Module 61CSE218: Operating System

Process
(Part 1)

 Vietnamese-German University
 Ngoc Tran, Ph.D.
 [email protected]

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Objectives
 To introduce the notion of a process -- a program in
execution, which forms the basis of all computation
 To describe the various features of processes, including
scheduling, creation and termination

10
Operating System Concepts – 9th th Edition
Edition 3.2 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Program

 An operating system executes a variety of programs:

 Batch system – jobs
 Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
 Terms job and process are used almost interchangeably
 Multiple parts
 The program code, also called text section
 Current activity including program counter, processor
registers
 Stack containing temporary data
 Function parameters, return addresses, local variables
 Data section containing global variables
 Heap containing memory dynamically allocated during run time

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

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 Batch System

10Edition
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 Program Code in Memory

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.5 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Process
 Process – a program in execution; process execution must
progress in sequential fashion
 Program is passive entity stored on disk (executable file),
process is active
 Program becomes process when executable file loaded into
memory
 Execution of program started via GUI mouse clicks, command
line entry of its name, etc.
 One program can be several processes
 Consider multiple users executing the same program.

Operating System Concepts – 9th

10 Edition
th Edition 3.6 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Process
 A process needs certain resources—such as CPU time, memory,
files, and I/O devices — to accomplish its task.
 These resources are allocated to the process either when it is
created or while it is executing.
 A process is the unit of work in most systems.
 Systems consist of a collection of processes: operating-
system processes execute system code, and user processes
execute user code.
 All these processes may execute concurrently.

10Edition
Operating System Concepts – 9th th Edition
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Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Process State

 As a process executes, it changes state

 new: The process is being created
 running: Instructions are being executed
 waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur
 ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor
 terminated: The process has finished execution

Which state is only one?

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.8 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Diagram of Process State

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

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©2013
 Process Control Block (PCB)
Information associated with each process
(also called task control block)
 Process state – running, waiting, etc
 Program counter – location of
instruction to next execute
 CPU registers – contents of all process-
centric registers
 CPU scheduling information- priorities,
scheduling queue pointers
 Memory-management information –
memory allocated to the process
 Accounting information – CPU used,
clock time elapsed since start, time
limits
 I/O status information – I/O devices
allocated to process, list of open files

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.10 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Process Representation in Linux

Represented by the C structure task_struct

pid t_pid; /* process identifier */

long state; /* state of the process */
unsigned int time_slice /* scheduling information */
struct task_struct *parent; /* this process’s parent */
struct list_head children; /* this process’s children */
struct files_struct *files; /* list of open files */
struct mm_struct *mm; /* address space of this process */

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.11 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Context Switch
 When CPU switches to another process, the system must save
the state of the old process and load the saved state for the
new process via a context switch
 Context of a process represented in the PCB
 Context-switch time is overhead; the system does no useful
work while switching
 The more complex the OS and the PCB  the longer the
context switch
 Time dependent on hardware support
 Some hardware provides multiple sets of registers per CPU
 multiple contexts loaded at once

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

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 CPU Switch From Process to Process

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

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 Threads
 Process has a single thread of execution
 Consider having multiple program counters per process
 Multiple locations can execute at once
 Multiple threads of control -> threads
 Must then have storage for thread details, multiple program
counters in PCB

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

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 Process Scheduling

 Maximize CPU use, quickly switch processes onto CPU for

time sharing
 Process scheduler selects among available processes for
next execution on CPU
 Maintains scheduling queues of processes
 Job queue – set of all processes in the system
 Ready queue – set of all processes residing in main
memory, ready and waiting to execute
 Device queues – set of processes waiting for an I/O device
 Processes migrate among the various queues

Which queue is only one?

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

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 Ready Queue And Various I/O Device Queues

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

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 Representation of Process Scheduling

 Queueing diagram represents queues, resources, flows

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

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 Schedulers
 Processes can be described as either:
 I/O-bound process – spends more time doing I/O than computations,
many short CPU bursts
 CPU-bound process – spends more time doing computations; few very
long CPU bursts

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

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 Operations on Processes

 System must provide mechanisms for:

 process creation,
 process termination

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.19 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Process Creation
 Parent process creates children processes, which, in turn
create other processes, forming a tree of processes
 Generally, process identified and managed via a process
identifier (pid)
 Resource sharing options
 Parent and children share all resources
 Children share subset of parent’s resources
 Parent and child share no resources
 Execution options
 Parent and children execute concurrently
 Parent waits until children terminate

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.20 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 A Tree of Processes in Linux

init
pid = 1

login kthreadd sshd

pid = 8415 pid = 2 pid = 3028

bash khelper pdflush sshd

pid = 8416 pid = 6 pid = 200 pid = 3610

emacs tcsch
ps
pid = 9204 pid = 4005
pid = 9298

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.21 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Process Creation (Cont.)
 Address space
 Child duplicate of parent
 Child has a program loaded into it
 UNIX examples
 fork() system call creates new process
 exec() system call used after a fork() to replace the
process’ memory space with a new program

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.22 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 C Program Forking Separate Process

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.23 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 C Program Forking Separate Process

Exercise 1: What is the output of the below program?

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{

// make two process which run same

// program after this instruction
fork();

printf("Hello world!\n");
return 0;
}

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Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition
Edition 3.25 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
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 C Program Forking Separate Process

Exercise 2: What is the output of the below program?

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
int main()
{
fork();
fork();
fork();
printf("hello\n");
return 0;
}

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Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition
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Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 C Program Forking Separate Process

Exercise 3: What is the output of the below program?

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void forkexample()
{
// child process because return value zero
if (fork() == 0)
printf("Hello from Child!\n");

// parent process because return value non-zero.

else
printf("Hello from Parent!\n");
}
int main()
{
forkexample();
return 0;
}

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Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition
Edition 3.27 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Creating a Separate Process via Windows API

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.29 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Process Termination

 Process executes last statement and then asks the operating

system to delete it using the exit() system call.
 Returns status data from child to parent (via wait())
 Process’ resources are deallocated by operating system
 Parent may terminate the execution of children processes using
the abort() system call. Some reasons for doing so:
 Child has exceeded allocated resources
 Task assigned to child is no longer required
 The parent is exiting and the operating systems does not
allow a child to continue if its parent terminates

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.30 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Process Termination

 Some operating systems do not allow child to exists if its parent

has terminated. If a process terminates, then all its children must
also be terminated.
 cascading termination. All children, grandchildren, etc. are
terminated.
 The termination is initiated by the operating system.
 The parent process may wait for termination of a child process by
using the wait()system call.The call returns status information
and the pid of the terminated process
pid = wait(&status);
 If no parent waiting (did not invoke wait()) process is a zombie
 If parent terminated without invoking wait , process is an orphan

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.31 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Exercise
1. Build and run a project running notepad.exe as on page 29.
2. Modify the project in 1) so that users can input the path to a given
executable file and run that file from the console.
3. Try commands:
TerminateProcess(pi.hProcess, exitcode);
GetExitCodeProcess(pi.hProcess, exitcode);
or
Exit(status);

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.32 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Exercise - Hints

#include <windows.h> 2
#include <stdio.h>
#include <tchar.h>

void _tmain(int argc, TCHAR* argv[])

{
STARTUPINFO si;
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;

ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(si));
si.cb = sizeof(si);
ZeroMemory(&pi, sizeof(pi));

if (argc != 2)
{
printf("Usage: %s [cmdline]\n", argv[0]);
return;
}

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 3.33 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Exercise - Hints
// Start the child process.
if (!CreateProcess(NULL, // No module name (use command line)
argv[1], // Command line
NULL, // Process handle not inheritable
NULL, // Thread handle not inheritable
FALSE, // Set handle inheritance to FALSE
0, // No creation flags
NULL, // Use parent's environment block
NULL, // Use parent's starting directory
&si, // Pointer to STARTUPINFO structure
&pi) // Pointer to PROCESS_INFORMATION structure
)
{
printf("CreateProcess failed (%d).\n", GetLastError());
return;
}

// Wait until child process exits.

WaitForSingleObject(pi.hProcess, INFINITE);

// Close process and thread handles.

CloseHandle(pi.hProcess);
CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
}
Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition
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Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 End

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition

10th Edition Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
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Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013