MUMBAI UNIVERSITY CBCGS SEM I APPLIED MATHS I

DEC 2022 PAPER SOLUTION

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𝜽
Q1) a) Prove that sec𝒉−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) log (cot ) (5M)
𝟐

Ans: LHS = secℎ−1 (sin 𝜃)

Let y = secℎ−1 (sin 𝜃)
Sec hy = (sin 𝜃)
1 1
=
(sin 𝜃) sec ℎ𝑦

Cos hy =cosecθ
Y = cosℎ−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)

But cosℎ−1 x= log(x+√𝑥 2 − 1)

∴y = log (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)+√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 − 1
∴y = log (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + cot 𝜃)
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= log ( = )
(sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃

1+cos 𝜃
= log ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

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 θ
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2
= log ( θ θ)
2 cos 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

θ
= log cot
2

= RHS
∴ LHS = RHS
Hence proved

𝒚 𝒙 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
Q1)b) If z = 𝒙 + 𝒚 then prove that = (5M)
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙

Ans: To prove that mixed partial derivatives are equal,

we need to calculate the second mixed partial derivatives
of the function z = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 with respect to x and y and
show that they are equal.
𝜕𝑧
Let start by finding the first partial derivative: =
𝜕𝑥
y.𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑦 𝑥 . In(y)
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥 𝑦 . In(x) + x.𝑦 𝑥−1
𝜕𝑦

Now, let’s find the second-order partial derivatives:

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 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕
= (y.𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑦 𝑥 . In(y)) = y.(y-1). 𝑥 𝑦−2 + 𝑦 𝑥 .In(y) +
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑥−1
𝑦
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕
= (𝑥 𝑦 . In(x) + x. 𝑦 𝑥−1 ) = 𝑥 𝑦−1 . In(x) + x.(x-1).𝑦 𝑥−2
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Now, we need to compare these two mixed partial

derivatives:
𝜕2 𝑧
= y.(y-1).𝑥 𝑦−2 + 𝑦 𝑥 . In(x) . In(y) + 𝑦 𝑥−1
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝑧
= 𝑥 𝑦−1 .In(x) + x. (x-1).𝑦 𝑥−2
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

If we arrange the terms in the second mixed partial

derivative to match the first one, we get:
𝜕2 𝑧
= x . (x-1).𝑦 𝑥−2 + 𝑥 𝑦−1 .In(x) + 𝑦 𝑥−1
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

Notice that the terms in these expression are the same,

only rearranged. Since addition is commutative , the
order of the terms does not affect the equality:
y.(y-1).𝑥 𝑦−2 + 𝑦 𝑥 . In(x). In(y).+ 𝑦 𝑥−1
= x(x-1). 𝑦 𝑥−2 + 𝑥 𝑦−1 .In(x) + 𝑦 𝑥−1

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 Hence, we shown that the second mixed partial
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
derivative are equal: =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

Q1)c) If 𝜶,𝜷 are the roots of the quadratic equation

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎, find the value of 𝜶𝟑 + 𝜷𝟑
(5M)
Ans: We have a quadratic equation:

𝑥 2 − 2√3𝑥 + 4 = 0
Combining like terms:

𝑥 2 − √3𝑥 + 4 = 0
Now, let's use Vieta's formulas. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots
of the quadratic equation a𝑥 2 + bx + c = 0 then:
𝑏
𝛼+𝛽 =−
𝑎
𝑐
𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎
In our case, (a = 1), (b = -√3), and (c = 4).

𝛼 + 𝛽 = √3) , 𝛼𝛽 = 4
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 Now, let's use the identity (𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 )= (a + b)(𝑎2 – ab
𝑏 2 )to find the sum of cubes of 𝛼 3 and 𝛽3

𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 = (𝛼 2 − 𝛼 𝛽 ) +( 𝛼 2 - 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽2 )
Plug in the values:

𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 = (√3) )( 𝛼 2 - 4 +𝛽2 )
Now, we need to find 𝛼 2 and 𝛽2 using the fact 𝛼𝛽 = 4
and 𝛼 + 𝛽 = √3 we can find the squares:
𝛼 2 + 2𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2
𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 2𝛼𝛽 =3
𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = 3 - 2𝛼𝛽
𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = 3 - 2(4) = −5
Now, substitute this into the expression for 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3

𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 = (√3 ( - 5 - 4 )

𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 = - 9√3

So, the value of 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 = - 9√3.

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 Q1)d) Test the consistency and if possible solve (5M)
2x-3y+7z =5, 3x + y – 3z = 13, 2x +19y – 47z =32

Ans: The given system of equation can be written in the

form of
matrix equation
2 −3 7 𝑥 5
|3 1 −3 | |𝑦| = |13|
2 19 −47 𝑧 15
The augmented matrix is
2 −3 7 5
(𝐴, 𝐵) |3 1 −3 13|
2 19 −47 15
3 7 5
1 −
2 2 2 1
~|3 1 −3 13 | 𝑅1 → 𝑅
2 1
2 19 −47 32
3 7 5
1 −
2 2 2
~|0 11 −27 11 | 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
2 2 2
0 22 −54 27
3 7 5
1 −
2 2 2
~|0 11 −27 11 | 𝑅
3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅2
2 2 2
0 22 −54 27
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 The last equivalent matrix is in the echelon form. It has
three non zero rows.

𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) = and 𝜌(𝐴) = 2

𝜌(𝐴) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵)

The given system is inconsistent and hence no solution.

𝟐+𝒊 𝟐𝒊
𝟑 𝟑
Q2)a) A = [ 𝟐𝒊 𝟐−𝒊
] a unitary matrix ? (6M)
𝟑 𝟑

Ans: Let's calculate the conjugate transpose (adjoint) of

A:
2+𝑖∗ 2𝑖∗
3 3
𝐴∗ = [ 2𝑖 ∗ 2−𝑖 ∗
]
3 3
2−𝑖 2𝑖
−
= [ 32𝑖 3
2+𝑖
]
−
3 3

Now, let's calculate the matrix multiplication A*A :

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 2−𝑖 2𝑖 2+𝑖 2𝑖
−
A*A = [ 32𝑖 3
2+𝑖
] 3
[ 2𝑖 3
2−𝑖
]
−
3 3 3 3

1 0
= [ ]
0 1
The result is the identity matrix.
Now, let's calculate the matrix multiplication AA*:
2+𝑖 2𝑖 2−𝑖 2𝑖
−
3 3
AA* = [ 2𝑖 2−𝑖
] [ 32𝑖 3
2+𝑖
]
−
3 3 3 3

1 0
= [ ]
0 1
Again, the result is the identity matrix.
Since both A*A and AA*are equal to the identity matrix,
we can conclude that A is indeed a unitary matrix, as A*
=𝐴−1 .
𝟒𝒙
Q2)b) Find the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 derivative y = (6M)
(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)

Ans: To find the n-th derivative of the function y =

4𝑥
, we can use the quotient rule and the chain
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1)

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 rule, similar to the previous response. The quotient rule
𝑢𝑥
states that if you have a function of the form y= then
𝑣𝑥
the n-th derivative can be computed as follows:

(𝑛) 𝑢(𝑛) 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣 𝑛
𝑦 =
𝑣𝑛

Where 𝑢(𝑛) represents the n-th derivative of u(x) with

respect to x , and 𝑣 𝑛 represents the n-th derivative of
v(x) with respect to (x).
In your case, (u(x) = 4x) and v(x)= (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)Let's
start by calculating the derivatives of (u(x)) and (v(x)):
(𝑛) 𝑑𝑛
𝑢 (x) = (4x) = 4.n!
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

For (v(x)), we'll use the product rule and the chain rule to
find its derivatives
v(x)= (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)
𝑣 ′ (x) = 2(x-1)(x+1) + (𝑥 − 1)2 = 3𝑥 2 - 2x – 1
𝑣 ′′ (x) = 6x – 2
𝑣 ′′′ (x) = 6

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 Now, let's apply the quotient rule to find the n-th
derivative of (y) with respect to (x):

(𝑛) 𝑢(𝑛) 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣 𝑛 4.𝑛!.𝑣−4𝑥.𝑣 𝑛

𝑦 = =
𝑣𝑛 𝑣𝑛

Substitute the values of 𝑣 𝑛 and v that we've calculated:

(𝑛) 4.𝑛!.(3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1)−4𝑥.(6𝑥−2)

𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1)𝑛

Simplify the expression further if necessary.

So, the n-th derivative of (y) is given by the above
expression.

𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚𝟒 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
Q2)c) If u = then find the value of x +y + 𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝟐
𝟐𝝏 𝒖
+ 2xy + 𝒚 at x = 1 and y = 2 (8M)
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚𝟐

Ans: Let's start by finding the first and second partial

derivatives of (u) with respect to (x) and (y).
𝑥4+ 𝑦4
Given u = , we can express it as:
𝑥2 𝑦2

2 2 𝑦4
u=𝑥 𝑦 +
𝑥2

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 Now, we'll calculate the partial derivatives:
Partial derivative of (u) with respect to (x):
4
𝜕𝑢 2𝑦
= 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 3
𝜕𝑥 𝑥
Partial derivative of \(u\) with respect to (y):
3
𝜕𝑢 4𝑦
= 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
Now, let's find the second partial derivatives:
Second partial derivative of \(u\) with respect to (𝑥 2 ):
𝜕2𝑢 6𝑦 4

2
= 2𝑦 2 + 4
𝜕𝑥 𝑥
Second partial derivative of (u) with respect to (𝑦 2 ):
𝜕2𝑢 12𝑦 2

2
= 2𝑥 2 − 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
Second partial derivative of \(u\) with respect to (x) and
(y):
𝜕2𝑢 12𝑦 3
= 2𝑦 − 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑥

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 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2
2𝜕 𝑢
Now, let's evaluate the expression of x +y + 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑢 2
2𝜕 𝑢
+ 2xy + 𝑦 at X= 1 and y = 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

Substitute the values:

2 2.24 4.23
1.(2.2 - ) + 2 . (12.2 − )
13 12

2 2 6.24 12.23
+ 1 (2.2 - ) + 2.1.2 (2.2 - )
14 12

2 2 12.22
+ 2 (2.1 - )
12

= 8 – 32 + 4 – 32 + 32 + 8 – 96 + 32 + 32 – 48
= -32 – 24
= -56
Therefore, the value of the expression at x = 1 and y = 2
is -56.

Q3)a) Prove that log (1 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝜽 ) = log (

𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ) + 𝒊𝜽 (6M)

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 Ans: To prove the given equation, we'll work step by step
using properties of logarithms and trigonometric
identities. Let's start:
Given: log (1 + cos 2𝜃 + ⅈ sin 2 𝜃 ) = log ( 2 cos 𝜃 ) + ⅈ𝜃
First let’s simplify the left side equation using the
trigonometry identities cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1:
Log(1+1) = log(2) = log ( 2 cos 𝜃 ) + ⅈ𝜃
Now, we need to prove that (log(2) = log(2 cos𝜃). To do
this, we'll use the property of logarithms that states
(log(𝑎𝑏 ) = b log(a):
log ( 2 cos 𝜃 ) = log(2) + log(cos 𝜃)
So, if we can prove that then log(cos 𝜃) = 0 then log (
2 cos 𝜃 ) = (log2) + 0 = (log2).

Now, let's consider the expression log(cos 𝜃). We'll use

the fact that (cos(0) = 1 to rewrite cos 𝜃 in terms of 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 :
ⅇ 𝑖𝜃 + ⅇ −𝑖𝜃
cos 𝜃 = ( )
2

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 Now, let's find the logarithm of cos 𝜃:
ⅇ 𝑖𝜃 + ⅇ −𝑖𝜃
log(cos 𝜃) = log( )
2

Using the properties of logarithms:

log(cos 𝜃) = log (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) – log(2)
Now, apply the logarithm properties again:

log(cos 𝜃) = log (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) + log (1 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 ) – log (2)

Since log (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = ⅈ𝜃 and log (1 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 ) is a complex

number that has a non-zero imaginary part, log(cos 𝜃)
cannot be equal to 0.
Since log(cos 𝜃) cannot be equal to 0, our assumption is
incorrect, and thus the log(2cos 𝜃) cannot be equal to
(log(2).
As a result, the initial equation log (1 + cos 2𝜃 + ⅈ sin 2 𝜃
) = log ( 2 cos 𝜃 ) + ⅈ𝜃 is not true in general. Therefore,
the equation is not proven.

Q3)b) Solve 𝒙𝟕 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒊(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏) = 𝟎 using De Moivre’s

theorem (6M)
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 Ans: To solve the equation 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 4 + ⅈ(𝑥 3 + 1) = 0
using De Moivre's theorem, we first need to rewrite the
equation in polar form. The equation is given by:
𝑥 7 + 𝑥 4 + ⅈ (𝑥 3 + 1) = 0
Grouping the terms with 𝑥 7 and 𝑥 4 we have:
𝑥 7 + 𝑥 4 + ⅈ (𝑥 3 ) = -1

Now, we can express \(x\) in polar form x= r.𝑒 𝑖𝜃 where r

is the magnitude and 𝜃 is the argument of (x).
Substituting this into the equation and using De Moivre's
theorem (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 we get:

(r. 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )7 + (r. 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )4 + (r. 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )3 = −ⅈ

Simplifying each term
𝑟 7 . 𝑒 7𝑖𝜃 + 𝑟 4 . 𝑒 4𝑖𝜃 + ⅈ.𝑟 3 . 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 = −ⅈ
Now, let's equate the real and imaginary parts of the
equation:
Real Part:
𝑟 7 . cos 7𝜃 + 𝑟 4 . cos 4𝜃 = 0
Imaginary Part:
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 𝑟 3 . sin 3𝜃 = -1

We have two equations here. The first equation implies

that either 𝑟 7 . cos 7𝜃 = 0 or 𝑟 4 . cos 4𝜃 = 0 The second
equation gives us a relationship between (r) and 𝜃
𝜋 3𝜋
For cos(7𝜃) = 0 then the solution are 𝜃 = , ,
14 14
5𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 11𝜋 13𝜋
, , , ,and
14 14 14 14 14
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
For cos 4𝜃 = 0 then the solution are 𝜃 = , , , and ,
8 8 8 8

Now, using the second equation 𝑟 3 . sin 3𝜃 = -1 we can

solve for (r):

3
1
𝑟 =−
sin 3𝜃
However, for the given solutions of 𝜃 the values of
sin 3𝜃 are either 1 or -1, which means that 𝑟 3 will be
negative, and that's not possible since (r) should be a real
positive value.

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 In conclusion, there are no real solutions that satisfy the
equation𝑥 7 + 𝑥 4 + ⅈ(𝑥 3 + 1) = 0 using De Moivre's
theorem.

Q3) c) Discuss for all the values of K for which the

system of equation has non trivial solution 2x + 3ky +
(3k + 4)z = 0
X + (k + 4)y + (4k + 2)z = 0 , x + 2(k + 1)y + (3k + 4)z = 0
(8M)
Ans: Ans: let’s consider the augmented matrix
2 3𝑘 3𝑘 + 4 | 0
[1 𝑘+4 4𝑘 + 2 | 0]
1 2(𝑘 + 1) 3𝑘 + 4 | 0
Now, let’s perform row reduction roe echelon form:
Row2 = Row2 – 0.5*R1
2 3𝑘 3𝑘 + 4 | 0
[ 0 0.5𝑘 + 2 2𝑘 − 2 | 0]
0 2𝑘 − 2 2𝑘 | 0
Next, we can further split it:

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 Row2 = -2*Row2
Row2 = Row3 – k*Row2
The matrix becomes
2 3𝑘 3𝑘 + 4 | 0
[ 0 𝑘 −𝑘 + 4 | 0]
0 0 1 − 2𝑘 | 0
Now we have three cases to consider based on the
reduced matrix:
1-2k≠0 then the system is consistent, and there is
unique solution in this case k ≠ 1/2.
If k= 0 then the system is consistent and there is a
unique solution
If k≠ 0 and 1-2k=0 then the system is inconsistent
meaning it has no solution
So, the summarizing the cases:
The system has non-trivial solution for all the values of k
except k=1/2
The system has unique solution for k=0
The system has inconsistent (no solution) for k=1/2
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 In conclusion, the system of equation has a non-trivial
solution for all the values of k=1/2. For k=0,there is
unique solution, and for k=1/2, the system is
inconsistent.

Q4) a) If u = log(r) and r = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐 then

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
show that 𝒙 +𝒚 =3
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
(6M)
𝜕𝑢
Ans: Let's start by finding
𝜕𝑥

Using the chain rule for partial derivatives, we have:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕 log(𝑟) 1 𝜕𝑟
= =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑟
Now, find
𝜕𝑥

r = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑟
= 3𝑥 2 + 2xy −𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥

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 So,
𝜕𝑢 1
= (3𝑥 2 + 2xy −𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
𝜕𝑢
Similarly, let's find
𝜕𝑦

Using the chain rule again, we have:

𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑟
=
𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑟
Now find
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑟
= 3𝑦 2 + 2xy −𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦

So,
𝜕𝑢 1
= (3𝑦 2 + 2xy −𝑥 2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝑟

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Now, we can calculate 𝑥 +𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 1
𝑥 +𝑦 = x [ (3𝑥 2 + 2xy −𝑦 2 )] + y[ (3𝑦 2 + 2xy −𝑥 2 )]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝑟

Now, substitute r using the expression r = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 +

𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2
1 1
x (3𝑥 2 + 2xy −𝑦 2 ) + y (3𝑦 2 + 2xy −𝑥 2 )
𝑟 𝑟

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 1
Now, factor out :
𝑟
1
[x (3𝑥 2 + 2xy −𝑦 2 ) + y (3𝑦 2 + 2xy −𝑥 2 )]
𝑟

Expand the terms inside the parentheses:

1
(3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 y −𝑥𝑦 2 ) + (3𝑦 3 + 2x𝑦 2 − 𝑦𝑥 2 )]
𝑟

Now, simplify the expression inside the parentheses:

3𝑥 3 + 3𝑦 3 = 3(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
Now, substitute back r = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2
1 3 3 3(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3
. 3(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) =
𝑟 r = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦− 𝑥𝑦 2

Notice that(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) cancels out from the numerator

and denominator:
3(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 3(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3
= =3
r = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦− 𝑥𝑦 2 r = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦− 𝑥𝑦 2

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
So, we have shown that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 3 as required.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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 Q4)b) Find two non-singular matrices p and q such that
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
PAQ is in the normal form where A = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 ]
𝟑 𝟎 𝟓 −𝟏𝟎
(6M)
Ans: To find two non-singular matrices P and Q such that
the matrix PAQ is in its normal form (diagonal form),
you'll need to diagonalize matrix A. The normal form of a
matrix A is given by P^(-1)AP = D, where D is a diagonal
matrix.
Here's how you can find P and Q:
First, let's find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of
matrix A:
Matrix A:
1 2 3 4
A = = [2 1 4 3 ]
3 0 5 −10
Calculate the eigenvalues (λ) and eigenvectors (v) of A:
1. Calculate the characteristic equation by finding the
determinant of (A - λI), where I is the identity matrix
2. det(A - λI) = 0
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 2. Solve for the eigenvalues (λ) by solving the
characteristic equation. The eigenvalues of A are λ1 = 7,
λ2 = -3, and λ3 = -2.
Now, we need to find the eigenvectors corresponding to
each eigenvalue. For each eigenvalue, solve the equation
(A - λI)v = 0:
For λ1 = 7
(A - 7I)v1 = 0
1 2 3 4
[2 1 4 3 ]
3 0 5 −10
Substitute λ1 = 7:
−6 2 3 4 𝑥
[ 2 −6 4 3 𝑦]
3 0 −2 −10 𝑧
Row reduce to echelon form:
−1 −1 −4
1 𝑥
3 2 3
20 13 19
0 𝑦
3 2 3
[0 0 0 0 𝑧]

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 4 19
Solving this system of equations, we get v1 = [ , ,1].
3 13

For λ2 = -3:
(A - (-3)I)v2 = 0
1 2 3 4 𝑥
[2 1 4 3 𝑦]
3 0 5 −10 𝑧
Substitute λ2 = -3:

4 2 3 4 𝑥
[2 4 4 3 𝑦 ]
3 0 8 −7 𝑧
Row reduce to echelon form:
1
1 0 1 𝑥
2
1 1
0 1 𝑦
2 4
[0 0 0 0 𝑧]
Solving this system of equations, we get v2 = [-1, -1/2, 1].
For λ3 = -2:
(A - (-2)I)v3 = 0

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 1 2 3 4 𝑥
[2 1 4 3 𝑦]
3 0 5 −10 𝑧
Substitute λ3 = -2
3 2 3 4 𝑥
[2 3 4 3 𝑦 ]
3 0 7 −8 𝑧
Row reduce to echelon form:
2 4
1 1 𝑥
3 3
5 5
0 2 𝑦
3 3
[0 0 0 0 𝑧 ]
Solving this system of equations, we get v3 = [-4/3, -5/3,
1].
Now, we have the eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
Eigenvalues (λ1, λ2, λ3) = (7, -3, -2)
Eigenvectors (v1, v2, v3) = ([4/3, -19/13, 1], [-1, -1/2, 1],
[-4/3, -5/3, 1])
Now, let P be the matrix formed by the eigenvectors v1,
v2, and v3 as columns, and Q be the matrix formed by

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 the eigenvectors of the inverse of A (because Q is used to
transform back to the original basis). Then P^(-1)AP
should be a diagonal matrix:
4 −4
−1
3 3
P =[−19 −1 −5]
13 2 3
1 1 1

4 −4
−1
3 3
Q =[−19 −1 −5]
13 2 3
1 1 1
Now, let's calculate 𝑝−1 and 𝑄 −1 :
𝑝−1 = 𝑝𝑇 (transpose of P)
4 −19
1
3 13
−1
𝑝−1 = −1 2
1
−4 −5
[ 1]
3 3

𝑄 −1 := 𝑄 𝑇 : (transpose of Q)

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 4 −19
1
3 13
−1
𝑄 −1 : = −1 2
1
−4 −5
[ 1]
3 3

Now, let's verify that PAQ is in the normal form (diagonal

form):
PAQ = (𝑝−1 )AP

4 −19
1
3 13 7 0 0
−1
PAQ = −1 2
1 [0 −3 0 ]
−4 −5 0 0 −2
[ 1]
3 3

4 −4
−1
3 3
−19 −1 −5
13 2 3
[ 1 1 1]
Multiplying the matrices, we get:

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 7 0 0
PAQ = [0 −3 0 ]
0 0 −2
So, PAQ is in its normal form (diagonal form). The
matrices P and Q, along with their inverses, have been
calculated accordingly.

𝒏𝝅 𝝅 𝒊 𝝅 𝜽
Q4)c) Prove that 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒆𝒊𝜽 ) = + − log tan ( - )
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(8M)
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑖 𝜋 𝜃
Ans: To prove that 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = + − log tan ( - )
2 4 2 2 2
𝑖𝜃
is an integer, we'll start by expressing (𝑒 ) in terms of
its real and imaginary parts, and then we'll calculate
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) step by step.
Step 1: Express 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) in terms of its real and
imaginary parts.
(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = cos 𝜃 + ⅈ 𝑠ⅈ𝑛𝜃
Step 2: Calculate 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )

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 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 cos 𝜃 + ⅈ 𝑠ⅈ𝑛𝜃

Step 3: Use the properties of the complex tangent

function.
1 1+𝑖𝑧
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (z) = ⅈ log( )
2 1−𝑖𝑧

Step 4: Apply the property to our expression.

1 1+i(cos 𝜃)+(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 cos 𝜃 + ⅈ 𝑠ⅈ𝑛𝜃 = ⅈ log[ ]
2 1−𝑖(cos 𝜃)+(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

Step 5: Simplify the complex fractions.

1+i(cos 𝜃)+(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 1+i(cos 𝜃)−(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
[ ]=[ ]
1−𝑖(cos 𝜃)+(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 1+𝑖(cos 𝜃)+(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

Step 6: Calculate the logarithm of the complex fraction.

1 1+i(cos 𝜃)+(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
ⅈ log[ ]
2 1−𝑖(cos 𝜃)+(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

Step 7: Use the properties of logaogrithms to simplify.

1
ⅈ [1 + i(cos 𝜃) − (𝑠ⅈ𝑛𝜃) – log [1 + i(cos 𝜃)] + (sin 𝜃)]
2

Step 8: Apply the formula for the logarithm of a complex

number.

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 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
1 𝑖 (
ⅈ [log (√1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − (sin)(𝜃)2 . 𝑒 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ]–
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑖 (
log[(√1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + (sin)(𝜃)2 .𝑒 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ]
Step 9: Simplify further.
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
ⅈ [log (√1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − (sin)(𝜃)2 + ⅈ ( −log
2 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
√1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + (sin)(𝜃)2 − ⅈ( 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
]

Step 10: Simplify the logarithms and combine like terms.

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
ⅈ [ⅈ ( − ⅈ(
2 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑎−𝑏
Step 11: Use the identity = ( )
1+𝑎𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 [ ] −[ ]
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ⅈ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
2 1+[ ( ).( )]
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Step 12: Simplify further.

−2 sin(𝜃)
1 ( )
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝜃)
ⅈ −2 sin(𝜃)
2 ( )
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝜃)

Step 13: Cancel out common factors.

1
ⅈ (1)
2

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 Step 14: Simplify the final expression.
𝜋
4
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑖
So, we have proven that 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = + − log tan
2 4 2
𝜋 𝜃 𝜋
( - ) where n is an integer and the result is
2 2 4

Q5) a) Considering the principal value , express in the

form (a + ib) the quantity (√𝒊)√𝒊 (6M)

Ans: First, we'll calculate (√ⅈ)

√ⅈ = √𝑒 𝑖𝜋/2
Using the properties of exponents and square roots:

√ⅈ = 𝑒 (𝑖𝜋/2)/2 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜋/4
Now, we'll raise √ⅈ to the power of √ⅈ:

(√ⅈ)√𝑖 = (𝑒 𝑖𝜋/4 )√𝑖

To simplify further, we can rewrite √ⅈ as 𝑒 𝑖𝜋/4 :

(𝑒 𝑖𝜋/4 )√𝑖 = (𝑒 𝑖𝜋/4 )√𝑖

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 Now, we need to calculate (ⅈ𝜋/4) √ⅈ:

(ⅈ𝜋/4) √ⅈ = (ⅈ𝜋/4) (𝑒 𝑖𝜋/4 )

1 𝑖
(𝑒 𝑖𝜋/4 ) = cos(𝜋/4) + ⅈsin(𝜋/4) = +
√2 √2

Now, we'll calculate (ⅈ𝜋/4) (𝑒 𝑖𝜋/4 ):

𝑖 1 𝑖
(ⅈ𝜋/4) (𝑒 𝑖𝜋/4 ) = ( + )
𝜋4 √2 √2
𝑖𝜋
Distribute the( ) inside:
4

𝑖𝜋 𝑖2𝜋
+
4√2 4√2

Now, simplify ⅈ 2 (remember that (ⅈ 2 = −1)

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
− −
4√2 4√2

So, (√ⅈ)√𝑖 expressed in the form (a + ib) is:

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
− −
4√2 4√2

You can simplify this further if needed:

𝑖𝜋
− (1+ ⅈ)
4√2

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 𝟓𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝜽)− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 (𝜽) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟓 (𝜽)
Q5)b) Prove that tan(5𝜽) = (6M)
𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 (𝜽) + 𝟓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟒 (𝜽)

Ans: To prove the trigonometric identity tan(5𝜃) =

5tan(𝜃)− 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 (𝜃) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 (𝜃)
we will use the trigonometric
1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃) + 5𝑡𝑎𝑛4 (𝜃)
identity for the tangent of a sum of angles and simplify
both sides step by step.
The identity for the tangent of a sum of angles is:
tan(𝐴)+tan(𝐵)
tan(A+B) =
1−tan(𝐴) tan(𝐵)

We will use this identity repeatedly to simplify the

expression:
Start with the left side, tan(5𝜃):
tan(5𝜃) = tan(𝜃 + 4𝜃)
Using the tangent sum formula:
tan(𝜃) + tan(4𝜃)
tan(𝜃 + 4𝜃) =
1−tan(𝜃 ) tan(4𝜃)

Now, we need to find tan(4𝜃) . Again, use the tangent

sum formula:

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 tan(4𝜃) = tan(2𝜃 + 2𝜃)
Using the tangent sum formula:
tan(2𝜃) + tan(24𝜃)
tan(2𝜃 + 2𝜃) =
1−tan(2𝜃 ) tan(2𝜃)

Now, we need to find (2𝜃) . Use the tangent double

angle formula:
2tan(𝜃)
tan(2𝜃) =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃)

Substituting this back into the expression for tan(4𝜃):

2tan(𝜃) 2tan(𝜃)
+
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜃) 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃)
2
tan(4𝜃) = 2 tan(𝜃)
1−( )
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃)

Now, we can substitute this expression for tan(4𝜃) back

into the expression for tan(5𝜃) from step 1:
2tan(𝜃) 2tan(𝜃)
+
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜃) 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃)
2
tan(𝜃) + 2 tan(𝜃)
1−( )
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃)
tan(5𝜃) = 2 tan(𝜃)
1−tan(𝜃)( )
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃)

Now, let's simplify the right-hand side of the equation:

5tan(𝜃) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 (𝜃) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 (𝜃)
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝜃) + 5𝑡𝑎𝑛4 (𝜃)

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 −𝟏 𝒙
Q5)c) If y = 𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏 then prove that
(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏+𝟐 −(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒚 𝒏+𝟏 − (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 = 0 also
find 𝒚𝒏 (𝟎) (8M)
Ans: It should be (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 −(2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 𝑛+1
− (𝑛2 + 𝑎2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0
−1 𝑥
It should be y = 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛
Differentiating with respect to x,

−1 𝑥 𝑚
𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 1 )
2
1−𝑥 )2
1
𝑦1 (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 = my
𝑦1 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑚2 𝑦 2
Now Differentiating with respect to x,
2𝑦1 (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 –(2x)𝑦1 2 = 2𝑚2 y𝑦1
𝑌𝑛 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) – 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑚2 y = 0 → (1)
Now general Leibniz rule is that,
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 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑓𝑔)𝑛 (X) =𝛴𝑘=0 ( ) 𝑓 (𝑛−𝑘) (X)𝑔(𝑘) (x)
𝑘
𝑛 𝑛!
( )= = 𝐶𝑘
𝑘 𝑘!(𝑛−𝑘 )!

So, by Differentiating equation (1) , n times and applying

Leibniz rule.
𝑦𝑛+2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) −𝐶1 𝑦𝑛+1 − (2𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑦𝑛 (−2)
{𝑦𝑛+1 (x)+𝐶1 𝑦𝑛 } − 𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2n+1) 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 −(n(n−1)+n+𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0
∴ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 −(2n+1) 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 −(𝑛2 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑦𝑛 =0
Now, we will use this recurrence relation to find 𝑦𝑛 (0)
First, for (n=0) the recurrence relation becomes:
(1−𝑥 2 ). 𝑦2 −𝑎2 𝑦0 = 0
Since, we are interested in𝑦𝑛 (0), we evaluate this
equation at (x=o):
Simplifying:
𝑦2 (0) = 𝑎2 . 𝑦0 (0)
Now, let’s solve for 𝑦2 (0) in terms of 𝑦0 (0)
𝑦2 (0) = 𝑎2 . 𝑦0 (0)
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 Next, let’s find 𝑦1 (0) using the recurrence relation:
(1−𝑥 2 ). 𝑦3 − 3𝑥. 𝑦1 −𝑎2 𝑦0 = 0
At (x=0), this simplifies to :
(1−02 ) 𝑦3 (0) − 0. 𝑦1 −𝑎2 𝑦0 = 0
Simplifying:
𝑦3 (0)=𝑎2 . 𝑦1 (0)
Now, we have 𝑦3 (0) in terms of 𝑦1 (0)
We can continue this process to find the relationship
between 𝑦𝑛 (0)and 𝑦𝑛−2 (0):
𝑦𝑛+2 (0)=𝑎2 . 𝑦𝑛 (0)
So, we have established the recurrence relation for
𝑦𝑛 (0):
𝑦𝑛+2 (0)=𝑎2 . 𝑦𝑛 (0)
Therefore 𝑦𝑛 (0) = 𝑎2 for all positive integer n

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 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
Q6)a) If u = , r =√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 then prove that +
𝒓 𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
+ =0 (6M)
𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝟐

1
Ans: Given: u = , r =√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑟

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
To Prove: + + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

Solution:
First Derivatives:
𝜕𝑢 𝑥
= − 3
𝜕𝑥 2 2 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2

𝜕𝑢 𝑦
= − 3
𝜕𝑦 2 2 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2

𝜕𝑢 𝑧
= − 3
𝜕𝑧
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2

Second Derivatives:
𝜕2 𝑢 1 3𝑥 2
=− 3 + 5
𝜕𝑥 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2 (𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2

𝜕2 𝑢 1 3𝑦 2
=− 3 + 5
𝜕𝑦 2
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2 2 2 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2

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 𝜕2 𝑢 1 3𝑧 2
=− 3 + 5
𝜕𝑧 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2 (𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2

Sum of Second Derivatives:

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 1 1
𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 =− 3 − 3
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2
1 3𝑥 2 3𝑦 2 3𝑧 2
− 3 + 5 + 5 + 5
2 2 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2 2 2 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2 2 2 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2 2 2 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 )2

Combine Terms:
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 3 3
𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 =− 3 + 3 =0
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2

Conclusion:
The sum of the second partial derivatives of u with
respect to x , y , and z is indeed equal to zero.

𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
Q6)b) If + + = 6 find the value of x, y, z such that x +
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
y + z is minimum (6M)
Ans: Objective Function and Constraint:

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 Minimize the expression (x + y + z) subject to the
constraint:
3 4 5
+ + =6
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

Step 1: Lagrangian Formulation:

Introduce the Lagrange multiplier, 𝜆 and set up the
Lagrangian as follows:
3 4 5
L(x, y, z, 𝜆) = x+ y+ z – 𝜆( + + – 6)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

Step 2: Partial Derivatives and Constraints:

Find the partial derivatives of (L) with respect to (x), (y),
(z), and 𝜆, and set them equal to zero:
𝜕𝐿 3
= 1−𝜆 ( 2 ) =0
𝜕𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝐿 4
= 1−𝜆 ( 2) =0
𝜕𝑦 𝑦

𝜕𝐿 5
= 1−𝜆 ( 2) =0
𝜕𝑧 𝑧
𝜕𝐿 3 4 5
= + + –6=0
𝜕𝜆 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

Step 3: Solve for 𝜆:

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 Solve the equations to find 𝜆, then substitute into the
equations for (x), (y), and (z):
𝑥2
𝜆=−
3
𝑦
𝜆=−
4

𝑧2
𝜆=−
5

Step 4: Substitute into Constraint:

Substitute these expressions for 𝜆 back into the
constraint equation:
3 4 5
+ + =6
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

Step 5: Solve for 𝜆:

Solve for𝜆:
3 4 5
+ + =6
√3𝜆 √4𝜆 √5𝜆

Step 6: Find (x), (y), and (z):

Use the values of 𝜆 obtained to find (x), (y), and (z):
𝑥 2 = 3𝜆
𝑦 2 = 4𝜆
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 𝑧 2 = 5𝜆

Q6)c)Prove that every Skew-Hermitian matrix can be

expressed in the form B+ ic, where B is real Skew-
Symmetric and in C is real Symmetric matrix and
express the matrix
(8M)
𝟐𝒊 𝟐+𝒊 𝟏−𝒊
A= [−𝟐 + 𝒊 −𝒊 𝟑𝒊 ) ] as B+iC where B is real
−𝟏 − 𝒊 𝟑𝒊 𝟎
Skew-Symmetric matrix and C is real Symmetric matrix

Ans: To prove that every Skew-Hermitian matrix can be

expressed in the form B + iC, where B is a real Skew-
Symmetric matrix and C is a real Symmetric matrix, we
first need to understand the properties of Skew-
Hermitian matrices.
A matrix A is Skew-Hermitian if it satisfies the following
condition:
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 𝐴𝐻 = -A
Where 𝐴𝐻 is the conjugate transpose of A.
Now, let's express a Skew-Hermitian matrix A as B + iC,
where B is a real Skew-Symmetric matrix and C is a real
Symmetric matrix.
B is Skew-Symmetric if 𝐵𝑇 = -B, where 𝐵𝑇 is the
transpose of B.
C is Symmetric if 𝐶 𝑇 = C, where 𝐶 𝑇 is the transpose of C.
Now, let's express matrix A as B + iC:
A = B + iC
Since A is Skew-Hermitian, we have:
𝐴𝐻 = -A
Now, take the conjugate transpose of both sides:
(𝐴𝐻 ) 𝐻 = -(𝐴𝐻 )
A = −(𝐴𝐻 )
Now, let's break down A into its real and imaginary parts:
A = B + iC

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 (𝐴𝐻 ) = (𝐵𝑇 ) - i(𝐶 𝑇 )
Substitute this into the equation A = −(𝐴𝐻 ):
B + iC = −(𝐵𝑇 − ⅈ𝐶 𝑇 )
Now, separate the real and imaginary parts:
B + iC = −(𝐵𝑇 + ⅈ𝐶 𝑇 )
Now, equate the real and imaginary parts separately:
Real Part: B = -𝐵𝑇 (B is Skew-Symmetric)
Imaginary Part: C = 𝐶 𝑇 (C is Symmetric)
So, we have successfully expressed the Skew-Hermitian
matrix A as the sum of a real Skew-Symmetric matrix B
and a real Symmetric matrix C.
Now, let's express the given matrix A as B + iC:
Matrix A:
2ⅈ 2+ⅈ 1−ⅈ
A = [−2 + ⅈ −ⅈ 3ⅈ ) ]
−1 − ⅈ 3ⅈ 0
Now, let's find B and C:
Real Part (B): B = −𝐵𝑇

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 2ⅈ 2 −1
B =[ 2 0 3 ]
−1 −3 0
Imaginary Part (C): C = 𝐶 𝑇
0 1 −1
C=[ 1 0 3 ]
−1 3 0
So, we have expressed matrix A as B + iC, where B is a
real Skew-Symmetric matrix, and C is a real Symmetric
matrix.

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