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    CH 3

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    omar marei
    The document discusses the accuracy of measurement systems. It explains that the accuracy of a system depends on the accuracy of all individual elements in the system. A perfectly accurate system would have elements with sensitivity values that multiply to 1, resulting in no measurement error. However, real systems are inaccurate due to nonlinearities, environmental effects, and statistical variations that affect the sensitivity of elements. The document outlines several techniques to reduce errors, such as compensation methods, isolation of elements, and negative feedback controls.

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    CH 3

    Uploaded by

    omar marei
    9 views11 pages
    The document discusses the accuracy of measurement systems. It explains that the accuracy of a system depends on the accuracy of all individual elements in the system. A perfectly accurate system would have elements with sensitivity values that multiply to 1, resulting in no measurement error. However, real systems are inaccurate due to nonlinearities, environmental effects, and statistical variations that affect the sensitivity of elements. The document outlines several techniques to reduce errors, such as compensation methods, isolation of elements, and negative feedback controls.

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    The document discusses the accuracy of measurement systems. It explains that the accuracy of a system depends on the accuracy of all individual elements in the system. A perfectly accurate system would have elements with sensitivity values that multiply to 1, resulting in no measurement error. However, real systems are inaccurate due to nonlinearities, environmental effects, and statistical variations that affect the sensitivity of elements. The document outlines several techniques to reduce errors, such as compensation methods, isolation of elements, and negative feedback controls.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views11 pages

    CH 3

    Uploaded by

    omar marei
    The document discusses the accuracy of measurement systems. It explains that the accuracy of a system depends on the accuracy of all individual elements in the system. A perfectly accurate system would have elements with sensitivity values that multiply to 1, resulting in no measurement error. However, real systems are inaccurate due to nonlinearities, environmental effects, and statistical variations that affect the sensitivity of elements. The document outlines several techniques to reduce errors, such as compensation methods, isolation of elements, and negative feedback controls.

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    FACULTY OF

    ENGINEERING

    M
    E The Accuracy Of Measurement Systems
    C In The Steady State
    H
    A
    T
    R Dr. Bashir NOURI
    O Department of Mechatronics Engineering
    N
    I Faculty of Engineering
    C An-Najah National University
    S
    1 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI
    FACULTY OF
    ENGINEERING

    M Introduction:
    E Accuracy is a property of a complete measurement system rather than a
    C single element. It is quantified using measurement error (E).
    H  E = Measured Value – True Value = System Output – System Input
    A
    Measurement Error of a System of Ideal Elements
    T
    I=I O =I O =I O I O I O =O
    R 1
    k 1
    1
    k
    2
    2
    2 3
    k 3
    3 i
    ki
    i n
    kn
    n

    True
    O 1 2 3 i n Measured
    Value Value
    N A system of n-ideal elements in series (The system is perfectly linear and not
    subjected to environmental inputs and the bias (a) is zero.
    I
    a=0
    C
     Oi = ki Ii Input-output equation for ideal element with zero intercept.
    S
    2 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI
    FACULTY OF
    ENGINEERING

    M i  1,   ,n
    k i  Linear Sensitivity or Slope
    E  O2  k 2 I2  k 2 k1 I
    C O3  k 3 I3  k 3 k 2 k1 I
    H  O  On  ( k 1 k 2 k 3   k i   k n ) I
    A  E  O  I  ( k1 k 2 k 3   k i   k n  1 ) I
    T if k 1 k 2 k 3   k i   k n  1  E  0

    R  The system is perfectly accurate.


    O Example: Thermocouple Temperature Measurement System.
    N
    I
    C
    Simple temperature measurement system
    S
    3 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI
    FACULTY OF
    ENGINEERING

    M TM  k 1 k 2 k 3 TT

    E k 1 k 2 k 3  ( 40  10 6 ) ( 1000 ) ( 25 )  1
     TM  TT  E  TM  TT  0
    C
    H  The system is perfectly accurate.
    A The real system is in error because:
    T 1. The input temperature changes the sensitivity of the thermocouple (k1)
    R 2. Changes in reference junction temperature (TC ≠ 0) cause the e.m.f to
    O change.

    N 3. The ambient temperature affects the output voltage of the amplifier


    (ambient temperature is a modifying input that changes k2).
    I 4. The sensitivity of the indicator (k3) depends on the stiffness of the
    C restoring spring, that is affected by changes in environmental temperature
    and wear.
    S
    4 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI
    FACULTY OF
    ENGINEERING

    M Conclusions:
    E The error of a measurement system depends on the non-ideal characteristics
    e.g. nonlinearity, environmental and statistical effects of every element in the
    C system.
    H  The general model of a single element must be used.
    A
    T O(I) = k I + a + N(I) + kM IM I + kI II

    R
    O
    N
    I
    C
    S
    5 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI
    FACULTY OF
    ENGINEERING

    M Error Reduction Techniques

    E Compensation methods for nonlinear and environmental effects.


    1. A compensating nonlinear element into the system.
    C
    H
    A
    T Example: Design a nonlinear deflection bridge to compensate for the nonlinearity
    of thermistor.
    R
    O
    N
    I
    C
    S
    6 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI
    FACULTY OF
    ENGINEERING

    2. Isolation: To isolate the transducer from environmental changes (I M = II = 0)


    M
    3. Zero environmental sensitivity (kM = kI = 0): The element is completely
    E insensitive to environmental inputs.
    C Example: Use a metal alloy with zero temperature coefficient of expansion and
    H resistance as a strain gauge element.

    A 4. Compensation methods for interfering environmental effects.

    T a) Opposing environmental inputs: Is a successful method of coping with


    environmental inputs (Interfering Inputs).
    R
    O
    N
    I
    C
    S The two effects tend to cancel out.
    7 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI
    FACULTY OF
    ENGINEERING

    M b) Differential system: The use of two matched strain gauges in adjacent arms
    of a bridge (will be discussed later in the course) to provide compensation for
    E ambient temperature changes. One strain gauge is measuring a tensile strain
    C (+ e) and the other an equal compressive strain (- e). The deflection bridge
    effectively subtracts the two resistances so that the strain effect is doubled and
    H the environmental effects cancel out.
    A
    T
    R
    O
    N
    I
    C
    S
    8 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI
    FACULTY OF
    ENGINEERING

    5. High – gain negative feedback: An important method of compensating for


    M modifying inputs and nonlinearity.
    E Example: Closed loop force transducer
    C
    H
    A
    T
    R
    O
    N
    I
    C
    S
    9 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI
    FACULTY OF
    ENGINEERING

    M
    E
    C
    H
    A
    T
    R
    O
    N
    I
    C
    S
    10 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI
    FACULTY OF
    ENGINEERING

    M
    E
    C
    H
    A
    T
    R
    Questions
    O
    N
    I
    C
    S
    11 Dr. Bashir M. Y. NOURI

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