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mEPl
MIL-STD-1686C
25 October 1995
SUPERSEDING
MIL-STD-1686B
31 December 1992

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
STANDARD PRACTICE
I
ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR
PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PARTS,
I ASSEMBLIES AND EQUIPMENT (EXCLUDING
ELECTRICALLY INITIATED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES)

AMSC NIA AREA RELI

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MIL-STD-168 6C

I
FOREWORD

1. This standard is approved for use by all Departments and

Agencies of the Department of Defense.

2. This standard covers the establishment and

implementation of an Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Control
Program for any activity that designs, tests, inspects, services,
manufactures, processes, assembles, installs, packages, labels,
or otherwise handles electrical or electronic parts, assemblies
and equipment susceptible to damage by static electricity. This
document provides control program requirements for ESD sensitive
(ESDS) items susceptible to damage from discharges of up to
15,999 volts Human Body Model (HBM) Classes 1-3. This standard
does not apply to electrically initiated explosive devices or
part level design requirements. MIL-HDBK-263 provides additional
information relative to the implementation of this standard.

3. Electrostatic charges are generated by the relative

motion, physical separation of materials or flow of solids,
liquids, or gases. Common sources of ESD include personnel,
items made of common plastics, an”d processing equipment. ESD can
damage parts by direct contact with a charged source or by
charges induced from electrostatic fields. Examples of ESDS
parts are micro-circuits, discrete semiconductors, thick and thin
film resistors, hybrid devices and piezoelectric crystals.

4. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions,

deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of use in
improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, Naval
Sea Systems Command, SEA 03R42, 2531 Jefferson Davis Highway,
Arlington, VA 22242-5160, by using the Standardization Document
Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this
document or by letter.

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MIL-STD-1686C

I CONTENTS

PARAGRAPH PAGE

FOREWORD. ............. .................... ii

1. SCOPE 1
1.1 Purpose .............................. 1
1.2 Scope ................................ 1
1.3 Application .......................... 1

2. APPLIcABLE DOCUMENTS 1
2.1 General .............................. 1
2.2 Government documents. ................ 1
2.2.1 Specifications, standards, and
handbooks ............................ 1
2.3 Non-Government publications .......... 2
2.4 Order of precedence. ................. 4

3. DEFINITIONS 5

4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 5
4.1 General .............................. 5
4.1.1 Tailoring of this standard ........... 5

5. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS 5
5.1 ESD control program plan ............. 5
5.1.1 Subcontractor control ...............- 5
5.2 Classification of ESDS parts,
assemblies and equipment ............. 7
5.2.1 Part ESD sensitivity classes and
classification ....................... 8
5.2.1.1 HBM sensitivity classification ....... 8
5.2.1.2 MM sensitivity classification ........ 8
5.2.1.3 CDM sensitivity classification ....... 9
5.2.2 Assembly/Equipment classification
and design hardening. ................ 9
5.2.2.1 Direct contact, non-operating
assembly, 2,000 V body/finger or
hand/metalHBMtests. ................ 9
5.2.2.2 Direct contact, operating equipment,
4,000 V hand/metal HBM test .......... 9
5.2.2.3 Indirect contact, operating
equipment, 4,000 V furniture
model test ........................... 11

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MIL–STD-1686C

CONTENTS

PAPAGRAPH PAGE

5.3 Protected areas ...................... 11

5.4 Handling procedures. ..... ............ 12
5.5 Protective covering. ................. 12
5.6 Training ........................-.’..- 12
5.7 Marking of hardware.. ................ 12
5.7.1 Assemblies ........................... 12
5.7.2 Equipment ............................ 13
5.8 Packaging ............................ 13
5.9 Quality assurance reviews and audits. 13
5.10 Failure analysis ..................... 13

6. NOTES 13
6.1 Intended use ............. ............ 13
6.2 Issue of DoDISS .......... ............ 14
6.3 Subject term (key word) listing ...... 14
6.4 Changes from previous issue .......... 14

FIGURE

1. Tailoring flow chart ..... ............ 6

2. Electrostatic discharge symbol. ...... 12

TABLE

I. Classes of ESDS parts. ............... -1

II. ESD test standards/methods for
classification of ESDS parts ......... 8
III. ESD assembly/equipment design
hardening goals .......... ............ 10
IV. ESD test standards/methods for
hardening of ESDS assemblylequipment. 11

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MIL-STD-1686C

1. SCOPE

1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to establish

comprehensive requirements for an ESD control program to minimize
the effects of ESD on parts, assemblies, and equipment. An
effective ESD control program will increase reliability and
decrease both maintenance actions and lifetime costs. This
standard shall be tailored for various types of acquisitions.

1.2 a. This standard defines the performance

requirements for an ESD control program for electrical and
electronic parts, assemblies, and equipment, susceptible to
damage from ESD. Electrically initiated explosive devices and
part level design are excluded from these requirements. This
standard covers identification, testing, classification, assembly
and equipment design criteria, protected areas, handling
procedures, training, marking of hardware, protective covering
and packaging, and provides for quality assurance requirements,
audits and reviews.

1.3 Application. This standard shall apply to Government

activities and contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, and
vendors. When this standard is applied to Government activities
the term “contractor” shall be replaced with “Government
activity” as appropriate.

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 General. The documents listed in this section are

specified ‘ions 3,4, and 5 of this standard. This section
does not include documents cited in other sections of this
standard or recommended for additional information or as
examples. While every effort has been made to ensure the
completeness of this list, document users are cautioned that they
must meet all specified requirements documents cited in sections
3,4, and 5 of this standard, whether or not they are listed.

2.2 Government documents.

2.2.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks. The

following standards and handbook form a part of this document to
the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise specified, the
issues of these documents are those listed in the issue of the
Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards

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MIL-STD-1686C

(DoDISS) and supplement thereto, cited in the SOliCitatiOn(See

6.2).

STANDARDS

MILITARY

MIL-STD-750 - Test Methods for Semiconductor

Devices.
MIL-STD-883 – Test Methods and Procedures
for Microelectronics.
MIL-sTD-2073-1 - DOD Materiel Procedures for
Development and Application of
Packaging Requirements.
MIL-STD-2073-2 - Packaging Requirement Codes.

HANDBOOK

MILITARY

MIL-HDBK-263 - Electrostatic Discharge

Control Handbook for
Protection of Electrical and
Electronic Parts, Assemblies,
and Equipment (Excluding
Electrically Initiated
Explosive Devices). (Metric)

(Unless othemise indicated, copies of federal and military

specifications, standards, and handbooks are available from the
Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4D, 700 Robbins
Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.)

2.3 Non–Government publications. The following documents

form a part of this document to the extent specified herein.
Unless otherwise specified, the issues of the documents which are
DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS cited in
the solicitation. Unless otherwise specified, the issues of
documents not listed in the DoDISS are the issues of the
documents cited in the solicitation(see 6.2).

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MIL-STD-1686C

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD INSTITUTE (ANSI)

ANSI C63.16-1993 - American National Standard Guide

for Electrostatic Discharge Test
Methodologies and Criteria for
Electronic Equipment

(Application for copies should be addressed to the Institute

of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane,
P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331.)

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND NATERIALS (ASTM)

F 1166 Human Engineering Design fOr

Manned Systems, Equipment and
Facilities

(Application for copies should be addressed to the American

Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103.)

ELECTROSTATIC DISCHIUtGE (ESD) ASSOCIATION

Eos/EsD-s5.l - EOS/ESD Association Standard for ESD

Sensitivity Testing, Human Body Model
(HBM) - Component Level
ESD-S5.2 - ESD Association Standard for ESD
Sensitivity Testing, Machine Model (MM)
- Component Level
ESD-S5.3 - ESD Association Standard for ESD
Sensitivity Testing, Charged Device
Model (CDM) - Component Level

(Application for copies should be addressed to the ESD

Association, Inc., 7902 Turin Road, Suite 4, Rome, NY 13440-
2069. )

ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (EIA)

RS–471 - Symbol and Label for Electrostatic

Sensitive Devices.

(Application for copies should be addressed to the

Electronic Industries Association, 2500 Wilson Boulevard,
Arlington, VA 22201-3834.)

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MIL-STD–1686C

INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIW AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS (IEEE)

IEEE STD c62.38-1994 - IEEE Guide on ESD: ESD

Withstand Capability
Evaluation Methods (for
Electronic Equipment
Subassemblies)

(Application for coPies should be addressed to the Institute

of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane,
P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331.)

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL CONMISSION (IEC)

IEC 801-2 - (First Edition, 1984) Electromagnetic

Compatibility for Industrial Process
Measurement and Control Equipment, Part
2: Electrostatic Discharge Requirements
IEC 801-2 - (Second Edition, 1991-04)
Electromagnetic Compatibility for
Industrial Process Measurement and
Control Equipment, Part 2:
Electrostatic Discharge Requirements

(Application for copies should be addressed to the ?unerican

National Standard Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.)

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS CENTER [~C)

VZAP-95 - Electrostatic Discharge Susceptibility

Data 1995

(Application for copies should be addressed to the

Reliability Analysis Center, P.O. Box 4700, Rome, NY 13442-4700.)

(Non-Government standards and other publications are

normally available from the organizations that prepare or
distribute the documents. These documents also may be available
in or through libraries or other informational services.)

2.4 Order of precedence. In the event of a conflict

between the text of this document and the references cited
herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in
this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and
regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.

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MIL-STD-1686C

3. DEFINITIONS

3.1 The definitions of terms not defined herein shall be in

accordance with MIL-HDBK-263.

4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

4.1 General. Contractors shall establish, implement, and

document the ESD control program in accordance with the
requirements of this standard. Contractors shall also apply the
ESD control program requirements (see 5.1.1) to subcontractors,
suppliers, and vendors to provide continuous protection for ESDS
parts, assemblies and equipment. Detailed guidance for
establishing, implementing, documenting, and auditing the
elements of an ESD control program is provided in MIL-HDBK-263.

4.1.1 Tailoring of this standard. This standard, or

portions thereof, may not apply to all acquisitions or
applications. The contractor shall tailor the ESD control
program for the acquisition by selecting the applicable elements
of figure 1. The reference numbers in figure 1 are included for
ready reference to the appropriate sections of this standard.
Figure 1 cannot, and does not take precedence Over contractual.
delivery order or this standard’s requirements. Tailoring is
subject to approval by the acquiring activity.

5. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS

5.1 ESD control program plan. The contractor shall prepare

an ESD control program plan that addresses each of the elements
of the ESD control program shown in the tailoring flow chart
depicted in figure 1. The ESD control program plan is the
principal document for designing, implementing, and auditing the
ESD control program. The goal is a fully implemented and
integrated ESD control program that conforms to the qUality
system requirements.

5.1.1 Subcontractor control. The contractor shall ensure

that subcontractors, suppliers and vendors have established and
implemented an ESD control program in accordance with the
requirements of this standard. Tailoring of this standard for
subcontractors, suppliers and vendors shall be the responsibility
of the prime contractor (see 4.1.1) .

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MIL-STD-16E6C

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MIL-STD-1686C

5.2 Classification of ESDS parts, assemblies and equipment.

ESDS classification data shall be used to ensure that the ESD
control program (see 5.1), design hardening (see 5.2.2),
protected areas (see 5.3), and handling procedures (see 5.4)
provide the requisite levels of ESD protection in accordance with
the requirements of thts standard. ~11 characterization of the
ESD susceptibility of a part is accomplished by classification to
three defined models: the Human Body Model (HBM), Machine Model
(MM), and Charged Device Model (CDM). The HBM, MM, and CDM
sensitivity classification of parts shall be in accordance with
tables I and II. The HBM, MM, and CDM voltage levels do not
correlate with each other.

TABLE I. Classes of ESDS parts.

ESD MODEL ESD CIX3S (VOLTAGE

RANGE )
H13Fl 1’ (>OV-1,999V)
2 (2,000V-3,999V)
3 (4,000V-15,999V)
MM Ml (Ov-loov)
M2 (101V-2OOV)
M3 (201V=400V)
M4 (401V-800V)
M5 (> 800v)
CDM cl (OV-124V)
C2 (125V-249V)
C3 (250V-499V)
C4 (500V-999V)
C5 (l,ooov-l,499v)
C6 (1,500V-2,999V)
C7 (~ 3,000V)

NOTE: The above Classes may be divided

into subclasses.
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MIL-s’rD-1686c

TASLE II. ESD test standards/methods for

classification of ESDS parts.

EsD MODEL ESD TEST STANDARD/METHOD I

1- CDt4 I ESD-S5.3
1

5.2.1 Part ESD sensitivity classes and classification.

5.2.1.1 HSM sensitivity classification. The principal

source of ESD damage is the h~an body, as modeled by the ~
standards. HBM ESD sensitivity classification of parts shall be
determined as follows:

(a) At the discretion of the contractor, all parts

shall be considered as HBM ESD sensitive. In this case, all
parts may be classified as falling ”’inthe HSM Class 1-3 voltage
ranges and included in the ESD control program. If the
contractor has definitive data for the specific Part (~c VW-95
data, Qualified Products List (QPL), Qualified Manufacturer List
(QML), or manufacturers’ data sheets), indicating it is not
within HBM Classes 1-3, ESD controls are not required for that
part.

(b) At the discretion of the contractor, precise HSM

ESD sensitivity data, in accordance with the HBM test methods
specified in tables I and II may be used to classify all parts.
The three Ii13Mtest methods listed in table 11 may be considered
to be equivalent. The preferred test method is EOS/ESD_S5.l.

5.2.1.2 MM sensitivity classification. The prime source of

damage for the MM is a charged machine or device. MM ESD
sensitivity classification for parts should be determined by, and
at the discretion of, the contractor. The contractor shall
consider the applicability of MM ESD part sensitivity data based
upon the type of work performed.

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MIL-STD-1686C

5.2.1.3 CDM sensitivity classification. The prime source

of damage for the CDM is the rapid discharge of a charged part.
This ESD event is totally part-dependent. CDM ESD sensitivity
classification for parts should be determined by, and at the
discretion of, the contractor. The contractor shall consider the
applicability of CDM ESD part sensitivity data based upon the
type of work performed.

5.2.2 Assembly/e quipment classification and desiqn

hardeninq. When an assembly or equipment incorporates protective
circuitry or techniques to meet the minimum design hardening
requirements of this standard, the assetily or equipment is
classified at the design-hardened ESD withstand voltage level.
Classification of assemblies or equipment meeting the design
hardening requirements (see table III) should be based upon
analytical techniques, or actual test as specified in 5.2.2.1
through 5.2.2.3.

5.2.2.1 Direct contact, non-operating assembly, 2,000 V

body/finger or hand/metal HEM tests. This model can be used to
verify that assemblies will not be damaged during non-operating
conditions, by direct contact (2,13f30V bodylfinger Or handlmetal
HBM) to input, output, and interface connections. This threat
occurs during the maintenance process when assemblies are handled
without their associated cables and connectors attached. This
threat applies to all types of assemblies. The test for this
model should consist of three positive and three negative pulses
at 2,000 V body/finger or hand/metal HEM, applied to each input,
output, and interface connection of the assembly. The
recommended test method for this model is IEEE STD C62.38-1994
(see table Iv)that provides guidance to determine which of the
two ESD test methods (body/finger or hand/metal) is appropriate
for a specific assembly.

5.2.2.2 Direct contact, operating equ ipment, 4,000 V

handlmetal HBM test. This model can be used to verify that
operating equipment will not be damaged (or non-recoverable
faults will not be injected), by direct contact (4,000 V
handlmetal HBM) to operator accessible points and exposed surface
areas during the normal maintenance process. This threat is
limited to equipments subject to operator adjustments or
maintenance activities during operation. The test for this model
should consist of multiple pulses (the number is statistically
based, in accordance with ANSI C63.16–1993) at 4,000 V hand/metal
HBM, applied to each operator-accessible control and to the

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MIL-STD-1686C

I TASLE III. ESD assembly/equipment design hardening goals .

Test Typa ESD Test Functional ESD

Model Locations Level Hardening
Requireman
Direct Body/Finger Inputs, Al 1 2,000 volt:
cOQtact, or outputs and assemblies
Non- Hand/Metal interface
operating HBM connections
(1)

Direct Hand/ Metal Operator Field- 4,000 volt!

contact, HBM accessible maintained
Operating controls and equipment
the center
of each
plane
surface
Indirect Furniture Horizontal Digital 4,000 volt:
contact, Mode 1 Coupling office
Operating Plane (HCP) equipment
or Vertical
Coupling
Plane (VCP)
{:1

NOTES: (1) Inputs, outputs and interface connection pOintS are

those points where the assembly is electrically
connected to items external to it.

(2) The HCP (or VCP) is a horizontal (or vertical) metal

plate that is capacitively coupled to the eciuiwent,
to which pulses are applied to simulate discharges h
objects adjacent to the equipment.

center of each exposed plane surface of the equipment. The

recommended test methods are either ANSI C63.16-1993 or IEC 801-2
(See Table IV).

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MIL-STD-1686C

TABLE IV. ESD test standardslmethods for hardening of

ESDS assembly/equ ipment.

ESD MODEL
I ESD TEST
STANDARD/METHOD I
Body/Finger or
Hand/Metal HEM
IEEE STD C62.38-
1994 (Assembly) I

(Equipment)
Note: \Ll IEC 801-2 [First Edition. I
1984) and IEC 801-2” (Second editi&
1991-04) are both in current use.

5.2.2.3 Indirect contact, operating equipment, 4,000 V

furniture model test. This model can be used to verify that
operating digital equipment in an office environment will not be
damaged (or non-recoverable faults will not be injected), by
indirect contact (4,000 V Furniture Model) during normal
activities performed within the proximity of the equipment. This
threat applies to all digital equipment in an office environment

I but is especially important for NDI (Non-Developmental

(Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) equipment.
Item)/COTS
The test for this model
should consist of multiple pulses (the number is statistically
based, in accordance with ANSI C63.16-1993) using the 4,000 V
Furniture Model, applied to a Horizontal Coupling Plane (HCP) or
a Vertical Coupling Plane (VCP) . The HCP is preferred. The
recommended test method is in ANSI c63.16-1993 (See table IV) .

5.3 Protected areas. Handling of ESDS parts, assemblies

and equipment without ESD protective covering or packaging shall
be performed in ESD protected areas in accordance with ESD
protective handling procedures (see 5.4) . If there are practical
considerations which preclude handling in the protected areas,
alternative handling precautions and procedures shall be prepared
and utilized in the unprotected areas. Electrostatic voltages and
charges generated in areas where ESDS parts, assemblies and
equipment are handled without protective covering or packaging
shall be minimized to the lowest practicable level.

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MIL-STD-1686C

5.4 Handling procedures . ESD protective handling

procedures shall be established, documented, and implemented.
Handling procedures shall include, as applicable, ESD damage
prevention procedures to be used in all areas where ESDS items
are manually or machine processed.

5.5 Protective covering. When not being worked on or when

outside protected areas, ESDS parts and assemblies shall be
enclosed in ESD protective covering or packaging. Protective
packaging of ESDS items shall be in accordance with 5.8. Guidance
related to protective covering is provided in MIL-HDBK-263.

5.6 Training. Periodic and recurrent ESD training shall be

provided to all personnel who perform or supervise any of the
work associated with ESDS items. Training may be classroom
training, on the job instruction, or a combination of both.

5.7 Marking of hardware. Marking shall be as specified in

the following:

5.7.1 Assemblies. ESDS assemblies shall be marked with the

EIA RS-471 symbol as illustrated in figure 2. The symbol shall
be located in a position readily visible to personnel when the
assembly is incorporated in its next higher assembly. When
physical size or orientation of the assembly precludes compliance
with this requirement, alternative marking procedures shall be
developed and implemented only with prior concurrence by the
acquiring activity.

(RS-471)

FIGURE 2. Electrostatic discharge symbol.

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MIL-STD-1686C

I 5.7.2 Equipment. Eguipment containing ESDS parts and

assemblies shall be marked with the EIA RS-471 symbol. The
s-l shall be 10cated on the exterior surface of the equipment
and readily visible to personnel prior to gaining access to ESDS
parts and assemblies within the equipment. The following ESD
caution statement should be placed adjacent to the RS-471 symbol:

mCAUTION
CONTAINS PARTS AND
ASSEMBLIES SUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE BY
ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE (ESD) .“

The symbol and caution statement shall conform to the labeling

requirements of A5TM F 1166.

5.8 Packaging. ESD protective packaging will he in

accordance with the contract or purchase order for ESDS items.
If ESD protective packaging is not specified in the contract or
purchase order, requirements for packaging will be in accordance
with MIL-STD–2073 codes GX, JK, JW, K8 or KS for EsDS items.

5.9 Quality assurance reviews and audits. The contractor

should address ESD control in the planning and preparation
performed for quality assurance reviews and audits to ensure that
these consistently address ESD control. The contractor’s
scheduled design, program reviews and audits should include ESD
control program requirements.

5.10 Failure analysis. Failure analysis, when performed,

should consider ESD related failure modes and effects as part of
the failure analysis.

6. NOTES

(This section contains information of a general or explanatory

nature which may be helpful, but is not mandatory.)

6.1 Intended use. This document provides requirements for

establishing, documenting and implementing an ESD control
program. For those contracts incorporating DOD-STD-1686 of 2 May
1980, the companion document was DOD-HDBK-263 of 2 May 1980. For
those contracts incorporating MIL-STD-1686A of 8 August 1988, the
companion document was MIL-HDBK-263A of 22 February 1991. For
those contracts incorporating MIL-STD-1686B of 31 December 1992,

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MII..-ST1686C6C

the companion document was MIL-HDBK-263B of 31 July 1994. There

is no military har.dbook yet for this version of MIL-STD-1686C.

6.2 Issue of DoDISS. When this standard is used in

acquisition, the applicable issue of the DoDISS must be cited in
the solicitation (see 2.1 and 2.2).

6.3 Subject term (key word) listing.

Charged device model

Classification, parts, assemblies, equipment
Human body model
Machine model
Protected areas
Protective covering
Static Electricity

6.4 Changes from previous issue. Marginal notations are

not used in this revision to identify changes with respect to the
previous issue due to the extent of the changes.

Custodians: Preparing activity:

Army -ER Navy - SH
Navy - SH (Project RELI-0075)
Air Force - 17

Review activities:
Army - AT, CR, MI, St-1
Navy - AS, EC, 0S, SA
Air Force - 11, 15, 19, 99

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