05-Chapter05 - Solid Geometry
05-Chapter05 - Solid Geometry
05-Chapter05 - Solid Geometry
)CHAPTER (5
أسطح الدرجة الثانية
Quadratic Surfaces
Chapter 5 Quadratic Surfaces
The line consists of all points Q = (x, y, z) for which the vector PQ is parallel
to v. Now, PQ ( x x0 , y y0 , z z0 ) . Since PQ is parallel to v = (a, b, c),
PQ = v, where is a scalar. Thus
( x x0 , y y0 , z z0 ) PQ = v = ( a, b, c)
( x, y, z ) ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) (a, b, c)
137
الباب الخامس أسطح الدرجة الثانية
138
Chapter 5 Quadratic Surfaces
vector for the line and its components a, b, and c are called the direction
numbers.
Example: Find the parametric and symmetric equations of the line passes
through the points (1, 2, 0) and (-5, 4, 2).
Solution: To find the equation of a line in 3D space, we must have at least one
point on the line and a parallel vector. We already have two points one line so
we have at least one. To find a parallel vector, we can simplify just use the
vector that passes between the two given points, which will also be on this
line. That is, if we assign the point P = (1, 2, 0) and Q= (-5, 4, 2), then the
parallel vector v is given by
v PQ (5 1, 4 2, 2 0) (6, 2, 2)
139
الباب الخامس أسطح الدرجة الثانية
a( x x0 ) b( y y0 ) c( z z0 ) 0
Setting d (ax0 by0 cz0 ) gives the general form of the equation of a plane
in space
ax by cz d 0 .
2x y 2z 1 0
L.H.S=2(-1)+1-2(-1)-1=-2+1+2-1=0=R.H.S
Then, point C(-1, 1, -1) lies in the plane.
141
الباب الخامس أسطح الدرجة الثانية
b- Ellipsoids
x x0 2 y y0 2 z z0 2 1 or
a2 b2 c2
x2 y2 z 2
1
a 2 b2 c 2
Notice this corresponds to the case where A, B, and C all have the same sign.
2a, 2b, and 2c are the lengths of the axes of the ellipsoid.
Notice that the projection in the xy, xz, or yz plane is an ellipse.
Notice that if two of the lengths of the axes are equal, then the ellipsoid is a
“circular ellipsoid” that is the surface of revolution of a 2D ellipse about one
of its axes.
y2 z2
Example: Sketch the 3D surface described by the equation x 2 1.
9 4
142
Chapter 5 Quadratic Surfaces
z z0
x x0
2
y y0
2
or
a2 b2
x2 y 2
z
a 2 b2
Notice this corresponds to cases where A and B have the same sign and C = 0.
Notice that the “bowl” this surface generates has its minimum at (x0, y0, z0).
Notice that the trace in the xy, plane is an ellipse, and the trace in the xz and yz
planes are parabolas.
Notice that if a and b are equal, then the paraboloid is a “circular paraboloid”
that is the surface of revolution of a parabola about its axis of symmetry.
143
الباب الخامس أسطح الدرجة الثانية
Example:
Note that we’ve given two forms of the sketch here. The sketch on the left
has the standard set of axes but it is difficult to see the numbers on the
axis. The sketch on the right has been “boxed” and this makes it easier to see
the numbers to give a sense of perspective to the sketch. In most sketches that
actually involve numbers on the axis system we will give both sketches to help
get a feel for what the sketch looks like.
Example:
Solution
Rearranging into standard form,
144
Chapter 5 Quadratic Surfaces
x y2 z2
6 4 3
z z0 2 x 2x0 y y0 2
2
or
a b2
x2 y 2
z 2 2
2
a b
Notice this corresponds to cases where A and B have the same sign, but C has
the opposite sign.
Notice that the “touch point” of the two cones is at (x0, y0, z0).
145
الباب الخامس أسطح الدرجة الثانية
Notice that the trace in the xy, plane is an ellipse, and the trace in the xz and yz
planes are lines.
Notice that if a and b are equal, then the cone is a “circular cone” that is the
surface of revolution of intersecting lines about an axis bisecting their
intersection point.
y2
Example: Sketch the 3D surface described by the equation z x
2 2
.
4
x2 y 2 z 2
1
a 2 b2 c 2
146
Chapter 5 Quadratic Surfaces
Notice this also corresponds to cases where A and B have the same sign, and C
has the opposite sign, but there is “still some constant K left over.”
Notice that the trace in the xy, plane is an ellipse, and the trace in the xz and yz
planes are hyperbolas.
Notice that if a and b are equal, then the hyperboloid is a “circular
hyperboloid” that is the surface of revolution of a hyperbola about an axis
perpendicular to the foci axis.
x2 z2
Example: Sketch the 3D surface described by the equation y2 1.
4 2
x2 y 2 z 2
1
a 2 b2 c2
147
الباب الخامس أسطح الدرجة الثانية
Notice this also corresponds to cases where A and B have the same sign, and C
has the opposite sign, but the “constant K left over” is negative.
Notice that the trace in the xy, plane is an ellipse, and the trace in the xz and yz
planes are hyperbolas (that open the opposite way of a hyperboloid of one
sheet).
Notice that if a and b are equal, then the hyperboloid is a “circular hyperboloid
of two sheets” that is the surface of revolution of a hyperbola about an axis
parallel to the foci axis.
x2 z2
Example: Sketch the 3D surface described by the equation y 1 .
2
4 2
z z0
x x0 y y0
2
2
or
a2 b2
x2 y 2
z or
a 2 b2
z x2 y 2
c a 2 b2
148
Chapter 5 Quadratic Surfaces
Notice this corresponds to cases where A and B have opposite signs, and
C = 0.
This quadric surface is “saddle shaped”.
Notice that the trace in the xy, plane is a hyperbola that opens in one direction
for z > z0 and opens in the opposite direction for z < z0. The trace in the xz and
yz planes are parabolas that open in opposite directions and that then end up
being perpendicular to each other in the third dimension.
149
الباب الخامس أسطح الدرجة الثانية
4 py x 2 0
Example
Solution
This is a parabolic cylinder parallel to the y-axis, because y does not appear in
the equation.
150
Chapter 5 Quadratic Surfaces
Example
Classify the quadric surface, whose Cartesian
equation is z2 = 1 + x2 .
Solution
151
الباب الخامس أسطح الدرجة الثانية
4 x2+9 y2 - 36 = 0
3
0
y
-1
-2
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x
Note: the command ezsurf is used to plot in 3-D as shown below.
>> clear, clc,syms x y; ex1='sqrt(4-x^2-y^2)';ezsurf(ex1,[-2,2,-2,2]);
sqrt(4-x 2-y 2)
1.5
0.5
1
0 1
0
-1
-1
y x
152
Chapter 5 Quadratic Surfaces
Exercises (5)
1. Find the angle between the line x 2 y 1 z 3 and the plane
3 1 2
3x+4y+z+5=0.
2. If the vectors aiˆ ˆj kˆ , iˆ bjˆ kˆ and iˆ jˆ ckˆ are co-planar, then prove that
1 1 1
1 where a, b, c 1
1 a 1 b 1 c
3. Find the equation of the plane through the point (-4, 3, 1) that is perpendicular
to the vector a = -4 i + 7 j – 2 k.
4. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (1, 2, -3), (2, 3, 1),
and (0, -2, -1).
5. Find the standard and general equation of a sphere that passes through the
point (2, 1, 4) and has center (4, 3, 3).
6. Find the center and radius of the sphere, 4 x 2 4 y 2 4 z 2 4 x 32 y 8z 33 0 .
7. Sketch each of the following quadric surfaces.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
b) x 2 5 z 2 25
c) x 9 z
2
153
الباب الخامس أسطح الدرجة الثانية
y2 z2
a) x 1
2
5 5
x2 y 2 z 2
b) 1
4 9 16
10. Sketch the following hyperboloids.
x2
a) y2 z2 1
4
y2 z2
b) x 1
2
4 9
2 2
x z
y 0
2
11. Sketch the cone
4 9
2 2
x z
12. Sketch the paraboloid y 0.
4 9
i) z=2x2+3y2 - 9
ii) .
154