Hello Year 11 Physics.

Please find a jumbled list of the answers to the Assessment Task. Your job is to check your
answers through the jumble???!!!
I will leave them in the correct module yet not in numerical order.
Hang on - the formatting has gone nuts so I will leave it in the numerical order - you can
decipher.
Have fun.

Formulae

• velocity: acceleration:
• equations for constant acceleration:
• Newton’s second law:
• kinetic energy:

Prefixes/Units

n = nano = 10-9

µ = micro = 10-6

m = milli = 10-3

k = kilo = 103

M = mega = 106

G = giga = 109

1 tonne = 103 kg

Data
In all questions, the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m s-2. Ignore the effect of air resistance
unless otherwise directed.
Answers

1. xVav t
25 m s10.45 s
11.25 m
11 m (to 2 sig. figures)
2. Distance travelled when braking is given by:
Total distance11 m39 m
50 m
3. u25 m s1
v0
a8.0 m s2
t?
vuat
025 m s1(8.0 m s2) t
t3.1 s
4. Acceleration is given by the gradient of a velocity versus time graph.
At t25 seconds,

Instantaneous velocity is 0.40 m s2 north.

5. The car is travelling at a constant velocity when the graph is horizontal. This
occurs between t40 s and t100 s. Therefore, the car is travelling at a constant velocity for 60 s.
6. Displacement is given by the total area under a velocity versus time graph.

Displacement is 1440 m north.

7.
8. The car starts from rest.
It travels north for 40 seconds accelerating at a constant rate of 0.40 m s2.
It then travels north for 60 seconds at a constant velocity of 16 m s1.
It then travels north for 20 seconds decelerating at a constant rate of 0.8 m s2.
It comes to rest 120 seconds after starting.
9. Rower is moving at 10 m s1 relative to the water. The otter is at rest with respect
to the water, therefore
the rower is moving at 10 m s1 upstream relative to the otter.

10. Taking upstream to be positive,

11. 10 m s1 downstream (same magnitude but the opposite direction when the frame
of reference is moved to the rower)
12. Taking downstream to be positive

13. (a) Assuming the car is at rest, cyclist is moving at

28 m s1 South and 7 m s1 West. Using vector addition

Therefore relative velocity is 29 m s1 S14 W.

(b) Assuming the cyclist is at rest, the car is moving at 28 m s1 North and 7 m s1
East (opposite to previous calculation).
Therefore relative velocity is 29 m s1 N14 E.
 14. Net force is zero.
The cyclist and bicycle are travelling at a constant speed 16 m from the start. The cyclist
provides a constant driving force and this must be equal to the total resistance forces from 16 m
onwards.
15. Read from graph.
At 16 m from start, Fnet0.
So, the driving force is equal in magnitude to the total resistance forces.
16.

17. pmv
750 kg40 m s 1 west
3.0104 kg m s1 west
18. ppfpi
750 kg5.0 m s1 east
3.0104 kg m s1 west
3750 kg m s1 east
3.0104 kg m s1 west
3750 kg m s1 east
3.0104 kg m s1 east
33 750 kg m s1 east
3.4104 kg m s1 east
19.
Average force exerted by the car on the wall will be 4.2104 N west according to Newton’s third
law.
20. If the net force acting on a system is zero, the total momentum of the system remains
constant. Momentum has been transferred to the Earth via the solid wall.
21.

22. pm(vu)
1.2103 kg (17.5 m s1 west 20 m s1 east)
1.2103 kg (17.5 m s1 west 20 m s1 west)
1.2103 kg 37.5 m s1 west
4.5104 kg m s1 west
23. Average force exerted by truck on car:

Average force exerted by car on truck is 5.0104 N east as it has the same magnitude but the
opposite direction.
24.

25. The collision is inelastic since the initial kinetic energy is greater than the final kinetic
energy.
Initial kinetic energy
Final kinetic energy

26. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another.
Some kinetic energy has been converted to thermal and sound energy.
27. 5.0 m s1 north (read from the graph)

28. Acceleration gradient of velocity vs time graph

2.5 m s2 north
2.5 m s2 south
29. Distance Total area under the graph 810810 410408020
140 m
30. Displacement is a vector:
for the first 20 seconds, displacement140 m north
for the next 20 seconds, displacement
4101210 410160 m south
final displacement20 m south
31. u0, a3.0, t5.0, v?
vua t03515 m s1
32. u0, a3.0, t6.0, s?
sut at20 36254 m
33. u 0, a3.0, s24, v?
v2 u22as
v2 02324144
v 12 m s1
34. Fma3515 N

35.

36. It is the force of gravity that the apple exerts on the Earth. It acts at the centre of the
Earth. Action–reaction pairs act on different bodies.
37. F640, m1600, a?

38. u20, a0.4, v0, s?

v2u22 as
020220.4s
04000.8 s

39. WF s6405003.2105 J

Answers
1. F = ma = 3 ´ 5 = 15 N

2. W = mg

= 1200 ´ 10

= 12000 N

= 1.2 ´ 104 N

3. component down slope = W sin 20°

= 1.2 ´ 104 ´ sin 20

= 4.1 ´ 104 N

4. N = W cos 20

= 1.2 ´ 104 ´ cos 20

= 1.1 ´ 104 N

5. Fnet = 0

Force up the slope must be equal in magnitude to the force down the slope.

F = 4.1 ´ 104 N

6. The road applies the force on the car.

7. The force is applied by the road on each of the four tyres.

8. Ug = mgh = 120 ´ 10 ´ 5.0 = 6.0 ´ J

 9. conservation of energy

Ek (at bottom) = Ug (at top)

½ mv2 = mgh

10. Zero. The box moves with a constant velocity; therefore, there is no net force acting on it
(Newton’s first law of motion).

11. Resistance forces are equal in magnitude to the horizontal component of the force along
the rope.

Fx = 120 ´ cos 30° = 104 N

12. W = Fs cos q = 120 ´ 5.0 ´ cos 30° = 520 J

13.

14. It is the force of gravity that the apple exerts on the Earth. It acts at the centre of the Earth.
Action–reaction pairs act on different bodies.

15. F = 4.0 N (from the graph),

16. work done = area under a force vs distance graph

= ½ ´ 3 ´ 4 + 2 ´ 4 + ½ ´ 2 ´ 4 = 6 + 8 + 4 = 18 J

17. work done = change in kinetic energy

initial kinetic energy = 0

18.

19. work done = area under a force vs distance graph

= + 18 - 8 = + 10 J

20. F = 640, m = 1600, a = ?

21. u = 20, a = - 0.4, v = 0, s = ?

v2 = u2 + 2 as

0 = 202 + 2 ´ - 0.4 ´ s

0 = 400 - 0.8 s

22. W = F s = 640 ´ 500 = 3.2 ´ 105 J

23. pi = 1600 kg m s–1 north

pf = 0

Δp = pf - pi

= 1600 kg m s–1 south

24. pi = mu
 = 400 ´ 2.0 east

= 800 kg m s–1 east

25. pi = 800 kg m s–1 east

pf = mv

= 400 ´ 1.0 west

= -400 kg m s–1 east

Δp = pf - pi

= -400 - 800 east

= -1200 kg m s–1 east

= 1200 kg m s–1 west

26. impulse = change in momentum

= 1200 kg m s–1 west

= 1200 N s in magnitude

27. impulse on barrier = -impulse on barrier

= -1200 N s west

= 1200 N s east

impulse on barrier = FΔt

1200 east = F ´ 0.80

F=

= 1500 N east

28. From the graph, when F = 20 N, extension = 12.5 cm.

29. Energy can be stored in springs by compressing or extending them, if the change in shape
can be reversed, the energy stored is called strain potential energy.

30. P =

F = 9.0 N + 6.0 N

Formulae
• Speed, frequency and wavelength:

• Transmission of sound: intensity (when sound spreads out uniformly in all directions)

In the following questions, assume that the speed of sound in air is 340 m s-1 unless otherwise
stated.

Answers

1.

2. (a) 600 nm600109 m6.0107 m

(b)

3. 50 (measured from the ray to the normal)

4.

5.

6. C, D (One condition for total internal reflection to occur is that light must pass into a
medium of lower refractive index.)

7.

8. D (Light is totally internally reflected.)

 9. Wavelength is the distance for one complete waveform. From the graph,

10.

425 Hz

11. One waveform is 4 cm on the screen.

T4 cm5 ms cm1

20 ms

2.0102 s

12.

Doubling the frequency halves the period.

13.

Amplitude must be greater than 1 cm on the screen. A louder sound has a greater
amplitude. Any trace with the same period but a larger amplitude will be correct.

14. For a transverse wave, the movement of the medium or displacement of the field,
as in an electromagnetic wave, is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. For
a longitudinal wave, the back-and-forth movement of the medium is in the same direction as the
propagation of the wave, such as in a sound wave.

15.

16.

17.
 18. Lowering the tension would i) decrease the wave speed, ii) not have an effect on
frequency — the frequency would remain the same as this is determined by the student, and iii)
decrease the wavelength of the periodic wave.

19. Both types of light travel at 3.0 × 108 m s–1.

For red light:

For blue light:

20. Light with wavelength 580 nm is between blue and red, about midway, and so
yellow would be a reasonable estimate.

21. Brightness of light relates to the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave, whereas
colour relates to the frequency of the wave. Brighter light has a larger amplitude; blue light has a
greater frequency than red light, for example.

22.

23. On a daily basis, objects, such as a cup on a table, are where they actually
appear to be when you use your senses of sight and touch. If light did not travel in a straight
line, this would not be the case. A good example is the use of a laser beam to demonstrate that
light appears to travel in a straight line, except when it reflects, refracts and diffracts. Light is
also known to appear to bend in strong gravitational fields due to general relativistic effects.

24.
25. The phrase ‘constructive interference’ describes the process of two waves
combining to produce a composite wave whose amplitude is larger than either wave. This
combination of two waves occurs at a point in space and an instant in time. For example, two
wave pulses moving in opposite directions along a slinky with the same orientation will
constructively interfere as they pass through each other.

26. The regions with large amplitude result from constructive interference of waves
coming from both slits. Constructive interference occurs at a point P when the two waves are in
phase. This will occur at any point where the path difference |S1P – S2P| is equal to 0, λ, 2λ,
…….nλ, where n is a finite number of integer values. If this condition is met, maximum
constructive interference will occur.

27. Increasing the distance between the two slits results in the pattern contracting and
becoming more compact — regions of constructive interference and destructive interference are
closer together.

28. Increasing the frequency of the waves reduces the wavelength of the waves. This also
results in the pattern contracting and becoming more compact.

29. The path difference for the third dark band is:

30. The path difference for the fifth bright band is:

31. The process of diffraction scales according to the ratio The larger this ratio, the more
evident are diffraction effects. If this ratio is sufficiently small, diffraction effects are not
noticeable. Increasing the wavelength of the waves increases the amount of diffraction, while
increasing the size of the slit or obstacle has the effect of reducing the amount of diffraction that
can be observed.

32. A 200 Hz sound wave has a wavelength of 1.7 m (170 cm), and a 6000 Hz sound wave
has a wavelength of 0.057 m (5.7 cm) using the equation:
For the 200 Hz sound wave:

For the 6000 Hz sound wave:

The 200 Hz sound would diffract significantly from the speaker cone, and the 6000 Hz sound
would diffract substantially less. The result would be that the speaker would radiate 200 Hz
sound in all directions, whereas the 6000 Hz sound would essentially radiate along the principal
axis of the speaker with little diffraction.

33. For the fundamental frequency, the length of the string is half the wavelength of the
transverse waves travelling along the string to make the fundamental standing wave. Hence, the
wavelength is 1.6 m, the frequency is 300 Hz, and the wave speed is 300 × 1.6 = 480 m s–1.

34. The string will now vibrate such that the length of the string equals . This will give rise to
a node at each end and two nodes on the string with three antinodes evenly spaced. The
distance between adjacent antinodes is . In this instance:

35. The distance between adjacent nodes is also:

36. For a sound source approaching an observer:

37. For an observer at the rear of the ambulance, the frequency would be:

This difference is , which is 183 Hz lower in frequency.

38. a. C

b. 10 cm

c. A
 39. a.

b. C

c. 6.0 cm (accept a range of 5.66.4 cm)

d.

40. a.

b. B

c.

d.

41. a. Period is the time taken for one complete waveform. From the graph, this is 4 ms
or 4.0103 s.

b.

42. a.

b.

c.
 43. a. approximately 2200 Hz to 5300 Hz

b. The average person has a threshold of hearing of 30 dB at 100 Hz. The sound must be
20 dB greater to be at Eva’s threshold, so the required answer is 50 dB.

c. The loudness of a given sound is its sound intensity level at a frequency of 1000 Hz.
Reading from the graph, the loudness of the lowest intensity level that the average person can
hear is 7 dB (allow0.3).

44. a.

b. Assumptions may include:

• Sound spreads out evenly in all directions from the source.

• Sound is not reflected from any nearby surfaces.

• The medium is uniform.

• No sound energy is absorbed by the medium.

45. a. Diffraction is the bending of sound waves as they pass around an object,
through a gap in a barrier or around the edge of a barrier.

b. B, C

c. Sound waves easily diffract around objects that are smaller than the wavelength of the
sound. (1 mark)

The width of the human head is much smaller than the wavelengths of low-frequency sounds.
(1 mark)

It is therefore difficult to tell from which direction such sounds originate.

46. B. The wavelength of sound in air depends on the speed of sound in air and the
frequency.

1.4 m
 47. a. First overtone or second harmonic because there are two antinodes and
three nodes.

b.

c.

48. a. First harmonic is the fundamental frequency.

L0.40 m

(1 mark)

425 Hz (1 mark)

b. All harmonics can be produced by a pipe open at both ends. Find the highest harmonic.

(1 mark)

Number of harmonics is 47. (1 mark)

c. The second harmonic as there are two antinodes (1 mark)

Award 1 mark for a suitable diagram.

49. a. For a pipe open at both ends:

b. This pipe has three antinodes and four nodes. Therefore, it is the third harmonic and
second overtone.

c. The antinode in the centre of the pipe will have fewest particles, and the other two
antinodes will have maximum concentration of particles.
50. a. For a pipe closed at one end:

b. The second resonant frequency above the fundamental (or second overtone)
corresponds to the fifth harmonic, as only odd-numbered harmonics are possible with a pipe
closed at one end. (1 mark)

The fifth harmonic has a frequency five times the fundamental. (1 mark)

5466.2 Hz2331 Hz = 2.3103 Hz (1 mark)

51. a. 0.18 m (Read from graph.)

b. The pipe was closed at one end. There is a pressure antinode at one end and a node at
the other.

c. 0.08 m (Read one complete wavelength from the graph.)

d. There are five antinodes and five nodes. This means that it is the 9th harmonic. The
fundamental frequency is the frequency of the harmonic divided by 9. (1 mark)

e. A

f. For a pipe closed at one end:

40.18 m

0.72 m (1 mark)

g.

(Consequential answer — 340 divided by the answer to part f)

h. C, D. Pipes closed at one end will resonate at the odd-numbered harmonics.

1410 Hz is the 3rd harmonic

3290 Hz is the 7th harmonic.

= 15 N

P=

= 75 W

Formulae

• Speed, frequency and wavelength:

• Transmission of sound: intensity (when sound spreads out uniformly in all directions)

In the following questions, assume that the speed of sound in air is 340 m s-1 unless otherwise
stated.