15 LOGIC (pages 79-85)

Vocabulary
-Assumption: giả định -Arrest: bắt giữ

-Unrepeated: không lặp lại -ancient grave: phần mộ cổ xưa

-Possibilities: khả năng -archaeologist: nhà khảo cổ học

-Shattering: vỡ tan -discover: phát hiện ra, khám phá ra

-Probable: chắc chắn -tomb: ngôi mộ

-Culprits: thủ phạm -argue: cãi nhau

-Investigation: cuộc điều tra -accountant: kế toán viên

-Suspect: nghi ngờ -lawyer: luật sư

-Jewel: viên ngọc -corresponding: tương ứng

-Exhibition: triễn lãm -category: thể loại

Three most commonly deployed techniques in solving logic problems are:

1) Make an assumption

2) Make a list/ elimination

3) Draw a table

In technique (1), we assume something to be true at first until it is later proven

otherwise by all the given clues.

We make an unrepeated list of all the possibilities in technique (2) and eliminate
those that cannot be true.
In technique (3), we create a table or drawing to sort out all the given clues, thus
making the reasoning process more systematic. This is especially true in Questions
9 and 11.

EXAMPLES
1. A football flew right through the glass window of the staff room, shattering it.
Four probable culprits were called into the Discipline Master’s office for
investigation.

Alan: Dylan broke it.

Bob: Dylan broke it.

Charles: I didn’t do it.

Dylan: Bob is lying.

Only one suspect told the truth.

Who was the culprit?

2. The marks scored by student A, B, C, D and E in a mathematics test are above 91.

The average mark of A, B and C is 95.

The average mark of B, C and D is 94.

E’s mark of 96 ranks as the second highest among all.

A has the highest mark.

B and D have the same score.

How many marks does D score in the mathematics test?

3. A science quiz consisted of 6 true-or-false questions. 20 marks were awarded for
questions answered correctly. Questions left unanswered would be given 10
marks. No mark was given for a wrong answer.

The answers given by four students are shown below.

Qns 1 2 3 4 5 6 Score

Names

Melissa T F F T T F ?

Benson F T F F F 90

Zachery T T T T T 70

Randy F F F T F 70

How did Melissa fare?

PRACTICE
1. A diamond is put into one of six identical musical boxes.

Box A is on the left of Box B.

Box B is second on the right of Box C.

Box C is on the right of Box D.

Box D is just next to Box E.

There is a box between Boxes A and E.

The diamond is not in any of the above mentioned boxes. Rank the position of all
the musical boxes.

2. Aloysius, Berry, Carl, Dylan and Edward took part in an International Chess
Competition. Each contestant must play exactly one game.
 Aloysius played 4 games.

Berry played 3 games.

Carl played 2 games.

Dylan played 1 game.

How many games did Edward play so far?

3. 2000 soldiers stand in a row.

Beginning from the first soldier on the left, each calls out a number, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2,
3, … Beginning from the first soldier on the right, each calls out a number, 1,2, 3,
4, 1, 2, 3, 4, …

How many of these soldiers call out “3” in both scenarios?

4. A jewel was stolen during an exhibition. The Interpol managed to arrest four
suspects to assist in the investigation.

David: Ellen stole it.

Ellen: Fred did.

Fred: I have an alibi.

George: Don’t believe anything Ellen said.

Only one suspect told the truth.

Who was the thief?

5. Many years ago, there were 4 Thursdays and 5 Wednesdays in the month of May.
On which day of the week was 15th of May in that year?
6. In an ancient grave, an archaeologist discovered a tomb that carried a pattern of
numbers. Some of these numbers had been defaced.

4 9 9 11 12 15 8

5 3 4 9

1 4 8 2 6

3 20 14 8 35 15

Help the archaeologist to decode the number pattern.

7. What does a represent in each number puzzle?

8. Four students were arguing over what day of the week it should be.

A: Today is not Wednesday.

 B: Tomorrow will be Friday.

C: It was Sunday yesterday.

D: Both of you (referring to B and C) are not right.

Only one student told the truth. What day of the week was “today” supposed to
be?

9. The countries of birth of Alice, Bryan and Chloe are Korea, Vietnam and
Indonesia, but not necessarily in that order. One of them is an accountant, the
other two are a lawyer and a doctor.

Bryan is not the accountant.

Chloe is not the lawyer.

The accountant was not born in Indonesia.

The lawyer was born in Korea.

Chloe was not born in Vietnam.

What is Bryan’s occupation? Which is his country of birth?

10. The table below shows the answers provided by four students participating in a
true-and-false quiz and their corresponding scores. Each correct answer is given
5 marks. There is no penalty for any wrong answer.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Score
Qns
Name
Jolene F F T F F T F T T F 35
 Leon F T T T T F F F T T 25
Natalie F T T T F F F T T T 15
Wilfred F F T T F T F T T T ?

What is Wilfred’s score?

11. The Best Student of the Year award is given based on a student’s performance in
conduct, language, mathematics, aesthetics and physical education. The highest
marks in each category is 5 marks, followed by 3 and 1. Annabelle score 23 marks
while Shola and Ernest score 9 marks and 13 marks respectively. If Shola scores
the highest mark in conduct, who scores the least in this category?

12.(IMC 2012 – Grade 4) J, M, P and T are grades 3, 4, 5 and 6 pupils respectively.

Their favorite pastime is playing badminton.
(1) G3 pupils only play with G4 kids and always lose to them.
(2) M and P are neighbors.
(3) when P plays with G5 kids, he sometimes wins and sometimes lose.
(4) J plays better than T.
(5) The G3 kids live farthest from the school.
According to the information above, P is a pupil of which grade?

A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

13.(IMC 2012 – Grade 5) In a certain month, the number of Fridays is more than that
of Thursdays, and the number of Sundays is less than those of the Saturdays. What
is the 12th day of this month?
16 Of Interest Profit and Loss (pages 86-90)
Vocabulary
-Profit: lợi nhuận -compound: định mức đa hợp

-Loss: mất mát, thua lỗ -mineral: thuộc về khoáng vật

-Percentage: tỉ lệ phần trăm -racket: vợt

-fee earned: phí kiếm được -publishing: xuất bản

-figurine: bức tượng nhỏ -brand: nhãn hiệu

-shopkeeper: chủ tiệm -accumulate: tích trữ

-repayable: hoàn trả -repayment: trả nợ

-payable: phải trả -explanation: sự giải thích

-deposit: tiền gửi (vào ngân hàng)

- shopowner: chủ cửa hàng

(A) Profit and Loss

Profit = selling price – cost price

Loss = cost price – selling price

Percentage profit =

Percentage loss =

(B) Interest is the fee earned when you put money in the bank or the “fee” charged
when you borrow money from a bank.

The formula for calculation of interest is:

Simple interest = principal × rate × time.

Where principal is the initial amount of money, rate is the percentage earned or
charged by the bank, time is the period in order to earned or be charged on the
interest, usually on a yearly or quarterly basis.

In the computation of Compound Interest, the interest earned for the first period
of the time forms part of the principal for the computation of interest for the
second period of the time and so on.

EXAMPLES
1. The selling price of a figurine is $8000.

If it is sold at $4800, the profit is 20%.

How much should it be sold for if the profit has to be 75%?

2. A product is marked at 20% above the cost price. It is then sold at 90% of the
selling price. The profit is $120. What is the cost price of this product?
3. A shop purchased some shoes at $65 per pair. It then sold them at $74 per pair.
The shopkeeper calculated that the profit earned was $440 when there were 5
pairs of shoes left. How many pairs of shoes did the shop purchase initially?

4. A bank charged 8% annual interest on the money lent to its customers. John
borrowed $20 000 from the bank that was repayable within 6 years.

(a) What was the payable interest?

(b) What was the total amount payable?

(c) What was the monthly repayment?

5. Mr. Young deposits $30 000 with a bank that pays an interest of 5%. How
much interest will be earned at the end of 3 years if the rate is compounded
every year?

PRACTICE
1. The selling price of a sofa set is $ 12 000.

It is later sold at $6500 at an exhibition. The profit made is 30%.

What is the percentage of profit if the profit is $5000?

2. The Megamart sold 60% fewer cans of drinks than bottles of mineral water on
Sunday. The profit of each bottle of mineral water was 70% less than that of
each can of soft drink. The profit gained from selling the soft drinks was
$1200. What was the profit gained from selling the mineral water?
3. A shop bought 80 laptops at $4000 each. IT then sold 50 of them at a 20%
profit in the first month. In the second month, the remaining laptops were sold
at 75% of the first month’s selling price. How much profit was made
altogether?

4. A product was marked at 20% above the cost price. It was eventually sold at
80% of the selling price. The loss was $40. What was the cost price of the
product?

5. A shop purchased some tennis rackets at $150 each. It then sold them at $175
each. When the shop was left with 8 rackets, the proceeds had covered the
initial total cost price plus a profit of $525. How many tennis rackets did the
shop purchases at first?

6. The cost of publishing a children’s book for a publishing house has gone up
by 10% compared to last year, but the publisher wishes to maintain the selling
price of the book. The profit for each book drops by 40% as a result. The
number of books purchased, however, increases by 80%. What is the
percentage increment in the profit?

7. Two different brands of television sets were sold at the same price of $2040
each. The sale of the first set made a profit of 20% while that of the second set
made a loss of 20%. Did the shopowner profit from the sales of the two
television sets?

8. Stephen puts $800 in a bank that earns him a simple interest of 8% per annum.
What is the amount of simple interest earned in 3 years? When will his interest
accumulate to $512?
9. Maurice deposits $500 with the bank. The interest rate is calculated at 3% on
a yearly basis. How much will she get at the end of 2 years?

10.A cricket promised to return 2n kg of barley for every n kg of barley borrowed

at the end of the first year. This meant that the interest rate was 100%. The
greedy ant changed its mind and requested for the repayment with interest
compounded every 4 months. Give an explanation for the change of mind.