula:

The coefficient of viscosity of a liquid is given by:

2𝑟2 𝑔(𝑑 − 𝐷)
=
9𝑉0
Here,

 is the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid

r is the radius of the steel ball.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
d is the density of the steel ball.
D is the density of glycerin.
Vo is the terminal velocity of the steel ball which is given by,

𝑉0 = V(1 + r /R)

Here

R is the inner radius of the glass tube

V is the observed speed of the ball

Procedure:

1. Measure the inner radius of the glass tube with Vernier caliper and note it down.
2. Measure the diameter of the steel ball with a screw gauge.
3. Mark two points on the glass tube, at least 50 cm apart.
4. Take a stopwatch and measure the length of time it takes for the steel ball to travel
between the two points on the glass cylinder.
5. Repeat the same procedure for the larger steel ball and note down the time.
6. Use the observations to calculate the coefficient of viscosity for both steel balls.
8
Observations:

Given parameters,
Density of the steel ball = d = 7.75 gm/cm3
Density of the liquid = D = 1.26 gm/cm3
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 980 cm/s2

Inner radius of the glass tube

Least count of Vernier caliper = L.C = 0.005 cm

Main Scale Vernier Scale Radius

Total Reading Mean
S No. Reading Reading 𝑑
d = MSR + (L.C x VSR) diameter 𝑅=
MSR VSR 2
cm d (cm)
cm div. cm
1

Radius of the steel ball

Least count of screw gauge =0.001 cm

Main Scale Vernier Scale Radius

Total Reading Mean
S Reading Reading 𝑑
Ball d = MSR+(L.C x VSR) diameter 𝑟=
No. MSR VSR 2
cm d (cm)
cm div. cm
1
Small 2

1
Large 2

9
Terminal Speed of the balls

Observed
Distance Time taken to cover distance s Terminal speed
speed of
covered Sec 2.4r
Ball the balls 𝑉0 = V(1 + )
s R
Mean V = s/t cm/s
cm t1(sec) t2(sec) t3(sec)
t(sec) cm/s
Small

Large

Calculations:

1. For small ball

2. For large ball

𝑦1+𝑦2
Mean coefficient of viscosity = 𝜂= 2
= _____ Poise

Result:
The coefficient of viscosity of glycerin is = η = ___________ Poise

1
0
 Experiment 3
Object:

Verify that light intensity follows the inverse square law using Photocell.

Apparatus:

Photocell, meter scale, one bulb of 100 W and another of 60 W.

Working Formula:

The intensity of light at a distance r from a source is given as,

𝐸
𝐼=
𝑡4𝜋𝑅2

Here,

E is the energy output of the source in time t and R is the distance between the detector and
the source. From the above expression, the intensity of light from a given source in a given
time (i.e. constant E and t) falls as the square of the distance from it i.e.

I α 1/R2
This means if a graph is plotted between intensity I and 1/R2 one should obtain a straight line.

Procedure:

1. Connect the 60W bulb in to the photocell box. Adjust the position of the bulb on the 20
cm mark on the meter scale. If the current on the ammeter goes out of scale, adjust the
distance by 5 cm away from the photocell until it comes within the scale.

2. Note down the reading on the ammeter scale. Move the bulb 5 cm away from the
photocell and record the reading on ammeter at every step.

3. Repeat these steps for the 100 W bulb and record the current as a function of distance.

4. Plot the graph between intensity I and 1/R2.

1
1
Observations:
Distance Current I (A)
between
1/R2 60 W Bulb 100 W Bulb
S No. bulb &
Photocell cm-2 Increasing Decreasing Mean Increasing Decreasing Mean
R Distance Distance I1 Distance Distance I2
cm (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Calculations:

Plot the graph between I and 1/R2 and conclude the result.

Result:

The graph between intensity and inverse square distance is a and it shows

1
2
 Experiment 4

Object:

Determine the Surface Tension of water by capillary rise method.

Apparatus:

Travelling microscope, Capillary tube, graduated cylinder (beaker) & metal stand with
clamps.

Working Formula:

1 𝑟
𝑇= 𝜌𝑔𝑟(ℎ + )
2 3
where T is the surface tension of water
r is the radius of the capillary tube
h is the height of the water in the capillary tube
d is the density of the water
g is the acceleration due to gravity

Procedure:

1. Calculate the least count of the microscope.

2. Fill the beaker with water and dip the capillary tube in the beaker with the help of clamp
and the stand.
3. Now adjust the microscope at the level of water in the beaker and note the readings on
the microscope.
4. Due to surface action the water will rise in the capillary. Adjust the microscope at the
level of water in the capillary and note the readings on the microscope.
5. Calculate the two heights and subtract them (height of water in beaker and in the
capillary tube).
6. Calculate the surface tension of water using the given formula.
Observations:

Given parameters:

g = acceleration due to gravity = 980 cm/s2

𝜌= density of water = 1 g/cm3

r = radius of the capillary tube = 0.025 cm

Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm

1
3
 Main Vernier Difference
Total Reading
Scale Scale Mean
Water TR in heights
S. No. Reading Reading ℎ
level
(MSR) (VSR)
=MSR +(LC x VSR) ℎ
cm
cm cm
cm div.
In
1 beaker
In capillary
In
2 beaker
In capillary

Calculations:

Calculate the surface tension of water using the formula:

1 𝑟
𝑇= 𝜌𝑔𝑟(ℎ + )
2 3

Result:

The surface tension of water = T = _____ dynes/cm at _______ 0C.

9
 Experiment 5

Object:

To determine the Young’s Modulus of a given Metal bar using travel ing microscope.

Apparatus:

Travelling microscope, metal bar, two supporting stands for the bar & weighs.

Working Formula:

𝑀𝑔𝐿3
𝑌=
4𝑦𝑏𝑑3
where Y is the Young’s Modulus of the bar.

Procedure:

1. Set the metal bar between the two fixed supports and measure the distance between the
two supports.
2. Now, adjust the microscope so that the tip of the pin in the center of the bar coincides
with the center of the cross wires of the microscope. Note the readings on the
microscope.
3. Hang 500 gm of weight. The bar will bend in the middle. Reset the microscope so that
the pin again coincides with the cross wires. Read the microscope and note down the
new reading.
4. Repeat this process, adding 500 gm weight each time.
5. Now remove the weight in the same order as they were added and note the change in
the readings.
6. Calculate the Young’s modulus of the bar using the given formula.

Observations:

Given parameters:

M = mass suspended each time = 500 gm

g = acceleration due to gravity = 980 cm/s2
L = distance between the supports = 90 cm
𝑏 = breadth of the bar = 1.5 cm
d = thickness of the bar = 0.5 cm
Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm

10
 Microscope Reading Mean
Mean Depression
cm depression
Load for 500 gm
=(TR1+TR2)/2
S. No. suspended load load (y)
cm cm
gm Increasing Decreasing cm

MSR VSR TR1 MSR VSR TR2

1. 0

2. 500

3. 1000

Calculations:

Calculate the Young’s Modulus of the given bar by using the formula:

𝑀𝑔𝐿3
𝑌=
4𝑦𝑏𝑑3

Result:

The Young’s Modulus of the given Metal Bar is = 𝑌 = ____________ dynes/cm2

11
 Experiment 6
Object:

Study the signal response of an Acceptor circuit and determine the Inductance (L) of the
inductor.

Apparatus:

Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor and an oscillator.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the oscillator with the acceptor circuit.

2. Change the frequency on the oscillator in steps and note the current in the micro

ammeter.

3. Plot a graph between log of frequency and the current.

4. With the help of graph find the value of Inductance by using formula.

Working Formula:

Mark the point of highest current on the curve in the graph. Calculate the frequency at the
peak by taking the antilog of that value. This frequency is called the resonance frequency
( 𝑓𝑟 )and it is given by the following mathematical expression.
1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

12
𝑓𝑟 can be found from the graph and can be used to calculate the inductance L through the
following formula:

1
𝐿=
4𝜋 2 𝐶𝑓𝑟2
Observations:

Capacitance (C) of the capacitor is = 0.1μ farad.

S. No. f (Hz) I (µA) Log f

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

13
Calculations:

Calculate the Inductance by using the formula:

1
𝐿=
4𝜋 2 𝐶𝑓𝑟2

Result:

The Inductance (L) of the Acceptor circuit is Henry.

14
 Experiment 7
Object:

Study the signal response of a Rejecter circuit and determine the Inductance (L) of the
inductor.

Apparatus:

Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor and an oscillator.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the oscillator with the Rejecter circuit.

2. Change the frequency on the oscillator in steps and note the current in the micro
ammeter.
3. Plot a graph between log of frequency and the current.
4. With the help of graph find the value of Inductance by using formula.

Working Formula:

Mark the point of lowest current on the curve in the graph. Calculate the frequency at the dip
by taking the inverse log of the value. This frequency is called the resonance frequency
( 𝑓𝑟 ) and it is given by the following mathematical expression.
1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

15
𝑓𝑟 can be found from the graph and can be used to calculate the inductance L through the
following formula:

1
𝐿=
4𝜋 2 𝐶𝑓𝑟2
Observations:

Capacitance (C) of the capacitor is = 0.1μ farad.

S. No. f (Hz) I (µA) Log f

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

16
Calculations:

Calculate the Inductance by using the formula:

1
𝐿=
4𝜋 2 𝐶𝑓𝑟2

Result:

The Inductance (L) of the Rejecter circuit is Henry.

17
 Experiment 8

Object:

To Study the voltage-current characteristics of a semiconductor (PN) diode.

Apparatus:

A semiconductor diode, 0-12-volt variable power supply, a voltmeter, milli-ammeter, micro-

ammeter.

Circuit Diagram:

A C A C

Procedure:

1. Switch the diode into forward bias mode.

2. Change the voltage across the diode and note the corresponding current.

3. Now, switch the diode into reverse bias mode. Change the voltage across the diode and note

the corresponding current.

4. Be careful not to apply too much voltage in reverse as you risk damaging the diode.

18
Observations:

Forward Bias Reverse Bias

S No.
V (Volt) I (mA) V (Volt) I (A) I (mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Result:

Plot the Forward and Reverse bias curve of V vs I on a single graph.

Conclusion:

19
 Experiment 9
Object:
To study the characteristics of the given Transistor (BJT) in common-emitter mode.

Apparatus:
BJT Transistor (provided with base resistance, also called biasing resistance), micro-ammeter,
milli-ammeter, a small power supply and voltmeter.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Set the base current (IB) of the transistor to 50 A.

2. Gradually change the collector-emitter voltage (VCE) and observe the changes in the

collector current (IC).

3. Repeat the same procedure for a base current of 100 A and 150 A and repeat step # 2.

4. Draw curves for three (3) sets of data between VCE and IC on the same graph paper.

20
Observations:

IB = 50 A IB = 100 A IB = 150 A
S No.
VCE (V) IC (mA) VCE (V) IC (mA) VCE (V) IC (mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Result

 Plot three curves for three sets of VCE vs IC on a single graph paper.

Conclusion: The graph between VCE vs IC shows the following properties:

21
 Experiment 10
Object:

Determine the value of unknown resistance using a RC circuit.

Apparatus:

Neon Flash Lamp, high resistances, unknown resistance, capacitor of suitable value,
stopwatch and D.C power supply.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit to the power supply.

2. Connect the 2M resistance in the circuit and note time for 10 flashes of the flash
lamp. Calculate mean of 3 such observations. Divide the mean by 10 to calculate the
time for one flash.
3. Then connect another 2M resistance in series (making a total of 4M) and make
the same measurement.
4. Repeat the steps, increasing the resistance by 2M each time and observe time for a
single flash.
5. Connect the unknown resistances into the circuit and observe the time period of the
flash lamp.
6. Plot a graph between the known resistance (x-axis) and time period (y-axis) of the
flash lamp.
7. Use the graph to determine the value of unknown resistance by using the time period
of the flash lamp for the unknown resistance.

22
 Observations:

Known Time for 10 flashes of the Time for oneflash

Resistance T= t/10(sec)
S.No. Neon Lamp (sec)
R
M Mean t
t1 (sec) t2 (sec)
(Sec)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Result:

The value of unknown resistances are found to be:

 R1 = M

 R2 = M


Conclusion:

23
 Experiment 11
Object:

To determine the frequency of AC supply.

Apparatus:

Vibrograph, thread of uniform thickness, a pan, pulley, weight box, optical pins with stand &
meter rod

Working Formula:

The frequency of AC supply can be found by vibrograph with the help of following formula

1 𝑀𝑔
𝑣= √
2𝑙 𝑚

Where 𝑣 is the frequency of AC supply

𝑙 is the length of one loop

M is the mass suspended, it is sum of mass of pan and mass in pan

𝑚 is the mass per unit length of the thread

𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity

Procedure:

1. Take a suitable length of a thread, measure its weight and divide it by the length of the
thread, this is mass per unit length.
2. Tie one end of the thread with vibrating rod of the vibrograph, the other is tied to a pan.
3. The thread is stretched and is passed over a pulley such that the pan hangs freely in the
air.
4. Note down the mass 𝑚1 of the pan.
5. Put 𝑚2 = 10 𝑔𝑚 weight in the pan, the tension in the thread increases and thread
becomes more stretched and parallel to the table.
6. Switch on vibrograph, stationary waves are produced along the thread, adjust the
position of vibrograph so that the loops become stable and have maximum amplitude.
7. Leave first and last loop, place optical pins at the node positions, count the number of
loops and find their length. Find the length of one loop by dividing total length by the
number of loops.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 for 𝑚2 = 15,20,25 & 30 𝑔𝑚 weights.

24
Observations:

Mas per unit length of the thread = 𝑚 = 𝑔/𝑐𝑚

Mass of pan = 𝑚1= 𝑔

Acceleration due to gravity = 980 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐2

Length of one
Length of
Mass in pan Total mass No. of loop Frequency of
′𝑛′ loops
S.No. 𝑚2 suspended loops 𝐿 AC supply
L 𝑙=
𝑔𝑚 M=𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ′𝑛′ 𝑛 HZ
cm
cm
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Calculations:

1. With the help of following formula calculate frequency of AC supply for each reading.

1 𝑀𝑔
𝑣= √
2𝑙 𝑚

25
 2. Find the average value of frequency of AC supply.

Conclusion:

26