AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY–BANGLADESH

(AIUB)
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LAB
FALL 2023-2024
Section: H Group: 7

LAB REPORT ON
Analysis of RC, RL, RLC series circuits and verification of KVL in RLC series Circuit.

Supervised By
TAMIM HOSSAIN

Submitted By
Name ID Contribution
1. MD.ASHRAFUL ISLAM 22-48175-2 Discussion and
Conclusion,practical
calculatiom
2. SUMSHUN NAHAR EITY 22-48227-2 Theory , Methodology,
Result,theoratical calculation
3. JABIN TASMIM MITU 22-48196-2 Experimental Procedure and
Calculations,References
4. MST. TAMANNA JAFOR 22-48200-2 Experimental Procedure and
BIPPY Calculations,
Result.
5. HASAN MAHMUD BHUIA 22-48234-2 Simulation,Apparatus,
Precautions
Date of Submission: 03-Oct-2023
Title: Analysis of RC, RL, RLC series circuits and verification of KVL in RLC series Circuit related to AC
circuit.

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to develop an understanding of circuits containing R,L and C
components and also is to be able to analyze the outputs of RC & RL series circuit obtained practically with
simulated or theoretical results along with the determination of phase relationship between V and I in an RLC
series circuit and finally to draw the complete vector diagram of an RLC series circuit which is designed and
where KVL is verified in this experiment.

Apparatus:

 Oscilloscope
 Function generator
 Resistor: 100 (For RC and RL)
 Inductor: 2.4mH (For RC and RL)
 Capacitor: 1 F/ 10 F (For RC and RL)
 Resistor (200) For RLC
 Inductor (6.3 mH) For RLC
 Capacitor (1 uF) For RLC
 Connecting wire
 Bread board

Introduction:

The RC & RL circuit is used to determine the input and output relationship of voltage and current for
different frequencies. In RC series circuit the voltage lags the current by 90˚and in RL series circuit the
voltage leads the current by 90˚.

An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor, connected in
series. The RLC part of the name is due to those letters being the usual electrical symbols for resistance,
inductance and capacitance respectively. Series RLC circuits are classed as second-order circuits because they
contain two energy storage elements, an inductance and a capacitance.

The primary objectives of the lab experiment are-

 To determine the reactance of the RL and RC circuits and the impedance equation both practically and
theoretically.
 To determine phase relationship between voltage and current in a RLC circuit.
 To draw the complete vector diagram.
 Design an RLC series circuit and verify KVL.

Theory and Methology: - RC Series Circuit:

Figure 1

Analysis of a Series RC Circuit:

For doing a complete analysis of a series RC circuit, given the values of R, C, f, and VT.
Step 1. Calculate the value of XC:
XC = 1 / (2πfC)

Step 2. Calculate the total impedance Z:

Step 3. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the total current IT:

Difference between Rectangular & Polar representation of Impedance:

In Rectangular form: Z T = R - j XC
In Polar form: ZT

θ = tan-1(-XC/R) = tan-1(-1/ωRC)

Impact of frequency on the value of capacitance:

Figure 2 will show the impact of frequency by varying the value of Capacitance in series resonance.
Figure 2: Impact of frequency by varying the value of Capacitance in series resonance.

Step 3. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the total current IT: IT = VT / Z

In Rectangular
form: ZT =R + jXL
In Polar form:

ZT
θ = tan-1(XL /R) = tan-1(ωL/R)
Impact of frequency on the value of inductance:

Figure 2.1 will show the impact of frequency by varying the value of Inductance in series resonance.

Figure 2.1
RLC Series Circuit:

Three basic passive components- R, L and C have very different phase relationships to each other when
connected to a sinusoidal AC supply. In case of a resistor the voltage waveforms are "in-phase" with the
current. In case of pure inductor, the voltage waveform "leads" the current by 90 o whereas in case of pure
capacitor, the voltage waveform "lags" the current by 90 o. This phase difference depends upon the reactive
value of the components being used. Reactance is zero if the element is resistive, positive if the element is
inductive and negative if the element is capacitive.
Instead of analyzing each passive element separately, we can combine all three together a series RLC circuit.
The analysis of a series RLC circuit is the same as that for the dual series RL and RC circuits we studied in
the last experiment, except this time we need to take account the magnitudes of both inductive reactance and
capacitive reactance to find the overall circuit reactance.

Figure 3: RLC series circuit

Relevant Equations: Inductive reactance, XL = 2пfL

Resistive voltage drops, VR = I*R

Reactive voltage drops = VL – VC, where VL = I*XL and VC = I*XC

Total voltage drop = √𝑉2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶)2

Diagram:
Precautions:

Oscilloscopes should be properly calibrated using the information provided at the calibration port before
obtaining the wave shapes using the experimental set up.
Do not short any connections. Short connection can produce heat (due to high current flow) which is harmful
for the components

Experimental Procedure:

For RC and RL Series Circuit:

Construct the circuit as shown in the Fig. 1. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope across function generator
to measure E and channel 2 of the oscilloscope across R to measure VR.
Set the amplitude of the input signal 5V peak and the frequency at 1 kHz. Select sinusoidal wave shape.
Measure peak value of the both wave shapes.
Determine phase relationship θ between the waves.
Write down the wave equations for I and E.
Calculate resistance and reactance from the relevant data.
Do the same experiment setting input frequency 5kHz and 10kHz.
Complete the following table.

Data Tables:
For RC and RL Series Circuit:
f E(v) I=VR/R (A) Z= E/I (Polar) Z(Rectangular) R XC=1/2 fC VR VC=IXC

1KHz 5 0.0266 187.96 −57.86° 100-159.155j 100 159.155 2.66 4.234

5KHz 10 0.0953 104.94 −17.66° 100-31.831j 100 31.831 9.53 3.0335

10KHz 15 0.148 101.26 −9.04° 100-15.9155j 100 15.9155 14.81 2.356

Table:1

Now construct the circuit as shown in fig.2. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope across function
generator and channel 2 of the oscilloscope across R.

Table~2

f E I=VR/R(A) Z=E/I (Polar) Z(Rectangular) R XL=2 fL VR VL=IXL

1KHz 5 0.0494 101.131 8.58° 100+15.09j 100 15.08 4.94 0.745

For RLC Series Circuit:

Construct the circuit as shown in the Figure 3. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope across the ac voltage
source and channel 2 of the oscilloscope across R.
Set the amplitude of the input signal 5V peak.
Set the frequency of the signal generator 1 kHz.
Determine phase relationship between the waves.
Measure value of I.
Measure value of VR, VL& VC.
Verify KVL using the experimental data and draw the complete vector diagram.
Set the frequency of the signal generator 2 kHz. Repeat step 4-7.
Set the frequency of the signal generator 4 kHz. Repeat step 4-7.
Complete the following table.

Table~3
 f E (V) θ = tan-1 VR (V)I=VR/R XL=2 fL VL=IXL XC=1/2 fC VC (V) V* (V)
X/R (A) (V)
1kHz 5 ∠− 2.85 0.0285 15.08 0.4298 159.155 4.536 4.998
55.236°
5kHz 10 ∠12.927° 9.17 0.0917 75.398 6.914 31.831 2.919 10.002
10kHz 15 ∠53.447° 8.93 0.0893 150.797 13.466 15.9155 1.421 14.994
Simulation and Results:

RL Circuit-
When f=1kHz,

For, f=2kHz,
For, f=4kHz,

RC Circuit-

When f=1kHz,
When f=2kHz,

When f=4kHz,
RLC Circuit-

When f=1kHz,

When f=2kHz,
For, f = 4kHz

Discussion:
In this experiment, first of all we checked the oscilloscope and if the probs were prefect we started
calibration. The we converted the probs to the channels and give frequency to the function generator to get
perspective sinusoidal wave. We make sure that the peak-to-peak value was 5V. After doing all these things
we get a value which is very close to our expected value.
Conclusion: By completing this experiment, we have some familiar with the function generation and
oscilloscope. Measuring Rc, RL, RLC series circuit and verified of kVL in RLC series circuit.