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181 views104 pages

CHD Study Guide

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Hassaan Hameed

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CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD)

CERTIFICATION
STUDY GUIDE
Copyrighted material licensed to Hassaan Hameed on 2021-01-11 for licensee's use only.
All rights reserved. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Distributed by Techstreet for ASHRAE, www.techstreet.com
ISBN 978-1-947192-59-1 (PDF)

All rights reserved. ASHRAE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office, owned by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated,
and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service,
process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The
appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not
constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service,
process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the
information in the publication is free of errors, nor that use of this publication
guarantees success on the CHD certification exam, and ASHRAE does not
necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of
the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.
No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from
ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations
in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any means—electronic,
photocopying, recording, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE.
Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.

ASHRAE Staff
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Cindy Sheffield Michaels, Editor
James Madison Walker, Managing Editor of Standards
Lauren Ramsdell, Associate Editor
Mary Bolton, Assistant Editor
Michshell Phillips, Senior Editorial Coordinator
PUBLISHING SERVICES David Soltis, Group Manager of Electronic Products and Publishing Services
Jayne Jackson, Publication Traffic Administrator
DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS Mark S. Owen
AND EDUCATION

Developed in partnership with:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The ASHRAE Certification Committee would like to thank the ASHRAE
Foundation Board of Trustees, without whose support this Certification Study
Guide would not have been possible. The Foundation’s commitment to
supporting an innovative, resource-rich study guide, which leverages
instructional design best practices, will help ensure effective adult learning
that drives desired outcomes and helps HVAC designers work toward
achieving their CHD certification goals.

CONTRIBUTORS
ASHRAE would like to thank the Certified HVAC Designers who contributed
written materials, technical expertise, and editorial comment in creation of this
study guide.

Nissun Feiner, C.Tech, CHD

Delta-T Designs Inc.

Kyle E. Koval, CHD

East Hills Engineering Associates LLC

Joshua Mee, CHD

Wendel Companies

Ahmad F. Shaar, BCXP, BEMP, CHD, HBDP, HFDP, OPMP

MAG International

Roger Tiguelo, CHD

GRG Prime Engineering Solutions Co

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 3

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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 6
How to Use This Study Guide ................................................................ 7
CHD Exam Preparation Resources ..................................................... 10
SECTION 1.1: DOMAIN 1, SYSTEM DESIGN, TASKS A-F .................. 12
Overview .............................................................................................. 12
Quick Quiz, Domain 1, Section 1.1, Tasks A-F.................................... 14
Self-assessment .................................................................................. 15
SECTION 1.2: DOMAIN 1, SYSTEM DESIGN, TASKS G-L .................. 17
Overview .............................................................................................. 17
Quick Quiz, Domain 1, Section 1.2, Tasks G-L ................................... 18
Self-assessment .................................................................................. 19
SECTION 1.3: DOMAIN 1, SYSTEM DESIGN, TASKS M-R.................. 21
Overview .............................................................................................. 21
Quick Quiz, Domain 1, Section 1.3, Tasks M-R................................... 22
Self-assessment .................................................................................. 23
SECTION 1.4: DOMAIN 1, SYSTEM DESIGN, TASKS S-Z................... 25
Overview .............................................................................................. 25
Quick Quiz, Domain 1, Section 1.4, Tasks S-Z.................................... 26
Self-assessment .................................................................................. 27
DOMAIN 1: SYSTEM DESIGN PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS ........... 30
SECTION 2: DOMAIN 2, DESIGN CALCULATIONS ............................. 39
Overview .............................................................................................. 39
Quick Quiz, Domain 2, Tasks A-J ........................................................ 40
Self-assessment .................................................................................. 41
DOMAIN 2: DESIGN CALCULATIONS PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS
................................................................................................................. 43
SECTION 3: DOMAIN 3, PROCEDURAL ............................................... 49
Overview .............................................................................................. 49
Quick Quiz, Domain 3, Tasks A-K ....................................................... 50
Self-assessment .................................................................................. 51
DOMAIN 3: PROCEDURAL PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS ............... 53

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INTRODUCTION
ASHRAE is an international membership society committed to the
advancement of the arts and sciences of heating, ventilation, air-conditioning,
and refrigeration to serve humanity and promote a sustainable world. The
Certified HVAC designer (CHD) certification program supports this mission by
validating job competency as understood in internationally recognized
technical information, reflecting the best practices that lead our industry.

PURPOSE OF THE CHD CERTIFICATION

The CHD certification program validates competency of the HVAC designer,
working under the responsible charge of an engineer, to do the following:
Design HVAC systems to meet building/project requirements, including load
calculations, equipment selection and sizing, mechanical equipment room design,
duct and piping design, and layout for the development of HVAC plans for permit
and construction.

More information about the

CHD credential and eligibility
This Study Guide provides a framework and tools to help you self-assess criteria can be found on the
your knowledge in HVAC design and create a customized, self-paced study ASHRAE website and in the
plan for the CHD exam. ASHRAE offers numerous resources in the field. The CHD Candidate Guidebook.
Study Guide will help you target which resources are most beneficial based
on your own professional development needs.
In this Study Guide, you, the candidate, are expected to evaluate your
personal skills and qualifications against numerous Tasks broken down into
individual Domains.
Depending on your experience level, some of these Tasks may be daunting
and unfamiliar. If that is the case, consider it an opportunity for growth and
devote extra attention to these matters. David Underwood, P. Eng., 2015-
2016 ASHRAE President, once said that “we in the engineering community
are in the solutions industry.” Based on this statement, it is your job to identify
problems and produce solutions. The Tasks included in Domains 1-4
represent the skills necessary to produce solutions for HVAC-related
problems, and this Study Guide represents your opportunity to fill gaps in
your knowledge or experience base.

Using navigation buttons at top of screen: The buttons located at the top Clicking links in this document
of each page allow you to navigate through this document. Click on these will open in a browser window.
You will need to navigate back
buttons to take you Back to view the last page you were on or to the First to the PDF to pick up where
Page, Previous Page, Next Page, or Last Page. The Glossary button you left off.
provides a direct link to the full glossary.

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THE OVERARCHING GOALS OF THE STUDY GUIDE ARE TO:
• Provide a framework and tools for customized, self-paced exam preparation
• Focus your review on key elements of recommended exam preparation
resources
• Review knowledge needed to design HVAC systems to meet building/project
requirements
• Build knowledge and skills across the four (4) Domains of the CHD exam,
which are:

Domain 1: System Design

Domain 2: Design Calculation

Domain 3: Procedural

Domain 4: Coordination

• Identify key terms and concepts used by HVAC designers

• Provide the opportunity for you to test your acumen and readiness for the
CHD exam
• Help you assess your own individual core content strengths and weaknesses,
and build a study map customized for your needs

How to Use This Study Guide

This Study Guide is designed as a workbook that contains tools you can use
to assess what you need to focus on as you prepare to take the exam.
The Study Guide is organized by Domains and Tasks. There are four ASHRAE Resources are listed
Domains total, some of which have numerous Tasks (Domain 1 has 26 in this Study Guide and are
available in the ASHRAE
Tasks, for example), so we’ve broken them down into segments. The CHD Bookstore
certification exam was developed to assess your competence to perform
each of these Tasks as organized under each Domain, so this is a great way
to organize your study leading up to the exam and to also build and validate
your knowledge, skills, and abilities as an HVAC designer.
ASHRAE offers numerous resources to help you study for the CHD
certification exam; however, which resources do you need to review to
prepare for the exam? The tools in this Study Guide link the Domains and
Tasks with the resources available from ASHRAE to help you review and
study the content. The tools will also help you determine which Tasks you
need to focus upon. So, for example, if through the Self-assessment and
Quick Quiz contained herein you discover that you have limited knowledge of
Domain 1: System Design, Task A: Size supply, return, and exhaust ducts,
the Study Guide will direct you to the 2017 ASHRAE Handbook—
Fundamentals, Chapter 21.

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Study Tools
In this Study Guide you will find the following tools for each Domain that will
help you assess what you already know, and importantly, what you don’t
know, step-by-step:
• Quick Quiz
• Self-assessment, including the Task-by-Task Resource Guide, which will
direct you to resources you can use to study, including “deep dive”
resources in some instances you can use to delve deeper into that topic
• Practice Exam Questions
• Study Map
Used together, the study tools in the Guide and ASHRAE’s resources will
help you create a targeted, customized study plan based upon your own
needs. You will note that we have broken some Domains into multiple
sections to help you pace yourself through the material.
You will start each section by taking a Quick Quiz which will help you test
your knowledge of key terms and concepts for that section. Next, you will
complete a Self-assessment to capture the areas you need to focus upon as
you study for your certification exam. These tools will help you assess your
knowledge and organize your study of the content.
You’ll find instructions for how to use each study tool throughout this Study
Guide, but here’s an overview:

Using the Study Guide and ASHRAE Resources Together

We recommend using the study tools for each Domain to guide your course
of study and help you prepare for the CHD exam:

STEP Read the Overview and take the Quick Quiz and Self-
assessment for each section of the Study Guide, starting
1 with Domain 1, Tasks A-F.

Review the ASHRAE Resources for each Task as outlined in the

STEP Task-by-Task Resource Guide included in the Self-assessment,
focusing your initial review on tasks you marked as "somewhat"
2 or "not very" confident. Record notes about the topics you need
to spend time studying.

STEP When you have completed your first full review of all four
Domains and the study tools for each one, return to the
Study Guide to complete your Study Map. This final study
3 tool will help you map out your course of study leading up
to the certification exam.

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Practice Exam Questions
The Study Guide also includes Practice Exam Questions, organized by
Domain. You can use these in several ways:
• As a pre-test to check your baseline knowledge
• As a post-test after completing your review to see how you might do on
the exam
• As a study and practice tool leading up to the exam, to help check your
progress
The answer key in the back of the Study Guide includes feedback with the
Domain and Task number to help you go back and revisit the content as
needed. Remember, you can find the right resource for each Task in the
Self-assessments, which include a Task-by-Task guide to the ASHRAE
Resources.

Glossary and Search

Glossary terms are defined within the text. Click any bolded term to see its
definition. You can also access all of the terms at any time by navigating to
the glossary by clicking this button.

At any time you can search the Study Guide to find terms or concepts you
want to study or review by clicking here.

Evaluation
We want to hear from you! Please click this link to complete an evaluation of
this Study Guide when you have completed it.

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CHD Exam Preparation Resources
CHD RESOURCES
ASHRAE publications available to help you prepare for the CHD examination may
be purchased in the ASHRAE Bookstore:
https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/index.html.

Publications
Primary Publications
• 2019 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications
• 2017 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals
• 2016 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems & Equipment
Secondary Publications
• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems and
Designation and Classification of Refrigerants
• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human
Occupancy
• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
• ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-
Rise Residential Buildings
• Standard 90.1 User's Manual
• ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 202, Commissioning Process for Buildings
and Systems
• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 209, Energy Simulation Aided Design for Building
Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
• ASHRAE Guideline 36, High-Performance Sequences of Operation for HVAC
Systems
• Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
• Air-Conditioning Systems Design Manual, 3rd Edition

ASHRAE Learning Institute (ALI) and eLearning Center Courses

• The ASHRAE Learning Institute (ALI, https://www.ashrae.org/professional-
development) and ASHRAE eLearning On Demand
(https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/elearning-on-demand) offer
a wide range of archived, online courses
(https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/subgroups/48292), professional
development seminars, and short courses on ASHRAE Standards and
Guidelines. ASHRAE also offers training for companies or chapters.
• CHD Practice Exam https://store.lxr.com/product.aspx?id=1745

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Codes
• ICC, International Fire Code
• ICC, International Building Code
• ICC, International Mechanical Code
• ICC – 2018, International Green Construction Code (IgCC)
• NFPA 101, Life Safety Code
• NFPA 92A, Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and
Pressure Differences
• NFPA 92B, Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and
Large Spaces

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 11

SECTION 1.1:
DOMAIN 1, SYSTEM DESIGN,
TASKS A-F
Overview
In Domain 1, you will review the Tasks related to the art of HVAC, involving
the conceptualization and higher-level design. At this stage, your design
begins with a blank canvas but begins to move from abstract intent, to a solid
foundation on which the rest of your design will build.
Like any art, HVAC can also be subjective. It is a given that you need to heat,
cool, ventilate, etc., but these are the end, not the means. The skills outlined
in Domain 1 are where you exercise your creativity; your competency in these
skills will be what sets the master painter apart from the amateur hobbyist.
Tasks A-F will test your ability to break out your concept into individual
segments that can be expanded upon later.

How these concepts might apply day-to-day

Say you are working on a single-level office building; you might need to look
at the following factors:
• Can you identify which rooms have common operating conditions?
• Based on building orientation and location, can you infer which offices will
behave differently during different times of the day?

By identifying each room’s unique demands, you can group them together to
develop a zoning plan, but you are also able to logically begin to lay out your
equipment and distribution systems.
In addition, you will need to identify and understand the following:
• What is the best way to route supply and return ducts to effectively serve
the spaces, while using the least amount of energy?
• What interferences or coordination with other disciplines can you expect?
• Where do you require exhaust or fresh air?
• Can you identify the best location for mechanical equipment for
serviceability or noise consideration?
• Do you understand the differences in technologies well enough that you
have a feeling for which system type lends itself best to this application?

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 12

At this stage, everything is still vague; nothing is sized and no loads are
determined. You will not begin to perform calculations until Domain 2, but the
work that is done here will pave the way for these details to develop.
Remember that a building is only as strong as the foundation that supports it,
and your knowledge and ability at this stage will affect the outcome of all
other work down the line. In addition, your ability to understand and
compartmentalize these Tasks will further help you properly communicate
your intent to teammates who may be further developing them down the line.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 13

Quick Quiz, Domain 1, Section 1.1, Tasks A-F

CHECK ANSWERS
Now, let’s test your knowledge of some key terms/concepts found in Domain
1, Tasks A-F. For each definition or concept, select and write in the correct
option from the choices provided.

TERMS DEFINITIONS

Control sequence 1. The greatest application of ____________________

has been in conjunction with variable-air-volume (VAV)
Exhaust ducts systems for cooling-only services.
Flow diagram 2. The ____________________ measures the controlled
Perimeter heating variable and transmits to the controller a signal having
a pressure, voltage, or current value related by a
Sensor known function to the value of the variable being
measured.
3. Vertical ____________________ may need to be
extended to reduce exhaust-to-intake recirculation and
improve equipment effectiveness.
4. When completing testing, adjusting, and balancing
(TAB) and commissioning, consider posting laminated
system ____________________ at or adjacent to
cooling and heating equipment indicating operating
instructions, TAB performance, commissioning
functional performance tests, and emergency shutoff
procedures.
5. In thermal storage systems, the optimal
____________________ results from trade-offs
between the costs of cooling the storage during off-
peak hours and the cost of meeting the load during on-
peak hours.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 14

Self-assessment
What’s your baseline?
Read and consider each Task and assess your confidence level. Then
consult the resources for each Task (especially for those Tasks which you
marked “somewhat” or “not very” confident). You might want to skim the
resources on this first pass. Note “deep dive” resources are provided where
appropriate to guide you if want to expand your course of study on that topic.
Record notes in the last column about topics you need to spend additional
time studying, marking chapters and page numbers where appropriate to
guide you. You’ll use these notes to create your Study Map after you have
completed your Self-assessment of all four Domains.

How confident are you in your knowledge, Task-by-Task My Notes (Topics, resources, and
skills, and abilities in these job Tasks? Resource Guide page numbers I need to spend
time studying)
Task A: Size supply, ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals
return, and exhaust ducts. ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
confident Chapter 21
❑ Not very Deep dive: 2019
confident Applications
Handbook,
Chapter 46
Task B: Prepare HVAC ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
zoning plans and sensor ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
locations in accordance confident Chapter 48
with building design. Deep dive: 2017
❑ Not very
confident Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapter 7

Task C: Prepare control ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

sequences and ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
schematics. confident Chapter 43
❑ Not very Deep dive: 2017
confident Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapter
7; 2019 Applications
Handbook, Chapter
48; ASHRAE
Guideline 36,
Chapters 4 and 5.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 15

Task D: Design ductwork ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

and piping including shaft ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
and ceiling space confident 21 and 22
requirements. Deep dive: 2017
❑ Not very
confident Fundamentals
Handbook,
Chapter 40
Task E: Differentiate and ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and
design HVAC system types ❑ Somewhat Equipment
(e.g., variable air volume confident Handbook, Chapters
[VAV], variable refrigerant 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 13,
flow [VRF], radiant, thermal ❑ Not very 16, and 51
storage, underfloor confident
Deep dive: 2016
systems, perimeter and Systems and
process systems). Equipment
Handbook, Chapters
5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14,
15, 17, 18

Task F: Design HVAC flow ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and

diagrams. ❑ Somewhat Equipment
confident Handbook, Chapters
2, 3, 4, and 13
❑ Not very
confident Deep dive: 2017
Fundamentals
Handbook 1, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14,
15, 16, 17, and 18

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 16

SECTION 1.2: DOMAIN 1,

SYSTEM DESIGN, TASKS G-L
Overview
Tasks G-L build upon the work that was done in Tasks A-F. While at this
stage no calculations have been completed, you will narrow in on some of the
minutiae that was left out in A-F. These Tasks are critical to carry your design
forward and ensure that your final design meets the design intent.
Some of the questions you will want to ask include the following:
• Looking at your preliminary duct or piping routing, can you refine the paths
to minimize pressure loss?
• Can you identify points that would allow for fewer elbows or take-offs?
• How well do you understand air distribution and grilles/diffusers/registers
(GDRs)?
• Can you properly select and lay them out to maximize comfort while
minimizing draft, noise, and pressure loss?
• Once calculations are produced, do you understand HVAC technology well
enough that you can select a system to use in this application and to
convey your design intent to relevant vendors?
• Do you properly understand all these Tasks to the point that you can
prepare a detailed design brief and prepare schematics, flow diagrams,
etc., to present to relevant stakeholders?
Competency in these Tasks will ensure that you’re able to properly
communicate your design, which is paramount to ensuring that whoever
carries your design from paper to the real world will achieve the goals you
have set from the beginning.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 17

Quick Quiz, Domain 1, Section 1.2, Tasks G-L

CHECK ANSWERS
Now, let’s test your knowledge of some key terms/concepts found in Domain
1, Tasks G-L. For each definition or concept, select and write in the correct
option from the choices provided.

TERMS DEFINITIONS

Air-diffusion performance index (ADPI) 1. ____________________ occurs

during cooling unit operation only,
Air-handling units (AHUs) and space condition control is
Dehumidification usually limited to use of room
thermostats.
Design loads
2. The ____________________ is a
Venturi tube useful tool in predicting outlet
performance for fully mixed
systems.
3. The ____________________ is a
nozzle followed by an expanding
recovery section to reduce net
pressure loss.
4. When calculating
_________________, heat losses
or gains from the air-distribution
system must be included in the
total load for each room.
5. ____________________ can be
one of the more complicated pieces
of equipment to specify or order,
because a vast array of choices are
available and there is no single-
number identifier that adequately
describes the desired product.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 18

Self-assessment
What’s your baseline?
Read and consider each Task and rank your confidence level. Then consult
the resources for each Task (especially those which you marked somewhat
or not very confident). You might want to skim the resources on this first
pass. Record notes in the last column about topics you need to spend
additional time studying, marking chapters and page numbers where
appropriate to guide you. You’ll use these notes to create your Study Map
after you have completed your Self-assessment of all four Domains.

How confident are you in your knowledge, Task-by-Task My Notes (Topics I Need to Spend
skills, and abilities in these job Tasks? Resource Guide time Studying)
Task G: Design duct and ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals
fluid systems to minimize ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
pressure loss and resultant confident 21 and 22
power requirements. Deep dive: 2017
❑ Not very
confident Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapters
37 and 39
Task H: Select HVAC ❑ Confident Deep dive: 2016
system based on ❑ Somewhat Systems and
calculations (e.g., AHUs, confident Equipment
fans, pumps, chillers, Handbook, Chapters
cooling towers). ❑ Not very 1, 2, 3, 4, 13, 21, 40,
confident 43, 44
2017 Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapters
1, 17, and 40

Task I: Design proper air ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

diffusion and devices ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapter
following codes and confident 58
standards. Deep dive: 2016
❑ Not very
confident Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapter
20; 2019 Applications
Handbook, Chapter
59; ASHRAE
Standard 55,
Chapters 6 and 7

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 19

Task J: Develop a detailed ❑ Confident Deep dive: 2016

HVAC design based on the ❑ Somewhat Systems and
approved preliminary confident Equipment
building design concept Handbook, Chapters
and site information. ❑ Not very 3, 4, and 28; 2017
confident Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapters
17, 18, and 40
Task K: Prepare HVAC ❑ Confident Deep dive: 2016
schematics, plan drawings, ❑ Somewhat Systems and
elevation views, section confident Equipment
views, and installation Handbook, Chapters
details. ❑ Not very 2, 3, 6, 10, 13, and
confident 14; 2017
Fundamentals
Handbook,
Chapter 19

Task L: Select diffusers ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and

and grilles to meet thermal ❑ Somewhat Equipment
comfort and ventilation confident Handbook,
needs and coordinate with Chapter 20
architectural plans (e.g., ❑ Not very
confident Deep dive: 2016
ceiling grid, under floor Systems and
systems, sidewalls, Equipment
architectural specialties, Handbook,
transfers). Chapter 10; 2017
Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapter
9; 2019 Applications
Handbook, Chapter
58; ASHRAE
Standard 55,
Chapter 5

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 20

SECTION 1.3: DOMAIN 1,

SYSTEM DESIGN, TASKS M-R
Overview
In Tasks A-L, you evaluated your abilities with regard to preliminary design
Tasks with increasing detail. Tasks M-R will evaluate your understanding of
design functionality, as well as designs affecting existing buildings.
Renovations are often more complicated than new construction projects, as
the designer is often operating with poor as-built documentation and is often
unable to access existing duct and piping distribution. Your ability to
confidently execute Tasks M-R will drastically increase the likelihood of
project success when dealing with renovations and retrofits. For example:
• Can you investigate and audit the existing system designs, evaluate
existing equipment, and determine capacities using supporting
documentation?
• Are you able to understand proposed changes to the building and
determine how the HVAC system is affected?
• Are you able to effectively communicate what systems need to be
demolished or modified?
• Are you able to recommend integration of new technologies to increase the
efficiency and effectiveness of the HVAC systems?
• What upgrades to the existing system will be necessary to suit the
proposed changes?
• What challenges do the site conditions pose to your proposed design?
• Will you be able to recommend solutions that will match the longevity of the
building in terms of serviceability and future expansion?
• Will your solutions provide redundancy strategies to minimize downtimes
during maintenance?
Due to the nature of renovations, an HVAC designer relies heavily on
effective coordination and communication. Lack of adequate preparation
during these Tasks drastically increases the likelihood of cost and schedule
overruns due to poor drawings and missed site conditions and may even
jeopardize the effectiveness of overall design.
Just like Tasks A-L, proper focus and attention to these skills will pay
dividends down the road.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 21

Quick Quiz, Domain 1, Section 1.3, Tasks M-R

CHECK ANSWERS
Now, let’s test your knowledge of some key terms/concepts found in Domain
1, Tasks M-R. For each definition or concept, select and write in the correct
option from the choices provided.

TERMS DEFINITIONS

Air delivery equipment 1. In an existing project’s O&M Documentation

Library, equipment technical data sheets and as-
DDC or BAS systems built drawings can be obtained from the
Maintenance manual / ____________________ and
Operating manual ____________________ respectively.

Predictive maintenance 2. Vibration analysis to identify imbalances, bearing

wear, and misalignment is an example of
______________________.
3. ____________________ can monitor, calculate,
and record system status, water use, energy use at
the main meter or of particular end-use systems,
demand, and hours of operation; as well as start
and stop building systems.
4. One ____________________ rising in popularity is
a fan array, which uses multiple plug fans on a
common plenum wall, thus reducing unit size.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 22

How confident are you in your knowledge, Task-by-Task My Notes (Topics I Need to Spend
skills, and abilities in these job Tasks? Resource Guide time Studying)

Task M: Evaluate ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

proposed building design ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
concept modifications for confident Chapter 19
HVAC implications. Deep dive: 2016
❑ Not very
confident Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapters
2, 3, 4, and 18
Task N: Integrate new ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
system technologies into ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
HVAC design (e.g., confident 42 and 63
variable refrigerant flow Deep dive: 2016
[VRF], electronically ❑ Not very
confident Systems and
commutated motor [ECM] Equipment
control, integrated Handbook, Chapters
automation). 4, 7, 18, and 45;
2019 Applications
Handbook, Chapters
43 and 65; 2018
International Green
Construction Code,
Chapters 7 and 8

Task O: Research and ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

confirm capacities of ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
existing equipment and confident Chapters 40
obtain shop drawings of
existing equipment (e.g., ❑ Not very
air-handling systems, confident Deep dive: 2019
chillers, cooling towers). Applications
Handbook,
Chapter 44

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 23

Task P: Prepare HVAC ❑ Confident Task P: no

demolition drawings of the ❑ Somewhat recommended
equipment and systems confident chapters
that must be moved or
relocated to accomplish ❑ Not very
retrofit. confident

Task Q: Recommend ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and

system design options to ❑ Somewhat Equipment
minimize machine or confident Handbook, Chapter 4
system downtime (e.g.,
N+1, 2N, fan array, direct ❑ Not very
drive fans, VRF). confident Deep dive: 2016
Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapters
1, 2, 3, 13, 18, 21,
and 44
Task R: Recommend ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
system configurations to ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
facilitate future confident Chapter 40
maintenance (e.g., system Deep dive: 2019
access, coil pull space, ❑ Not very
confident Applications
motor replacement, safety Handbook,
concerns). Chapter 60

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 24

SECTION 1.4: DOMAIN 1,

SYSTEM DESIGN, TASKS S-Z
Overview
By this stage of an HVAC design project, you have established a high-level
design intent, provided additional detail to help develop and mature the
design, reviewed existing conditions, and evaluated different options to suit
all these different circumstances.
Tasks S-Z will round out the rest of the design by providing needed detail. At
this point, you would incorporate calculations (to be reviewed in Domain 2)
and integrate them in your design. Tasks that you may want to consider
include the following:
• Can you adequately prepare drawings and schematics that show
distribution branches, piping loops, and system components?
• Are you able to identify the need for balancing and flow regulation, as well
as specify and document balancing dampers and valves?
• Are you able to size and select expansion tanks, heat exchangers, air
handlers, and boiler plants?
• Are you able to size and select pumps, valves, and fans?
These final touches complete your design and finish its journey from abstract
intent to a tangible, workable product. At this stage, you should have
identified all your conditions, variables, and operating parameters and
produced a design that will accurately and deliberately meet those metrics.
Once you are satisfied that you are sufficiently competent in Tasks A-Z of
Domain 1, proceed to Domain 2.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 25

Quick Quiz, Domain 1, Section 1.4, Tasks S-Z

CHECK ANSWERS
Now, let’s test your knowledge of some key terms/concepts found in Domain
1, Tasks S-Z. For each definition or concept, select and write in the correct
option from the choices provided.

TERMS DEFINITIONS

Air-side 1. A(n) _________________ economizer uses

outdoor air to reduce refrigeration requirements.
Ancillary equipment
2. ____________________ fans may be forward-
Calibration curved, backward-inclined, or airfoil, and single-
Centrifugal width/single-inlet (SWSI) or double-width/double-inlet
(DWDI). ____________________ is an energy
Pinch technology analysis tool that uses vector analysis to evaluate all
heating and cooling utilities in a process.
3. ____________________ is the process of
comparing a set of discrete magnitudes or the
characteristic curve of a continuously varying
magnitude with another set or curve previously
established as a standard.
4. A central plant can be customized without sacrificing
the standardization, flexibility, and performance
required to support the primary cooling and heating
equipment by carefully selecting
____________________, automatic control, and
facility management.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 26

How confident are you in your knowledge, Task-by-Task My Notes (Topics I Need to Spend
skills, and abilities in these job Tasks? Resource Guide time Studying)

Task S: Design for ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

balancing air and fluid ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
systems (e.g., balancing confident Chapter 39
dampers, balance valves, Deep dive: 2016
self-balancing control ❑ Not very
confident HVAC Systems and
valves). Equipment
Handbook,
Chapter 47; 2017
Fundamentals
Handbook,
Chapter 37
Task T: Prepare ductwork ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and
and piping flow diagrams to ❑ Somewhat Equipment
convey the design intent confident Handbook, Chapters
(e.g., primary/secondary 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 21
systems, pumping and ❑ Not very
confident Deep dive: 2016
isolation systems, duct Systems and
loops, exhaust risers with Equipment
sub-ducts.) Handbook, Chapters
1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
and 21

Task U: Design piping and ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

ductwork layout based on ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
calculated sizing and confident 21 and 22
required routing. Deep dive: 2017
❑ Not very
confident Fundamentals
Handbook,
Chapter 38

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 27

Task V: Select expansion ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and

tanks. ❑ Somewhat Equipment
confident Handbook,
Chapter 13
❑ Not very
confident Deep dive: 2016
Systems and
Equipment
Handbook,
Chapter 15
Task W: Select major air- ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and
side units. ❑ Somewhat Equipment
confident Handbook, Chapters
1, 4, 5, and 10
❑ Not very
confident Deep dive: 2016
Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapters
2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11,
12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17,
and 18

Task X: Size major heating ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and

plant components. ❑ Somewhat Equipment
confident Handbook,
Chapter 32
❑ Not very
confident Deep dive: 2016
Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapters
3, 5, 13, and 15
Task Y: Design leak- ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals
detection systems. ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
confident Chapter 29
❑ Not very Deep dive: 2016
confident Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapter
18; ASHRAE
Standard 15,
Chapters 7 and 8

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 28

Task Z: Select major

cooling plant components:
1. fans ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and
❑ Somewhat Equipment
confident Handbook,
Chapter 21
❑ Not very
confident Deep dive: 2016
Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapter 4
2. coils ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and
❑ Somewhat Equipment
confident Handbook,
Chapter 23
❑ Not very
confident Deep dive: 2016
Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapters
5, 13, and 27

3. piping ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

❑ Somewhat Handbook,
confident Chapter 22
❑ Not very
confident
4. pumps ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and
❑ Somewhat Equipment
confident Handbook,
Chapter 44
❑ Not very
confident Deep dive: 2016
Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapters
5 and 13

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 29

DOMAIN 1: SYSTEM DESIGN CHECK ANSWERS

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS CLEAR ANSWERS

1. Which design method should be used to size ducts downstream of

terminal boxes, toilet exhaust ducts, and other low-pressure systems?

A. equal friction method

B. static friction method

C. static regain method

2. For duct sizing, the static regain method should be avoided for:

A. positive-pressure duct systems

B. negative-pressure systems

C. low-pressure duct systems

3. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding the Task

of sequencing heating and cooling?

A. Central fan systems should not use cool outdoor air in sequence
between heating and cooling.

B. Heating and cooling should be supplied simultaneously for humidity

control.

C. Zoning and system selection should eliminate, or at least minimize,

simultaneous heating and cooling.

4. When choosing a chiller, this type of system requires greater care in

design of the control system and control sequences but is usually more
efficient.

A. constant flow

B. variable flow

C. variable-primary flow

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 30

5. A control schematic MOST frequently includes which of the following?

CHECK ANSWERS
A. description of the layout

B. description of the system functions CLEAR ANSWERS

C. layout of the Input/output objects

6. When looking at the schematic of a heating system, the air-distribution

system is made up of which two items?

A. boiler(s); heating coil(s)

B. heating coil(s); zone(s)

C. zone(s); boiler(s)

7. Buildings over how many stories high USUALLY require vertical shafts to
consolidate mechanical, electrical, and telecommunication distribution
throughout the facility?

A. 3

B. 5

C. 7

8. When determining the proper accounting of leakage-related impacts on

fan energy and space conditioning loads, the recommended MAXIMUM
system leakage is what percentage of design airflow.

A. 2%

B. 5%

C. 8%

9. When designing a fluid flow system, there are two concerns that need to
be taken into consideration. They are the:

A. flow/pressure relationship and the sizing of pipe

B. number of joints in the plan and flow/pressure relationship

C. number of joints in the plan and the sizing of pipe

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 31

10. There are three basic types of variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems:
cooling only, heat pump, and ___________. CHECK ANSWERS
A. air-cooled outdoor CLEAR ANSWERS
B. heat recovery

C. water-cooled outdoor

11. The thermal layer of water in a chilled-water thermal storage tank,

separating warmer water at the top and cooler water at the bottom is
called which of the following?

A. a thermocline

B. thermal bridging

C. thermal storage capacity

12. The flow diagram of a two-pipe change-over system MUST contain

________.

A. boiler, pump, and load

B. chiller, boiler, and pump

C. chiller, pump, and load

13. The most common engineering design flow loss calculation selects a pipe
size based on which of the following?

A. allowable pressure drop and desired flow rate

B. designed length of pipe and allowable pressure drop

C. desired flow rate and designed length of pipe

14. Which of the following is the BEST design recommendation to minimize

pressure loss in an air system?

A. Avoid use of round spiral ducts.

B. Route ducts as straight as possible.

C. Use consecutive and close-coupled fittings.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 32

15. What is the temperature difference between the water entering and the
water leaving the cooling tower called? CHECK ANSWERS
A. approach CLEAR ANSWERS
B. cooling capacity

C. range

16. The occupied zone is generally considered to be the room volume

between the floor level and ___ above the floor.

A. 6 ft/1.8 m

B. 8 ft/2.4 m

C. 10 ft/3.0 m

17. In the very early phases of building design, the combined mechanical and
electrical space requirement of most buildings is what percentage of the
total building floor area?

A. 3-5%

B. 6-9%

C. 10-12%

18. The person responsible for selecting control valves, coordinating them
with heat transfer devices, and providing a schedule of devices and a
detailed connection schematic is which of the following?

A. architect

B. HVAC designer

C. project engineer

19. This type of diffuser features a series of openings arranged in a radial

pattern around the center of the diffuser face.

A. slaque-face

B. square

C. swirl

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 33

20. A common application to compare retrofit alternatives for existing

buildings is which of the following? CHECK ANSWERS
A. plug loads CLEAR ANSWERS
B. energy modeling

C. building orientation

21. A mathematical model is a description of the behavior of a system. It

contains which components?

A. input variables, output variables, data driven models

B. input variables, output variables, system structure and parameter

properties

C. system structure and parameter properties, data driven models,

output variables

22. This system technology has been used primarily to protect expensive
equipment from catastrophic failure, ensure safety, and provide alarms
when a measured variable goes outside its acceptable operating range.

A. automated-fault detection and diagnosis (AFDD)

B. building automation systems (BASs)

C. indoor environmental quality (IEQ)

23. Periodically, the capacity of existing buildings may need to be evaluated.

Doing so is called _________.

A. ongoing commissioning

B. recommissioning

C. retrocommissioning

24. (P-work experience) _________ are used to indicate overall modifications

to existing systems.

A. as-built drawings

B. demolition drawings

C. flow diagrams

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 34

25. To eliminate maintenance and replacement, which type of motor would be

MOST appropriate for a fan system? CHECK ANSWERS
A. electronically commutated motor (ECM) CLEAR ANSWERS
B. belt-drive

C. permanent split capacitor (PSC)

26. This type of maintenance schedule is MOST typically used to extend

useful life of essential building equipment, such as pumps, air handlers,
boilers, ductwork, elevators, and transformers.

A. predictive

B. preventive

C. run-to-failure

27. The built-in benefit of a ____________ is that, when properly field

adjusted, all system flow paths have the same head loss.

A. automatic flow limiter

B. orifice flowmeter

C. static balancing valve

28. Dynamic and ________ dampers are the two basic styles of traditional
balance dampers.

A. motor operated

B. pressure independent

C. static

29. Parallel pumping arrangements increase what flow characteristic?

A. increased flow

B. increased head

C. redundancy

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 35

30. When designing ductwork there are two (2) methods, static regain and
________. CHECK ANSWERS
A. critical path CLEAR ANSWERS
B. equal friction

C. low pressure

31. What is the approximate MAXIMUM friction loss that should be

considered when sizing a traditional piping system?

A. 4 ft per 100 ft of pipe (400 Pa/m)

B. 5 ft per 100 ft of pipe (500 Pa/m)

C. 6 ft per 100 ft of pipe (600 Pa/m)

32. This type of terminal unit is generally applied to areas with higher
concentrations of sensible cooling loads and requires elevated chilled-
water temperatures.

A. chilled beam

B. fan-coil unit

C. variable air volume (VAV) box

33. This type of expansion tank has a flexible membrane that is inserted
between the air and the water.

A. bladder

B. diaphragm

C. open

34. A disadvantage of air-side economizers in some systems is that the unit

must be located __________.

A. central to the building

B. near an indoor wall

C. near an outdoor wall

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 36

35. A client is building a new building and wishes to use a high efficiency
boiler and the load calculations you performed indicate the building has CHECK ANSWERS
150,000 Btu/hr/heat loss. Designing around a 40 degree delta T, how
many gallons per minute/liters per second of water are required for the CLEAR ANSWERS
system design?

A. 7.5 gpm/

B. 15 gpm/

C. 75.0 gpm/

36. In which method of refrigerant leak detection, the object to be tested is

pressurized with air or nitrogen?

A. bubble

B. dye

C. electronic

37. What is the MOST important selection criterion for condenser fans?

A. energy use

B. noise level

C. static pressure

38. When selecting a coil, which of the following should be considered?

A. air quality

B. energy consumption

C. space limitations

39. For chilled water, which of the following is the MOST common piping
material?

A. chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)

B. steel, galvanized

C. steel type F (CW)

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 37

40. Which type of pump is mounted on a horizontal motor supported by the

motor or pump foot mountings? CHECK ANSWERS
A. close-coupled, single-state, end-suction CLEAR ANSWERS
B. frame-mounted, end-suction

C. vertical in-line

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 38

SECTION 2: DOMAIN 2, DESIGN

CALCULATIONS
Overview
In Domain 1, you were concerned with tasks and skills that were more
concept driven. You had to establish an abstract design intent and further
refine it into a final product. In Domain 1, however, you were not really
concerned with the actual calculations. Instead, you were focused on what
you do before and after the calculations stage.
If Domain 1 is the art of HVAC, then Domain 2 is certainly the science. The
skills that are tested under this Domain ensure that your design achieves its
goals. In this Domain you will establish:
• How much energy you must add to or remove from the space.
• How much fresh air or exhaust the space requires.
• Duct and pipe sizes to carry the heating & cooling mediums.
• System components to suit the unique demands of different heating and
cooling mediums.
While Domain 1 builds a solid foundation for your design, those efforts are
wasted if your calculations are inaccurate or based on incorrect assumptions.
Much like the systems we design, the designer’s skill must be well balanced.
If not, the building occupants are sure to notice.
Once you are satisfied that you are sufficiently competent in all of the Tasks
in Domain 2, move on to Domain 3.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 39

Quick Quiz, Domain 2, Tasks A-J

CHECK ANSWERS
Now, let’s test your knowledge of some key terms/concepts found in Domain
2, Tasks A-J. For each definition or concept, select and write in the correct
option from the choices provided.

TERMS DEFINITIONS

CD11-3 1. A(n) ____________________ pipe operates at the lowest

overall stress level.
Cooling load
2. ____________________ ventilation is the intentional
Erosion movement of air into and out of a building suing fans,
Head loss ductwork, intake louvers, and exhaust grilles.

Heat load 3. ____________________ is the normal force per unit

area.
Heat storage
4. Heating calculations use simple worst-case assumptions:
Mechanical no solar or internal gains, and no
____________________ (with all heat losses evaluated
Pressure instantaneously).
Unrestrained 5. Ventilation ____________________ may be offset with
heat recovery equipment.
6. For pipe sizes 2 in. and over, minimum velocities
corresponding to a ____________________ of
0.75 ft/100 ft are normally used.
7. Peak design heating and ____________________
calculations seek to determine the maximum rate of
heating and cooling energy transfer at any point in time.
8. Noise, ____________________, and installation and
operating costs all limit the maximum and minimum
velocities in piping systems.
9. ____________________ determines the size of a duct,
knowing airflow, such that the design velocity is not
exceeded.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 40

How confident are you in your knowledge, Task-by-Task My Notes (Topics I Need to Spend
skills, and abilities in these job Tasks? Resource Guide time Studying)

Task A: Calculate HVAC ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

system requirements (e.g., ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
water flows, airflows, pump confident 21 and 22.
heads, suction heads, Deep dive: 2017
expansion compensation). ❑ Not very
confident Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapters
36 and 39

Task B: Assist in the ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

preparation of project ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
estimates for comparative confident Chapter 38
system selection (e.g.,
installed cost, operating ❑ Not very
cost, space limitations, confident
water availability, power
requirements).
Task C: Calculate all ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals
piping and ductwork sizing ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
based on flow rates confident 21 and 22
received from the project Deep dive: 2017
engineer and adapted in ❑ Not very
confident Fundamentals
size and route to comply Handbook,
with the existing physical Chapter 39
constraints.
Task D: Adjust thermal ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals
load or HVAC requirement ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
estimates based on confident 17 and 18
modifications to building. Deep dive: 2017
❑ Not very
confident Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapters
3, 9, and 36

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 41

Task E: Calculate head ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

loss through the critical ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
path. confident Chapter 22
❑ Not very Deep dive: 2017
confident Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapters
21 and 39
Task F: Calculate heat ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals
loads for each assigned ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
space in the building. confident 17 and 18
❑ Not very Deep dive: 2017
confident Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapters
14, 15, 16, and 39
Task G: Calculate the ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals
building load heat loss ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
and gain. confident 17 and 18
❑ Not very Deep dive: 2017
confident Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapters
3, 9, 14, 15, 16,
and 36

Task H: Calculate external ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

static and total pressures ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
for air-distribution units and confident Chapter 21
specify in the equipment Deep dive: 2016
schedule. ❑ Not very
confident Systems and
Equipment
Handbook,
Chapter 21; 2017
Fundamentals
Handbook,
Chapter 39

Task I: Calculate ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

ventilation rate ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
requirements by space confident 9, 16, and 40
use, thermal comfort Deep dive: 2017
parameters, and air quality ❑ Not very
confident Fundamentals
per applicable codes Handbook, Chapters
and standards. 3 and 36
Task J: Design piping ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals
system to account for ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
various fluid properties confident 3 and 22
(e.g., freeze protection, Deep dive: 2017
fluid expansion ❑ Not very
confident Fundamentals
compensation, fluid Handbook, Chapters
density, transfer capacity). 9 and 31

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 42

DOMAIN 2: DESIGN CHECK ANSWERS

CALCULATIONS PRACTICE CLEAR ANSWERS
EXAM QUESTIONS
1. A louver is rated to resist water penetration for velocities up to 1000 fpm
(5.1 m/s) and has 70% free area. What is the maximum airflow that can
flow through a louver with an overall area of 12 ft² (1.11 m²)?

A. 3600 cfm (102 m³/min)

B. 8400 cfm (238 m³/min)

C. 12,000 cfm (340 m³/min)

2. An existing building is served by a chiller plant operating at delta T 10F

(5.56 C) with total chilled water flow 700 U.S. gpm (44.16 L/s). The
building owner decides to replace the chiller plant with a new high-
performance chiller plant, while maintaining the same total cooling
capacity. The new chiller plant will operate at delta T 14F (7.78 C). What
is the TOTAL chilled water flow of the new pump(s)?

A. 500 U.S. gpm (31.55 L/s)

B. 700 U.S. gpm (61.83 L/s)

C. 980 U.S. gpm (44.16 L/s)

3. 100 GPM (378 LPM) of water is pumped with a 2 HP base-mounted pump

operating at 75% efficiency. What is the approximate head loss on the system?

A. 40 ft (120 kPa)

B. 60 ft (180 kPa)

C. 80 ft (240 kPa)

4. The preferred relative humidity range for human health and comfort is
between _________.

A. 30 and 50%

B. 40 and 60%

C. 50 and 70%

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 43

5. When evaluating a system to recommend to a building owner who intends

to own and operate the building 20 years, which of the following systems CHECK ANSWERS
would have the lowest life-cycle cost?
CLEAR ANSWERS
A. system A, which has an installed cost of $100,000 and an annual
operating and maintenance cost of $3,500

B. system B, which has an installed cost of $125,000 and an annual

operating and maintenance cost of $1,500

C. system C, which has an installed cost of $80,000 and an annual

operating and maintenance cost of $1,500 and estimated life span of
15 years

6. What is the criterion MOST used for louver sizing?

A. maximum free area

B. minimum static pressure drop

C. water penetration

7. In the formula for velocity, V=Q/A, A represents which of the following?

A. airflow rate

B. cross-sectional area of duct

C. total pressure

8. A hot-water heating system is to be designed to operate between 120°F

and 180°F (49°C and 82°C). Which of the following should be avoided as
a piping material?

A. copper

B. steel

C. PVC

9. Which equation is used to calculate the time it takes for an incompressible

fluid in a horizontal, constant-area conduit to achieve steady flow?

A. unsteady Flow

B. Bernoulli

C. Poiseuille Flow

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 44

10. When predicting the mean response of a large group of people according
to the ASHRAE thermal sensation scale, the predicted mean vote CHECK ANSWERS
(PMV) index is used. In the PMV equation, L represents:
CLEAR ANSWERS
A. activity level

B. length

C. thermal load on the body

11. Which of the following is the MOST unknown factor when performing load
calculations?

A. dimensions of the building

B. skill of builder

C. infiltration rates

12. When calculating the allowable air leakage for each fan system, the
recommended percentage for supply and return ductwork sections that
leak directly to/from the surrounding space is which of the following?

A. 2%

B. 3%

C. 5%

13. When using the Darcy-Weisbach equation and presenting it in head or

specific energy form, g represents:

A. acceleration of gravity

B. units conversion factor

C. fluid density

14. When calculating pressure drop, which of the following information is

provided within the manufacturer’s data?

A. flow rate

B. head loss from equipment

C. valves and fittings

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 45

15. When completing heating calculations, which of the following needs to be

taken into account? CHECK ANSWERS
A. heat gain from internal equipment CLEAR ANSWERS
B. heat loss through exterior walls

C. solar heat gain through exterior glazing

16. When calculating the heat gain through an exterior glazing, it is MOST
important to know which of the following characteristics?

A. elevation above sea level and glass thickness

B. orientation and elevation above sea level

C. orientation and glass thickness

17. Which month is used to determine the time of year when the MAXIMUM
heating load occurs?

A. the month with the highest mean dry bulb

B. the month with the hottest mean dry bulb

C. the month with the lowest mean dry bulb

18. A space has a total exterior wall area of 1200 ft² (111 m²) and an
insulation value of R-18 (RSI 3.17). The design outdoor heating
temperature is 0° F (17.8° C) and the interior temperature is 70° F
(21.1° C). What is the approximate total heat required to offset the loss
through the wall?

A. 2.2 MBH (0.64 kWh)

B. 3.5 MBH (1.03 kWh)

C. 4.7 MBH (1.38 kWh)

19. Which of the following statements is MOST correct when estimating heat
loss through completely below-grade structures?

A. All below-grade surfaces are treated identically.

B. Heat flow paths can be used to find the steady-state heat loss to the
ground surface.

C. The exterior air temperature is critical to determining the heat loss.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 46

20. When calculating daily temperatures, which of the following is the MOST
important to take into consideration? CHECK ANSWERS
A. daylight savings time CLEAR ANSWERS
B. local time

C. solar time

21. A new duct-mounted coil is inserted into an existing duct system with a
total system airflow of 5,000 cfm (2.36 m³/s). The existing system is
operating at a total static pressure of 1.5” w.c. (373 Pa) and the additional
coil will add 0.3” w.c. (74 Pa) to the total static pressure. The existing
supply fan motor is operating at 1236 RPM. What will the approximate
resulting fan speed need to be to maintain the same total system airflow?

A. 1129 RPM

B. 1353 RPM

C. 1658 RPM

22. At diverging transitions of a fan/duct system, which of the following

is correct?

A. Absolute static pressure can decrease.

B. Absolute total pressure increases.

C. Velocity pressure decreases.

23. Evaporative heat loss from skin depends on:

A. amount of moisture on the skin

B. clothing area factor

C. the surface area of the skin

24. When using equations for estimating heat transfer coefficient (ℎ𝑐 ), the
effective heat transfer area may be inaccurate for whom?

A. seated and reclining persons with moving air

B. standing persons in moving air

C. walking and active persons in still air

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 47

25. What concept describes the proper ventilation rate averaging process.
CHECK ANSWERS
A. active

B. effective CLEAR ANSWERS

C. efficient

26. Flow devices with gradual contours are subject to separation that is more
difficult to predict. Which of the following are used to reduce the loss in
expansion?

A. diffuser

B. splitter

C. stall

27. In metallic pipe when stress calculations are required, an area of concern
is which of the following?

A. external pressure stress

B. lateral stress caused by pressure and weight

C. stress from expansion and contraction

28. Using density to determine glycol concentration is unsatisfactory

because:

A. Density measurements are not temperature sensitive.

B. Inhibitor concentrations can change density.

C. Propylene glycol values exhibit a maximum at 50 to 55%

concentration.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 48

SECTION 3: DOMAIN 3,
PROCEDURAL
Overview
Domain 3 is focused on the procedures that HVAC designers execute. In this
Domain, you deal with the practical considerations of taking your design from
paper to reality. The Tasks in this Domain will test your abilities to:
• Analyze your design, or another’s, for conformance with codes, standards,
and regulations.
• Review shop drawings to ensure that the materials to be installed meet the
design intent.
• Perform field reviews during construction and to verify/document as-built
conditions.
• Review and respond to requests for information (RFI) and other consultant-
contractor interactions.
The procedural work that Domain 3 concerns itself with is paramount to
achieving the goals set out in Domain 1 and 2. As a designer, you do not just
send your designs out into the ether, never to be heard from again. Carefully
following proper procedures will allow your design to be built to your
specifications.
Once you are satisfied that you are sufficiently competent in all of the Tasks
in Domain 3, move on to Domain 4.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 49

Quick Quiz, Domain 3, Tasks A-K

CHECK ANSWERS
Now, let’s test your knowledge of some key terms/concepts found in Domain
3, Tasks A-K. For each definition or concept, select and write in the correct
option from the choices provided.

TERMS DEFINITIONS

As-built 1. ____________________ is an entity identified by the

owner who leads, plans, schedules, and coordinates
CxA the commissioning team to implement the
Facility guide commissioning process.

Investigation 2. ____________________ is a basic building systems

description and operating plan with general
Monitoring procedures and confirmed facility operating
conditions, set points, schedules, and operating
Owner’s project procedures to properly operate the facility.
requirements (OPR)
3. Commissioning documents should include
Room cleanliness certificates and warranties of system completion with
a complete set of ____________________
drawings, submitted from mechanical, electrical,
piping, plumbing, control, and fire protection
contractors.
4. ____________________ is a document that details
the functional requirements of a project and the
expectations of how it will be used and operated.
5. ____________________ testing uses the building
automation system or data loggers to record system
parameters over time and analyze the data days or
weeks later.
6. In the final commissioning report, if
____________________ is required, a certified as-
built report of testing during completion of
construction and installation providing documentation
must be included.
7. The ____________________ phase includes more
detailed interviews with maintenance personnel,
testing and documentation of existing building
performance, and identification and analysis of
recommended changes.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 50

How confident are you in your knowledge, Task-by-Task My Notes (Topics I Need to Spend
skills, and abilities in these job Tasks Resource Guide time Studying)

Task A: Analyze buildings, ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

building designs, or HVAC ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
plans for compliance with confident Chapter 40
applicable codes, Deep dive: 2016
standards, and regulations. ❑ Not very
confident Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapter
52; 2019 Applications
Handbook, Chapters
44 and 66

Task B: Apply Building ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

Information Modeling (BIM) ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
standards throughout confident Chapter 19
drawing production. Deep dive: 2019
❑ Not very
confident Applications
Handbook, Chapters
41 and 60
Task C: Review shop ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
drawings and equipment ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
submittals for compliance confident Chapter 44
with contract documents.
❑ Not very
confident

Task D: Interpret design ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

documents during ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
bidding/tender and confident Chapter 44
construction phases.
❑ Not very
confident

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 51

Task E: Review and ❑ Confident 2017 Fundamentals

comply with HVAC codes ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
and standards. confident Chapter 40
❑ Not very Deep dive: 2016
confident Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapter
52; 2019 Applications
Handbook,
Chapter 66
Task F: Verify and ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
document as-built field ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
conditions for projects in confident Chapter 44
construction.
❑ Not very
confident
Task G: Verify and ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
document as-built field ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
conditions for existing confident Chapter 60
structures.
❑ Not very
confident

Task H: Perform periodic ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

field investigations (e.g., ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
punch-lists, quality control, confident Chapter 44
shop drawings).
❑ Not very
confident

Task I: Perform review of ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

Request for Information ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
(RFI) and incorporate into confident Chapter 44
bidding/tender documents.
❑ Not very
confident
Task J: Prepare HVAC ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
documentation for building ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
permit application and confident Chapter 44
coordinate with Authority
Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). ❑ Not very
confident
Task K: Incorporate field ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
“as-built” documents into ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
final documents. confident Chapter 44
❑ Not very
confident

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 52

DOMAIN 3: PROCEDURAL CHECK ANSWERS

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS CLEAR ANSWERS

1. Which of the following is developed with the help of users, occupants, and
owners?

A. basis of design (BOD)

B. current facility requirements (CFR)

C. existing building commissioning (EBCx) process

2. What is the building design and documentation methodology that relies

on the creation and collection of interrelated, computable information
about a building project that is a reliable, coordinated, and internally
consistent digital representation of the building?

A. building information management (BIM)

B. building information modeling (BIM)

C. computer-aided design (CAD) systems

3. A systems manual contains which one of the following items?

A. current facility requirements (CFR)

B. design calculations

C. owner’s project requirements (OPR)

4. In a situation of disputes or ambiguities, the highest priority document to

refer to is which of the following?

A. contract

B. project manual

C. drawings

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 53

5. A planned renovation of a 2,410 ft² (224 m²) retail space with a 40-occupant
capacity is located on the second floor of a 5-story commercial building. CHECK ANSWERS
Calculate the approximate minimum outdoor air requirement if the people
outdoor air rate is 7.5 cfm/person (3.8 l/s-person) and the area outdoor air CLEAR ANSWERS
rate 0.18 cfm/ft² (o.9 l/s-m²).

A. 489 cfm (230.8 l/s)

B. 689 cfm (325.3 l/s)

C. 734 cfm (353.6 l/s)

6. In conducting validations of the accuracy of the as-built plan for existing

buildings, the FIRST step is to:

A. check the air-distribution side

B. identify equipment room locations

C. verify the actual equipment versus previous submittals

7. When the actual installation deviates from the issued “For Construction
Plan,” what project document should be verified to reconcile?

A. approved submittals

B. meeting minutes

C. specifications

8. During the project implementation process, which of the following is NOT

a main responsibility of an HVAC designer?

A. monitor the HVAC contractor’s daily work

B. review and approve submittals

C. validate Requests for Information (RFI)

9. Which of the following is a valid reason for a contractor to submit a

Request for Information (RFI) during the construction process?

A. The contractor failed to include a portion of the installation as part of

their bid.

B. There has been a field-directed change to the documents, and the

contractor is requesting additional compensation.

C. There is conflicting information between two (2) separate trades

drawings.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 54

10. A mechanical permit application COMMONLY requires which document?

CHECK ANSWERS
A. equipment warranty

B. HVAC plans CLEAR ANSWERS

C. shop drawings

11. As-built drawings provided by the contractor serve which of the following
purposes?

A. allow the HVAC designer to review proposed substitutions prior to

installation

B. document changes to the design made throughout construction

C. ensure that no conflicts exist between all installing contractors

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 55

SECTION 4.1: DOMAIN 4,

COORDINATION, TASKS A-J
Overview
An HVAC designer does not exist in a vacuum. Your work affects, and is
affected by, every system and assembly in the building.
The Tasks in Domain 4 measure your ability to coordinate with other
individuals or teams on the project and to ensure that your design meets the
conditions you have been presented. These Tasks also allow you
opportunities to provide input to the other design professionals as it relates to
your systems.
Tasks A-J will test your ability to:
• Assist in the development of the basis of design (BOD) document with the
other consultants and owner.
• Coordinate space and structural requirements for your HVAC systems.
• Analyze architectural documents to establish your design concept and
calculations (Domain 1 & 2), as well as to provide input that may reduce
overall energy usage and occupant comfort.
• Collaborate with other team members on the HVAC design team.
• Most importantly, collaborate with other design disciplines to ensure the
health and safety of the building occupants.
Design professionals from other disciplines may not be well versed in the
requirements and constraints of your work. Your competency in this Domain
will allow you to be an effective advocate for your design and to ensure that
your design meets the requirements of the other disciplines.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 56

Quick Quiz, Domain 4, Section 4.1, Tasks A-J

CHECK ANSWERS
Now, let’s test your knowledge of some key terms/concepts found in Domain
4, Tasks A-J. For each definition or concept, select and write in the correct
option from the choices provided.

TERMS DEFINITIONS

Basis of design 1. ____________________ is used to resist the

passage of smoke.
Design parameters
2. It is the responsibility of the owner or project manager
Design team to evaluate all review findings with the
Owner’s project ____________________ and see that the responsible
requirement (OPR) team member implements the approved decisions.

Performance 3. Some design reviews use ____________, giving 10

requirements to 20% of the drawings and specifications for an in-
depth review; if only minimal issues are identified, the
Sampling owner accepts the submission.

Smoke damper 4. The ____________________ is a document that

records the concepts, calculations, decisions, and
Structural engineer product selections used to meet the OPR and to
satisfy applicable regulatory requirements, standards,
Ventilation
and guidelines.
5. All loads on the structure should be communicated to
and coordinated with the ____________________.
6. The ____________________ is generally a set of
concise objective qualitative statements, each with
one or more quantitative performance metrics or
criteria.
7. Capture velocity, duct material, and pertinent duct
fittings and fabrication are a few of the
____________________ necessary for exhaust
systems, especially those serving fume exhaust, dust,
and/or particle collection to function properly,
efficiently, and per applicable codes.
8. ____________________ and plumbing design come
from the design building population, and are
somewhat independent of the hierarchy of one
system influencing another.
9. The commissioning objective focuses on documented
confirmation that a facility fulfills the specified
__________________ for the building owner,
occupants, and operators.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 57

How confident are you in your knowledge, Task-by-Task My Notes (Topics I Need to Spend
skills, and abilities in these job Tasks? Resource Guide time Studying)
Task A: Assist in the ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
development of the basis of ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
design (BOD). confident 44 and 60
❑ Not very Deep dive: 2016
confident Systems and
Equipment
Handbook, Chapter 1
Task B: Review HVAC ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
drawings with ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
Commissioning Authority confident Chapter 44
(CxA0). Deep dive: 2019
❑ Not very
confident Applications
Handbook,
Chapter 60
Task C: Coordinate space ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
requirements for HVAC ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
equipment placement with confident Chapter 44
other design team
members. ❑ Not very
confident
Task D: Modify the HVAC ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
design documents concept ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
based on the outcome of confident Chapter 44
the design team reviews.
❑ Not very
confident
Task E: Coordinate ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and
systems expansion ❑ Somewhat Equipment
compensation design with confident Handbook,
structural engineer and Chapter 46
piping vendor (e.g., thrust ❑ Not very
confident Deep dive: 2019
blocks, expansion joints, Applications
anchor points). Handbook,
Chapter 44

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 58

Task F: Analyze ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

architectural plans, ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
sections, and elevations for confident 44 and 45
use in HVAC design. Deep dive: 2019
❑ Not very
confident Applications
Handbook,
Chapter 60
Task G: Comply with client ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
specifications and ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
performance requirements confident Chapter 44
to determine mechanical
designs. ❑ Not very
confident
Task H: Collaborate in the ❑ Confident 2016 Systems and
development of HVAC ❑ Somewhat Equipment Handbook,
systems and design confident Chapters 1 and 50
parameters. 2019 Applications
❑ Not very
confident Handbook,
Chapter 44

Task I: Review ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

architectural life safety plan ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
relative to mechanical plan confident 44 and 54
and apply fire and smoke
damper requirements. ❑ Not very
confident

Task J: Coordinate with life ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

and safety engineer to ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
design the smoke confident 44 and 54
management and Deep dive: 2019
ventilation system per fire ❑ Not very
confident Applications
code and regulation. Handbook,
Chapter 60

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 59

SECTION 4.2: DOMAIN 4,

COORDINATION, TASKS K-U
Overview
As mentioned earlier, an HVAC designer does not exist in a vacuum, and you
are, unfortunately, unable to design everything with which your systems need
to interact.
The equipment in your design requires electricity, water and drainage,
structural support, and sound or vibration isolation. Typically, these are all
achieved by different disciplines, and they require input from you to ensure
that their work suits the needs of your design, and in many cases the reverse
is also true. Often you are constrained by the power that is available to the
building, or limitations of the existing structure will not support your equipment
and distribution.
Domain 4 is a measure of the human touch of design. Topics to be
considered include the following:
• Can you communicate appropriately with others and speak their language?
• Can you consider other designers’ needs and convince them to give
consideration to yours?
While you may be very skilled in the Tasks of Domains 1-3, they matter very
little if you have insufficient power to your chiller because you did not
articulate your needs to the electrical engineer. Likewise, no one will be
particularly impressed with the accuracy of your calculations if the owner is
now paying a small fortune for a structural change because you failed to
properly coordinate your duct routing.
As an HVAC designer, you are thoroughly involved from the very beginning,
all the way to the end. While you may be part of a large team and focused
only on a small portion of the design, your efforts and those of your team
permeate throughout the entire project. The success of the project is a
measure of your individual skill as a designer and your ability to interact with
everyone else involved.
Once you are satisfied that you are sufficiently competent in all of the Tasks
in Domain 4, move on to the Study Map.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 60

Quick Quiz, Domain 4, Section 4.2, Tasks K-U

CHECK ANSWERS
Now, let’s test your knowledge of some key terms/concepts found in Domain
4, Tasks K-U. For each definition or concept, select and write in the correct
option from the choices provided.

TERMS DEFINITIONS
Construction 1. ____________________ is a unit of real electrical power,
schedule equal to the power developed in a circuit by a current of 1 A
flowing through a potential difference of 1 V.
Cycle
2. During the commissioning process evaluation, the
Domestic commissioning authority should meet briefly with the owner;
water system general, controls, mechanical, and electrical contractors;
Electrical and mechanical and ____________________ to discuss
designers the commissioning process.

Medium life 3. The CxA’s design review is not intended to replace

to live ____________________ design reviews that check for
accuracy and completeness of the design and calculations.
Peer-to-peer
4. The ____________________ is the part of the fundamental
Snubber waveform where the electrical potential goes from zero to a
maximum to zero to a minimum, and back to zero again.
Trade
contractors 5. The acoustic characteristics of a room are considered to
____________________ if they have little sound
UFAD zones absorption.
Watt (W) 6. The CxA works with the contractors and construction
manager to coordinate the commissioning schedule and
ensure that commissioning activities are integrated into the
master ____________________.
7. Approximate methods have been used by energy modelers,
such as raising the thermostat set point in the
____________________ to represent a higher average air
temperature or representing the actual zone with two
stacked zones in the model.
8. During predesign and design, the list of areas to be
commissioned may be general and include such options as
electrical lighting controls, emergency power, and
____________________.
9. ____________________ of specialty or complex systems
or designs should review commissioning requirements and
performance criteria of their systems for coordination,
schedule, and cost implications.
10. ____________________ is a device made of steel-housed
resilient bushings arranged to prevent equipment from
moving beyond an established gap.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 61

How confident are you in your knowledge, Task-by-Task My Notes (Topics I Need to Spend
skills, and abilities in these job Tasks? Resource Guide time Studying)
Task K: Coordinate with ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
other design team ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
members during each confident Chapter 44
design phase (e.g.,
architects, structural ❑ Not very
designers, plumbing confident
designers, electrical
designers).
Task L: Coordinate HVAC ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
implications for the building ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
electrical loads and confident Chapter 44
electrical space mechanical Deep dive: 2019
requirements with electrical ❑ Not very
confident Applications
design team members. Handbook, Chapters
57 and 60
Task M: Coordinate with ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
structural engineer for ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
HVAC requirements (e.g., confident 44, 49, and 56
duct and piping runs, Deep dive: 2019
anchorage, seismic ❑ Not very
confident Applications
bracing, sound isolation, Handbook,
support requirements, Chapter 60
vibration).
Task N: Coordinate with ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
project design and ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
construction schedules. confident Chapter 44
❑ Not very
confident

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 62

Task O: Coordinate ❑ Confident 2019 Applications

electrical requirements for ❑ Somewhat Handbook, Chapters
HVAC equipment. confident 44 and 57
❑ Not very Deep dive: 2019
confident Applications
Handbook,
Chapter 60
Task P: Coordinate ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
requirements of HVAC ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
system for domestic water confident Chapter 44
and waste with plumbing
designer. ❑ Not very
confident
Task Q: Coordinate with ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
acoustical engineer for ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
selection of ventilation confident Chapter 49
equipment including sizing Deep dive: 2017
of ventilation distribution ❑ Not very
confident Fundamentals
and air-handling equipment Handbook, Chapters
to meet designated sound 3, 8, 9, 37; 2019
pressure levels. Applications
Handbook, Chapter
44 and 60
Task R: Coordinate with ❑ Confident 2019 Applications
energy modeler for HVAC ❑ Somewhat Handbook,
system input. confident Chapter 44
❑ Not very Deep dive: 2017
confident Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapter
19; 2019 Applications
Handbook,
Chapter 60
Task S: Coordinate site ❑ Confident Deep dive: 2019
piping and utility ❑ Somewhat Applications
requirements with civil confident Handbook,
engineer. Chapter 44
❑ Not very
confident
Task T: Coordinate with ❑ Confident Deep dive: 2019
vendors to prepare ❑ Somewhat Applications
equipment schedules. confident Handbook,
Chapter 44
❑ Not very
confident
Task U: Review drawings ❑ Confident Deep dive: 2019
and identify potential ❑ Somewhat Applications
obstructions that may confident Handbook,
impact the HVAC system Chapter 44
(e.g., structural, fire ❑ Not very
proofing, lighting, confident
sprinklers, walls).

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 63

DOMAIN 4: COORDINATION CHECK ANSWERS

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS CLEAR ANSWERS

1. What is the document that records the concepts, calculations, decisions,

and product selections used to meet the owner’s project requirements
(OPR)?

A. basis of design (BOD)

B. current facility requirements (CFR)

C. systems manual

2. When is the MOST appropriate time to begin the commissioning process

on a project?

A. commissioning is unnecessary if the designer has completed their

work properly

B. during the predesign phase, when the scope and intent have been
established

C. when the project is completed and performance needs to be verified

3. When coordinating with architectural members of the design team, what

relevant information should the HVAC designer provide as it relates to
HVAC equipment placement?

A. equipment tonnage

B. power and voltage requirements

C. service clearances and clearance to combustibles

4. Which of the following statements applies to the role that the design team
plays in the commissioning process?

A. It is the responsibility of the owner or project manager to evaluate all

review findings with the design team.

B. The commissioning professional is ultimately responsible for design.

C. The design team makes recommendations to facilitate commissioning

and improve building performance.

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 64

5. Which expansion control system depends on slipping or sliding surfaces

to accommodate movement and requires some type of seals or packing? CHECK ANSWERS
A. ball joints CLEAR ANSWERS
B. expansion joints

C. expansion loops

6. Which drawings should be analyzed FIRST prior to preparing duct or pipe

routes for interferences and to ensure that all HVAC components fit in the
available service spaces?

A. architectural

B. civil

C. structural

7. When initiating the HVAC design process, to ensure a successful design,

which documents should the HVAC designer refer to FIRST?

A. applicable codes and standards

B. ASHRAE handbooks

C. client specifications and basis of design (BOD)

8. Which of the following design parameters are most likely to affect year-
round energy usage when selecting direct-expansion (DX) coils?

A. air-side friction loss

B. enclosure sweat

C. internal refrigerant pressure drop

9. When the duct layout for a proposed design is complete, the HVAC
designer should check the ______ found in the _______ to ensure that
the integrity of all fire-rated assemblies has been maintained.

A. fire damper shop drawings; fire suppression drawings

B. SMACNA standards; local fire code

C. wall construction schedules; architectural drawings

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 65

10. The HVAC designer should coordinate with which design professional to
ensure that the smoke management and ventilation system meets CHECK ANSWERS
relevant fire code?
CLEAR ANSWERS
A. civil engineer

B. electrical engineer

C. life safety engineer

11. Construction submittals MOST often are:

A. presented to the consultant to remove all responsibility and liability

from the contractor

B. reviewed by the design team and the commissioning agent to verify

general conformance with the design intent

C. a way to offload design work from the consultants to the contractor

12. What type of project delivery is concerned with all aspects of building
performance, but still needs to coordinate the different building systems to
avoid rework.

A. integrated

B. noncompound

C. sequential

13. In the equation for determining the design wind pressure for louvers, 𝑄ℎ ,
represents:

A. external pressure coefficient at mean roof height

B. velocity pressure at mean roof height

C. volume of air flow at mean roof height

14. Which of the following is a commissioning activity completed by the CxA?

A. budget development

B. establishment of owner requirements

C. submittal reviews

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 66

15. The electrician engineer has provided the HVAC designer with a
maximum power rating in Kw for a particular service. Which formula CHECK ANSWERS
would be used to determine the power consumption of the equipment?
CLEAR ANSWERS
A. amp = power x volts

B. power = volts x amps

C. power = volts / amps

16. When designing a cooling tower and associated piping, what information
should the HVAC designer provide to the plumbing designer?

A. design temperatures

B. makeup water requirements

C. rate of heat rejection and pump flow

17. In Phase 2 of the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) process, what is the
role of the HVAC designer?

A. assist in assembling the owner’s project requirements (OPR)

B. coordinate service requirements with electrical design team

C. produce building load calculations

18. An HVAC designer should provide which information to the building

modeler?

A. equipment structural load

B. literature about the DOE-2 Algorithm

C. U-factor for fenestration

19. What should the HVAC designer coordinate with the civil engineer?

A. incoming sprinkler service

B. piping for a remote fluid cooler

C. underground electrical duct

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 67

20. Having selected HVAC equipment with the assistance of the vendor,
where is the BEST location for the relevant performance information? CHECK ANSWERS
A. equipment details CLEAR ANSWERS
B. equipment schedule

C. equipment shop drawings

21. Who is responsible for reviewing architectural, structural, plumbing, and

electrical drawings for potential interference with the HVAC system?

A. authority having jurisdiction (AHJ)

B. HVAC designer

C. mechanical contractor

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 68

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MY CHD CERTIFICATION EXAM
STUDY MAP
Task Notes
Where should I focus my time when studying for the
CHD exam?
The tables that follow organize and record the Tasks and topics you need to
focus upon as you prepare and study for the CHD exam (the responses you
provided in the Domain review populated here). Add additional notes here as
needed and use this to create a Study Plan which follows.

DOMAIN 1: SYSTEM DESIGN ADDITIONAL NOTES

Section 1.1, Tasks A-F
Task A

Task B

Task C

Task D

Task E

Task F

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 69

70
CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD)
Section 1.3, Tasks M-R
Section 1.2, Tasks G-L

Task M
Task G

Task O

Task Q
Task H

Task N

Task R
Task K

Task P
Task L
Task J
Task I
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71
CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD)
Section 1.4, Tasks S-Z

Task Z(1)

Task Z(2)

Task Z(3)

Task Z(4)
Task W
Task U
Task S

Task V

Task X

Task Y
Task T
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72
ADDITIONAL NOTES

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD)

DOMAIN 2: DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Task G
Task C

Task D

Task H
Task A

Task B

Task E

Task F

Task J
Task I
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73
ADDITIONAL NOTES

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD)

DOMAIN 3: PROCEDURAL

Task G
Task C

Task D

Task H
Task A

Task B

Task E

Task K
Task F

74
ADDITIONAL NOTES

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD)

DOMAIN 4: COORDINATION
Section 4.1, Tasks A-J

Task G
Task C

Task D

Task H
Task A

Task B

Task E

Task F

75
CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD)
Section 4.2, Tasks K-U

Task M

Task O

Task Q
Task N

Task R

Task U
Task K

Task P

Task S

Task T
Task L
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Study Plan
How do I plan my time leading up to my test date?
Now, take this time to map your study plan, week by week. We’ve suggested
a 6-week schedule here, which you can adjust up or down depending on
when your exam is scheduled. For each week, note which Domain(s) and
Task(s) you plan to focus on, taking into consideration the weight of each
Domain (% of questions) and where you self-identified your gaps. For
example, Domain 1 is 40% of the exam, and if you identified that you need to
focus on studying 20 of the 29 Tasks, you may wish to break Domain 1 up
into several weeks of study. If you don’t know the exact date of your exam,
leave the dates blank; you can add that information in when you determine
your test date.

STUDY CALENDAR EXAM DATE:___________

Week 1 Domain(s): ______________________
Dates: __________ Task(s): ________________________
General Notes:

Week 2 Domain(s): ______________________

Dates: __________ Task(s): ________________________
General Notes:

Week 3 Domain(s): ______________________

Dates: __________ Task(s): ________________________
General Notes:

Week 4 Domain(s): ______________________

Dates: __________ Task(s): ________________________
General Notes:

Week 5 Domain(s): _____________________

Dates: __________ Task(s): _______________________
General Notes:

Week 6 Domain(s): ________________________

Dates: __________ Task(s): __________________________
General Notes:

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PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS:
ANSWER KEY
NOTE: In the following answers to the practice exam questions, the
information in the parentheticals provide a location to the information related
to the correct answer. Here is the key to use in order to decipher the
information:
Example: In Domain 1, Question 1 below, if you wish to review the resource
information (A-2017/ch21/p21.23), you would review:
A – the task being addressed
2017 – the handbook in which the information is located
Ch21 – the chapter in the handbook in which the information is located
P21.23 – the pages in the chapter of the handbook in which the
information is located
NOTE: There are certain answers that are not located in a handbook but are
the result of job knowledge or industry practice.

Domain 1: System Design

1. (A-2017/ch21/p21.23) A 15. (H-2016/ch40/p40.1) C

2. (A-2017/ch21/p21.23) B 16. (I-2019/ch58/p58.1) A

3. (B-2019/ch48/p48.20) C 17. (J-2016/ch3/p3.7) B

4. (B-2019/ch48/p48.4) C 18. (K-2016/ch13/p13.23) B

5. (C-2017/ch7/p7.19) C 19. (L-2016/ch20/p20.6) C

6. (C-2019/ch43/p43.3) B 20. (M-2017/ch19/p19.3) B

7. (D-2017/ch21/p21.15) A 21. (M-2017/Ch19/p19.1) B

8. (D-2017/ch21/p21.16) C 22. (N-2019/ch63/p63.2) A

9. (D-2017/ch22/p22.1) A 23. (O-2019/ch40/p40.7) A

10. (E-2016/ch18/p18.1) B 24. (P-job knowledge) B

11. (E-2016/ch51/p51.2) A 25. (Q-2016/ch4/p4.4) A

12. (F-2016/Ch13/p13.12) B 26. (R-2019/ch40/p40.3) B

13. (G-2017/ch22/p22.8) A 27. (S-2019/ch39/p39.17) C

14. (G-2017/ch21/p21.20) B 28. (S-2019/ch39/p39.17) C

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 77

30. (U-2017/ch21/p21.23) B 36. (Y-2017/ch29/p29.9) A

31. (U-2017/ch22/p22.10) A 37. (Z1-2016/ch21/p21.9) A

32. (W-2016/ch5/p5.8) A 38. (Z2-2016/ch23/p23.5) C

33. (V-2016/ch13/p13.4) B 39. (Z3-2017/ch22/p22.2) C

34. (W-2016/ch2/p2.8) C 40. (Z4-2016/ch44/p44.3) A

Domain 2: Design Calculations

1. (A-2017/ch21/p21.18) B 16. (F-2017/ch18/p18.16) C

2. (A-2016/ch13/13.3) A 17. (F-2017/ch14/p14.6) C

3. (E-2016/ch44/p44.7) B 18. (G-2017/ch18/p18.30) C

4. (A-2017/ch36/p36.1) B 19. (G-2017/ch18/p18.35) B

5. (B/job knowledge) B 20. (G-2017/ch14/p14.12) B

6. (C-2017/ch21/p21.19) C 21. (H-2016/ch21/p21.6) B

7. (C-2017/ch21/p21.2) B 22. (H-2017/ch21/p21.5) C

8. (C-2017/ch22/p22.5) C 23. (I-2017/ch9/p9.3) A

9. (D-2017/ch3/p3.11) A 24. (I-2017-ch9/p9.7) A

10. (D-2017/ch9/p9.18) C 25. (I-2017/ch16/p16.4) B

11. (D-2017/ch18/p18.2) B 26. (J-2017/ch3/p3.5) A

12. (E-2017/ch21/p21.16) A 27. (J-2017/ch22/p22.8) C

13. (E-2017/ch22/p22.5) A 28. (J-2017/ch31/p31.12) B

14. (E-2017/ch22/p22.10) B

15. (F-2017/ch17/p17.11) B

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 78

2. (B-2019/ch41/p44.9-11) B 8. (H/Industry practice) A

3. (C-2019/ch44/p44.7) C 9. (I/Job knowledge) C

4. (D-job knowledge) A 10. (J/Industry practice) B

5. (E-ASHRAE 11. (K/Industry practice/job

61.1/p16/calculated) C knowledge) B

6. (F/Industry practice) C

Domain 4: Coordination
1. (A-2019/ch44/p44.6) A 12. (L-2019/ch60/p60.9) A

2. (B-2019/ch44/p44.7) B 13. (M-2019/ch56/p56.17) B

3. (C/job knowledge) C 14. (N-2019/ch44/p44.8) C

4. (D-2019/ch44/p44.7) A 15. (O-2019/ch60/p60.1) B

5. (E-2016/ch46/p46.12) B 16. (P/Job knowledge) B

6. (F/job knowledge) A 17. (Q-2019/ch60/p60.8) A

7. (G/Job knowledge) C 18. (R-2017/ch19/p19.13) C

8. (H-2016/ch50/p50.2) A 19. (S/Job knowledge) B

9. (I/Job knowledge) C 20. (T/Job knowledge) B

10. (J/Job knowledge) C 21. (U/Job knowledge) B

11. (K-2019/ch44/p44.8) B

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APPENDIX
Common HVAC Design Formulas
REMEMBER: Words in blue/bold are defined in the glossary (and as
popups).
1) Cooling & Heating Equations

For SI:

• Sensible Heat
HS = cp ρ q ∆T

• Latent Heat
HL = c1 ρ q ∆W

• Total Heat
HT = ρ q ∆h

• Sensible Heat Ratio

SHR = HS / HT
Where:
HS = Sensible Heat (kW)
HL = Latent Heat (kW)
HT = Total Heat (kW)
∆T = Temperature Difference (°K)
q = Air Volume Flow (m3/s)
ρ = Density of Air (1.202 kg/m3)

cp = Specific Heat of Air (1.0 kJ/kg.K)

c1 = Air Latent Factor (a typical value 3010)

∆W = Humidity Ratio Difference (kg water/kg dry air)

∆h = Enthalpy Difference (kJ/kg)
SHR = Sensible Heat Ratio

For I-P:

• Sensible Heat
HS = 1.085 × CFM × ∆T

• Latent Heat
HL = 0.68 × CFM × ∆WGR = 4840 × CFM × ∆WLB

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 80

• Sensible Heat Ratio

SHR = HS / HT

Where:
HS = Sensible Heat (Btu/hr)
HL = Latent Heat (Btu/hr)
HT = Total Heat (Btu/hr)
∆T = Temperature Difference (°F)
∆WGR. = Humidity Ratio Difference (Gr.H2O/Lb.DA)

∆WLB. = Humidity Ratio Difference (Lb.H2O/Lb.DA)

∆h = Enthalpy Difference (Btu/Lb.DA)

CFM = Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)

SHR = Sensible Heat Ratio

2) Thermal Resistance R-Values/U-Values

A. Thermal Value (R-Value)

R=t/k
B. Thermal Transmittance (U-Value)
U = 1 / ΣR

Where:

For SI:

k = Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K))

R = Thermal Resistance ((m²·K)/W)
U = Thermal Transmittance (W/(m²·K))
t = Thickness (m)
ΣR = Sum of the Individual R-Values

For I-P:

k = Thermal Conductivity (Btu./hr. ft. °F.)

R = Thermal Resistance (hr. ft². °F./Btu.)
U = Thermal Transmittance (Btu./hr. ft². °F.)
t = Thickness (ft)

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 81

For SI:
H = ρ ∙ q ∙ cp ∙ ∆T
H
q (Evap) =
(ρ ∙ cp ∙ ∆T)

Where:
H = Total Heat (kW)
q = Water Flow Rate (m3/s)
ρ = Density of Water (997 kg/m3)

cp = Specific Heat of Water (4.187 kJ/kg.K)

∆T = Temperature Difference (°K)

For I-P:
(GPM ∙ ∆T)
H=
24

(H ∙ 24)
GPM (Evap) =
∆T

(H ∙ 30)
GPM (Cond) =
∆T
Where:
H = Total Heat (Tons of Refrigerant)
∆T = Temperature Difference (°F)
GPM = Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)
𝐺𝑃𝑀 (𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝). = Evaporator Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)
𝐺𝑃𝑀 (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑). = Condenser Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)

4) Air Change Rate Equations

For SI:
(q ∙ 3600)
ACH =
V
Where:
ACH. = Air Change Rate per Hour
q = Air Volume Flow (m3/s)
V = Space Volume (m3)

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For I-P:
(CFM ∙ 60)
ACH =
V
Where:
ACH. = Air Change Rate per Hour
CFM = Air Volume Flow (cubic feet per minute)
V = Space Volume (ft3)

5) Mixed Air Temperature

Q RA Q OA
TMA = (TRA ∙ ( )) + TOA ∙ ( )
Q SA Q SA

Where:

For SI:

QSA= Supply Air (L/s)

QRA = Return Air (L/s)
QOA = Outside Air (L/s)
TMA = Mixed Air Temperature (°C)
TRA = Return Air Temperature (°C)
TOA = Outside Air Temperature (°C)

For I-P:

QSA= Supply Air (CFM)

QRA = Return Air (CFM)
QOA = Outside Air (CFM)
TMA = Mixed Air Temperature (°F)
TRA = Return Air Temperature (°F)
TOA = Outside Air Temperature (°F)

6) Ductwork Equations

• Total Pressure
pt = ps + pv
Where:
pt = Total Pressure (Pa)
ps = Static Pressure (Pa)
pv = Velocity Pressure (Pa)

• Velocity
Q
V=
A

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 83

For SI:

V = Fluid Mean Velocity (m/s)

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (m3/s)
A = Cross-Sectional Area of Duct (m²)

For I-P:

V = Fluid Mean Velocity (FPM)

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (CFM)
A = Cross-Sectional Area of Duct (ft²)

7) Fan Affinity Laws

A. Flow Rate
N1
Q1 = Q 2 ∙ ( )
N2
B. Static Pressure
N1 2
P1 = P2 ∙ ( )
N2
C. Electrical Power
N1 3
W1 = W2 ∙ ( )
N2
Where:

For SI:

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (m³/s)

N = Rotational Speed, Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)
P = Static Pressure (Pa)
W = Electrical Power (W)

For I-P:

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (CFM)

N = Rotational Speed, Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)
P = Static Pressure (in.wg)
W = Electrical Power (W)

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 84

• Flow Rate
N1
Q1 = Q 2 ∙ ( )
N2
• Pump Head
N1 2
P1 = P2 ∙ ( )
N2
• Electrical Power
N1 3
W1 = W2 ∙ ( )
N2
Where:

For SI:

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (m³/s)

N = Rotational Speed, Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)
P = Pump Head (bar)
W = Electrical Power (W)

For I-P:

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (GPM)

N = Rotational Speed, Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)
P = Static Pressure (ft.wg)
W = Electrical Power (W)

9) Pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) Calculations

• NPSHAVAIL > NPSHREQ’D

• Net Positive Suction Head Available:
NPSHAVAIL = HA ± HS − HF − HVP

Where:
For SI:
NPSHAVAIL = Net Positive Suction Available at Pump (m)
NPSHREQ’D = Net Positive Suction Required at Pump (m)
HA = Pressure at Liquid Surface (m—10.2 m for Water at Atmospheric Pressure)
HS = Height of Liquid Surface Above (+) or Below (−) Pump (m)
HF = Friction Loss between Pump and Source (m)
HVP = Absolute Pressure of Water Vapor at Liquid Temperature (m)

For I-P:
NPSHAVAIL = Net Positive Suction Available at Pump (ft)
NPSHREQ’D = Net Positive Suction Required at Pump (ft)
HA = Pressure at Liquid Surface (ft—34 ft for Water at Atmospheric Pressure)
HS = Height of Liquid Surface Above (+) or Below (−) Pump (ft)
HF = Friction Loss between Pump and Source (ft)
HVP = Absolute Pressure of Water Vapor at Liquid Temperature (ft)

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 85

For SI:

• Cycles of Concentration

(E + D + B)
C=
(D + B)

• Blowdown

E − ((C − 1) ∙ D)
B=
(C − 1)

• Evaporation

E = 0.00153 ∙ R ∙ m

• Drift

D = 0.0002 ∙ m

• Range
R = EWT − LWT

Where:
m = Circulating Cooling Water (m3/hr)
B = Blowdown (m3/hr)
C = Cycles of Concentration
D = Drift (m3/hr)
E = Evaporation (m3/hr)
EWT = Entering Water Temperature (°C.)
LWT = Leaving Water Temperature (°C.)
R = Range (°C.)

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 86

• Cycles of Concentration

(E + D + B)
C=
(D + B)

• Blowdown

E − ((C − 1) ∙ D)
B=
(C − 1)

• Evaporation

E = GPM (Cond) ∙ R ∙ 0.00085

• Drift

D = 0.0002 ∙ GPM (Cond)

• Range
R = EWT − LWT

Where:
B = Blowdown (GPM)
C = Cycles of Concentration
D = Drift (GPM)
E = Evaporation (GPM)
EWT = Entering Water Temperature (°F.)
LWT = Leaving Water Temperature (°F.)
R = Range (°F.)

11) Efficiencies

For SI:

• Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Total Cooling Capacity (W)

COP =
Compressor Input Power (W) + Condenser Fan Input Power (W)

• Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

Net Cooling Capacity (W) ∙ 3.413

EER =
Total Input Power (W)

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 87

• Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Total Cooling Capacity (BTU/h)

COP =
(Compressor (W) + Condenser Fan (W)) ∙ 3.413

• Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

Net Cooling Capacity (BTU/h)

EER =
Total Input Power (W)

12) Cooling Towers and Heat Exchangers

• APPROACH (COOLING TOWER) = LWT – AWB

• APPROACH (HEAT EXCHANGER) = EWTHS – LWTCS
• RANGE = EWT – LWT

Where:

For SI:

EWT = Entering Water Temperature (°C)

LWT = Leaving Water Temperature (°C)
AWB = Ambient Wet Bulb Temperature (°C)
HS = Hot Side
CS = Cold Side

For I-P:

EWT = Entering Water Temperature (°F)

LWT = Leaving Water Temperature (°F)
AWB = Ambient Wet Bulb Temperature (°F)
HS = Hot Side
CS = Cold Side

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 88

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GLOSSARY
ASHRAE Terminology is a comprehensive online glossary of more than 3700
terms and definitions related to the built environment, with a focus on
HVAC&R, as well as building envelope, electrical, lighting, water and energy
use, and measurement terms.
Below are some key terms related to the HVAC designer job.

Term Definition
Acceptable air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful
indoor air concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with
quality which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people
exposed do not express dissatisfaction

Air changes expression of the amount of air movement or air leakage into or
out of a building in terms of the number of building volumes or
room volumes exchanged
Air- the process of treating air to meet the requirements of a
conditioning conditioned space by controlling its temperature, humidity,
cleanliness, and distribution

Air a duct and damper arrangement and automatic control system

economizer that together allow a cooling system to supply outdoor air to
reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling during mild
or cold weather
Approach (1) in a water cooling tower or evaporative cooling device, the
difference between the average temperature of the circulating
water leaving the device and the average wet-bulb temperature
of the entering air. (2) in heat exchangers, the temperature
difference between the leaving fluids
Aspect ratio (1) in any rectangular configuration, the ratio of the longer
dimension to the shorter. (2) ratio of the length to width of a
rectangular air duct
Basis of a document that records the concepts, calculations, decisions,
design (BOD) and product selections used to meet the owner’s project
requirements and to satisfy applicable regulatory requirements,
standards, and guidelines; the document includes both narrative
descriptions and lists of individual items that support the design
process
Blowdown (1) discharge of water from a steam boiler or open recirculating
system that contains high total dissolved solids; the addition of
makeup water will reduce the concentration of dissolved solids to
minimize their precipitation. (2) in pressure relief-devices, the
difference between actuation pressure of a pressure relief valve
and reseating pressure, expressed as a percentage of set
pressure or in pressure units

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Breathing the region within an occupied space between planes 3 and 72 in.
zone (75 and 1800 mm) above the floor and more than 2 ft (600 mm)
from the walls or fixed air-conditioning equipment

Bypass factor the percentage of the air that does not come into contact with the
coil; the remaining air is assumed to exit the coil at the average
coil temperature. See also apparatus dew point
Capacity (1) measure of the maximum amount of energy or material that
may be stored in a given system; See also nameplate rating; air-
conditioning capacity. (2) the rate of heat removal by the
refrigerant used in the compressor or condensing unit in a
refrigerating system. This rate equals the product of the
refrigerant mass flow rate and the difference in the specific
enthalpies of the refrigerant vapor at its thermodynamic state
entering the compressor or condensing unit and refrigerant liquid
at the thermodynamic state entering the mass flow control
device. (3) the rate that heat is removed or added to a system.
(4) maximum load for which a machine, apparatus, device, or
system is designed or constructed

Cavitation (1) formation by mechanical forces of vapor in liquids;

specifically, the formation of vapor cavities in the interior or on
the solid boundaries of liquids in motion, where the pressure is
reduced to a critical value without a change in ambient
temperature. (2) formation of cavities on a surface of a solid by
liquid moving over it with velocity high enough to induce erosion
of the surface when the cavity collapses. (3) in pumps, cavitation
occurs when the pressure of the fluid is below the vapor pressure
of the fluid at that temperature; cavitation has been described as
having marbles or small stones inside the impeller casing.
Cavitation over an extended period of time will erode the impeller
and cause pump failure

Chill factor the apparent temperature felt on exposed skin as a function of air
temperature and wind speed. Chill factor is expressed in time
(e.g., 11 seconds) to express how long it will take exposed skin
to freeze. Compare to wind chill, which is expressed as a
temperature
Coefficient of (1) ratio of the rate of net heat output to the total energy input
performance expressed in consistent units and under designated rating
(COP) conditions. (2) ratio of the refrigerating capacity to the work
absorbed by the compressor per unit time
Coefficient of the ratio of the rate of heat delivered to the rate of energy input,
performance in consistent units, for a complete heat pump system, including
(COP) – heat the compressor and, if applicable, auxiliary heat, under
pump designated operating conditions
Compression pneumatic cushioning device, operating at system pressure, that
tank absorbs fluid expansion as a result of temperature change and
prevents unnecessary periodic operation of the relief valve.
Compare to expansion tank

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Cooling the outdoor dry-bulb temperature equal to the temperature that is
design exceeded by 1% of the number of hours during a typical weather
temperature year

Cooling the outdoor wet-bulb temperature equal to the temperature that

design wet- exceeds a stated number of hours during a typical weather year.
bulb The value is normally stated as a percent. This value is
temperature applicable to cooling systems where the main purpose is
dehumidification and the prevention of mold and mildew
Cooling a ratio calculated by dividing the net total cooling capacity in
system watts by the total power input in watts (excluding reheaters and
energy humidifiers) at any given set of rating conditions. The net total
coefficient of cooling capacity is the total gross capacity minus the energy
performance dissipated into the cooled space by the blower system
Daily range difference between high and low temperatures for a typical day.
Used in HVAC load calculations
Degree day the difference in temperature between the outdoor mean
(Kelvin-day) temperature over a 24-hour period and a given base
temperature, used in estimating heating and cooling energy use.
For any one day, there are as many degree days (Kelvin-days)
as there are degrees Fahrenheit (degrees Celsius) departure of
the mean temperature for the day from the base temperature

Dew-point temperature of moist air saturated at pressure p, with the same

temperature humidity ratio W as that of the given sample of moist air. It is
defined as the solution td(p, W) of the equation: Ws(p, td) = W

Direct digital a type of control where controlled and monitored analog or binary
control (DDC) data (e.g., temperature, contact closures) are converted to digital
format for manipulation and calculations by a digital computer or
microprocessor, then converted back to analog or binary form to
control physical devices
Direct- (1) system in which the cooling effect is obtained directly from the
expansion expansion of the liquid refrigerant into a vapor. (2) common term
(DX) applied to an air-conditioning or refrigeration system that utilizes
refrigeration the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. In a vapor-
systems compression refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant removes heat in
the evaporator by directly expanding the entering liquid
refrigerant into vapor as it leaves the evaporator. The vapor is
then compressed and piped to a condenser where the heat
removed by the evaporator and the heat of compression are
rejected to another medium so that the gaseous refrigerant is
condensed to a liquid. The liquid is then piped to a pressure
reducing device/metering device to be supplied to the evaporator
Displacement a type of air-distribution system, used only for cooling purposes,
ventilation in which air at a temperature below room temperature is supplied
system to the floor level at a low discharge velocity [<100 fpm (0.5m/s)]
and is returned near ceiling level. Thermal plumes, which
develop over heat sources in the room, drive the overall floor-to-
ceiling air motion, producing a stratified environment with cooler
and fresher air near the floor and warmer and less fresh air near
the ceiling

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Distribution (1) conveying means, such as ducts, pipes, and wires, to bring
system substances or energy from a source to the point of use. The
distribution system includes auxiliary equipment such as fans,
pumps, and transformers. (2) parts of a cooling tower, beginning
with the inlet connection, that distribute the hot, circulating water
within the tower to the points where it contacts the air
District concept of providing and distributing, from a central plant, cooling
cooling energy to a surrounding area (district) of tenants or clients
(residences, commercial businesses, or institutional sites).
Compare to district heating
Diversity ratio, or percentage, obtained when the total output capacity of a
factor system is divided by the total output capacity of all the terminal
devices connected to the systems. Example: to express the ratio
of VAV supply air fan capacity to the total capacity of the VAV
terminal devices as a percentage
Draft (1) current of air, when referring to pressure difference that
causes a current of air or gases to flow through a flue, chimney,
heater, or space. (2) current of air, when referring to localized
effect (generally, the unwanted local cooling of the body caused
by air movement) caused by one or more factors of high air
velocity, low ambient temperature, or direction of airflow whereby
more heat is withdrawn from a person’s skin than is normally
dissipated

Drawdown difference between the static water level and the active-pumping
water level
Dry-bulb (1) temperature of air indicated by an ordinary thermometer
temperature shielded from solar and long wave radiation. (2) in general, any
(DBT) thermometer that indicates the temperature of air (or other
fluids); distinguished from a wet-bulb thermometer

Energy (1) ratio of net cooling capacity in Btu/h to total rate of electric
efficiency ratio input in watts under designated operating conditions. (2) ratio of
(EER) the net total cooling capacity to the effective power input at any
given set of rating conditions, in watts per watt

Energy (1) system that has to be operated during on-peak as well as off-
storage peak periods. (2) system wherein the load demand is met by a
system combination of stored thermal energy and an energy conversion
device
Enthalpy (also known as heat content), thermodynamic quantity equal to
the sum of the internal energy of a system plus the product of the
pressure volume work done on the system. H = E + pv,
where H = enthalpy or total heat content, E = internal energy of
the system, p = pressure, and v = volume. (Compare to specific
enthalpy)
Equilibrium the steady-state condition during which the fluctuations of
variables being measured remain within stated limits
Eutectic mixture of substances whose solid and liquid phases in
equilibrium have identical composition. Such a mixture has a
minimum freezing point

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Exfiltration (1) leakage of indoor air out of a building through similar types of
openings. Like natural ventilation, it is driven by natural and/or
artificial pressure differences. (2) uncontrolled outward air
leakage from conditioned spaces through unintentional openings
in ceilings, floors, and walls to unconditioned spaces or the
outdoors caused by pressure differences across these openings
due to wind, inside-outside temperature differences (stack
effect), and imbalances between supply and exhaust airflow
rates
Exhaust air air that must be removed from a space due to contaminants,
regardless of pressurization
Expansion partially filled tank for the accommodation of volume expansion
tank of a fluid, typically water. Compare to compression tank
Face velocity the rate of air movement at the face of the device (airflow rate
divided by face area), expressed in m/s (fpm) to three significant
figures
Failsafe 1) position or mode of operation a controlled device takes on
removal of the control signal and/or power. (2) to return to a
position that, on loss of control system power, allows the
controlled system to go to a safe mode

Fan total the ratio of fan power output to fan power input
efficiency

Fenestration (1) commonly used to refer to any opening, usually glazed, in a

building envelope; windows. Examples include windows, plastic
panels, clerestories, skylights, glass doors that are more than
one-half glass, and glass block walls. (2) in an external wall of a
building, any area that allows light to pass

Free area (1) actual open area between the fins of a grille or register. (2)
total area through which air can pass in a grille, face, or register

Friction loss pressure loss due to friction between a flowing fluid and its
contact surface
Global an index developed to provide a simplified means of describing
warming the relative ability of a chemical compound to affect radiative
potential forcing, if emitted to the atmosphere, over its lifetime in the
(GWP) atmosphere, and thereby to affect the global climate. Radiative
forcing reflects the factors that affect the balance between the
energy absorbed by the earth and the energy emitted by it in the
form of longwave infrared radiation. The GWP is defined on a
mass basis relative to carbon dioxide. The GWP for a compound
must be calculated up to a particular integrated time horizon, for
example, 20, 100, or 500 years. The time horizon most widely
accepted is 100 years

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Gross floor the sum of the floor areas of all the spaces within the building
area with no deductions for floor penetrations other than atria. Gross
floor area is measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or
from the centerline of walls separating buildings, but it excludes
covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar
spaces, pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, roof overhangs,
parking garages, surface parking, and similar features
Heat capacity 1) the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a
given mass one degree; numerically, the mass multiplied by the
specific heat. (2) the capacity of a body to store heat
Heat gain quantity of heat absorbed by an enclosed space or system
(heat uptake)
Heat index an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity in
an attempt to determine the human-perceived equivalent
temperature (how hot it feels, also termed
the felt air temperature). When the relative humidity is high, the
evaporation rate is reduced, so heat is removed from the body at
a lower rate, causing it to retain more heat than it would in dry
air. Compare wind chill
Heat loss (1) (also known as infiltration losses) energy required to warm
outdoor air leaking in through cracks and crevices around doors
and windows, through open doors and windows, and through
porous building materials. (2) (also known
as transmission losses) heat transferred through confining walls,
glass, ceilings, floors, or other surfaces. (3) See also heat gain
(heat uptake)

Heat pump thermodynamic heating/refrigerating system to transfer heat. The

condenser and evaporator may change roles to transfer heat in
either direction. By receiving the flow of air or other fluid, a heat
pump is used to cool or heat. Heat pumps may be the air source
with heat transfer between the indoor air stream to outdoor air or
water source with heat transfer between the indoor air stream
and a hydronic source (ground loop, evaporative cooler, cooling
tower, or domestic water)
Humidifying product of the mass of water evaporated times the latent heat at
effect the evaporating temperature
Hydraulic (1) for a fully filled duct or pipe whose cross section is a regular
diameter polygon, the hydraulic diameter is equivalent to the diameter of a
circle inscribed within the wetted perimeter. For a fully filled duct
or pipe whose cross section is round, the hydraulic diameter is
equivalent to the diameter of the duct of pipe. (2) a commonly
used approximation is to take four times the flow area divided by
the perimeter of the solid boundary in contact with the fluid
HVAC zone a space or group of spaces within a building with heating and
cooling requirements that are sufficiently similar so that desired
conditions (e.g., temperature) can be maintained throughout
using a single sensor (e.g., thermostat or temperature sensor)
Indoor air air inside the building envelope

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Indoor air attributes of the respirable air inside a building (indoor climate),
quality (IAQ) including gaseous composition, humidity, temperature, and
contaminants. See also indoor environment quality (IEQ). See
also sick building syndrome
Indoor a perceived indoor experience of the building indoor environment
environment that includes aspects of design, analysis, and operation of
quality (IEQ) energy efficient, healthy, and comfortable buildings. Fields of
specialization include architecture, HVAC design, thermal
comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), lighting, acoustics, and control
systems. See indoor air quality (IAQ)
Infiltration uncontrolled inward air leakage to conditioned spaces through
unintentional openings in ceilings, floors, and walls from
unconditioned spaces or the outdoors, caused by the same
pressure differences that induce exfiltration
Inhibitor chemical substance that reduces the rate of corrosion, scale
formation, fouling, or slime production
Jacket (1) integral covering, sometimes fabric reinforced, that is applied
over insulation. Also, the core, shield, or armor of a cable to
provide mechanical or environmental protection. (2) sealed
space around a piece of equipment or a storage unit, through
which a thermal medium can be circulated
Jet concentrated airstream formed as primary air leaves the diffuser

K-factor time rate of steady-state heat flow through a unit area of a

(thermal homogeneous material, induced by a unit temperature gradient in
conductivity) a direction perpendicular to that unit area. Units are Btu
in./h·ft2·°F or Btu/h·ft·°F [W/(m·K)]

Latent heat the change in enthalpy associated with a change in humidity

ratio, caused by the addition or removal of moisture

Latent heat of quantity of heat required to change a unit mass of ice to water at
fusion 32°F (0°C) temperature, measured in Btu/lbm (J/kg)

Life-cycle cost cost of equipment over its entire life including operating,
maintenance, and repair/replacement cost. May also include
decommissioning cost
Lift vertical distance that fluid must be pumped to reach a specified
height
Load profile summary of thermal or other energy loads in a system over a
period of time. Note: for example, a common load profile on a
peak design day for thermal storage designs would show hourly
system load requirements for 24 hours

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Makeup air (1) dedicated replacement air. (2) air brought into a building from
(dedicated the outdoors to replace air that is exhausted. Makeup air may or
replacement may not be conditioned. (3) any combination of outdoor and
air) transfer air intended to replace exhaust air and exfiltration. (4) in
a clean room, air introduced to the secondary air system for
ventilation, pressurization, and replacement of exhaust air. (5) in
a laboratory or kitchen, outdoor air deliberately brought into the
building from the outside and supplied to the vicinity of an
exhaust hood to replace air, vapor, and contaminants being
exhausted. Makeup air is generally filtered and fan forced, and it
may be heated or cooled depending on the requirements of the
application. Makeup air may be delivered through outlets integral
to the exhaust hood or through outlets in the same room
Mean radiant theoretical uniform surface temperature of an enclosure in which
temperature an occupant would exchange the same amount of radiant heat
as in the actual nonuniform enclosure. Compare to operative
temperature

Mean can be calculated as the average of temperature readings over a

temperature period of time or the average of the high and low temperatures
over a given time
Mechanical reducing the temperature of a fluid by using vapor compression,
cooling absorption, desiccant dehumidification combined with
evaporative cooling, or other energy-driven thermodynamic
means. Indirect or direct evaporative cooling alone is not
considered mechanical
Mechanical raising the temperature or change of phase of a solid or fluid by
heating use of fossil-fuel burners, electric resistance heaters, heat
pumps, or other systems that require energy to operate

Mechanical (1) the active process of supplying or removing air to or from an

ventilation indoor space by powered equipment such as motor-driven fans
and blowers but not by devices such as wind-driven turbine
ventilators and mechanically operated windows. (2) ventilation
provided by mechanically powered equipment, such as motor-
driven fans and blowers, but not by devices such as wind-driven
turbine ventilators and mechanically operated windows
Metabolic rate 1) rate of energy production of the body. The rate varies with the
type of activity. (2) the rate of transformation of chemical energy
into heat and mechanical work by metabolic activities within an
organism, usually expressed in terms of unit area of the total
body surface. Metabolic rate is expressed in met units
Minimum scaled rating of the effectiveness of air filters. The scale is
efficiency designed to represent the worst-case performance of a filter
reporting when dealing with particles in the range of 0.3 to 10 micrometers.
values The MERV rating is from 1 to 16. Higher MERV ratings
(MERV) correspond to a greater percentage of particles captured on each
pass, with a MERV rating of 16 filter capturing more than 95% of
particles over the full range
Miscibility ability of a liquid or gas to dissolve uniformly in another liquid or
gas

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Moisture retention and transport of water droplets in a gas stream (usually
carryover air) (e.g., water droplets formed by bridging fins of a coil and
transported by the airstream)

Natural movement of air into and out of a space primarily through

ventilation intentionally provided openings (such as windows and doors),
through nonpowered ventilators, or by infiltration
Net positive minimum head at the pump inlet to prevent the liquid being
suction head pumped from flashing into a vapor at that temperature and
(NPSH) pressure and potentially causing the pump to cavitate. There are
two types of NPSH values: net positive suction head available
(NPSHA) and net positive suction head required (NPSHR).
NPSHA is actual or available head at the pump impeller and
should be greater than the vapor pressure of operating fluid at
the operating temperature. NPSHR is the value stated by the
pump manufacturer that is the minimum required head at the
pump impeller. NPSHA should be greater than NPSHR. Values
of NPSH are expressed as head in units of feet (kPa)
Nominal (1) the capacity recorded and reported by a given test. (2) the
capacity capacity reported by the manufacturer for a specified device
Nonstandard a single-number part-load efficiency figure of merit calculated
part-load and referenced to conditions other than IPLV conditions for units
value (NPLV) that are not designed to operate at ARI standard rating
conditions

Net the floor area of an occupiable space defined by the inside

occupiable surfaces of its walls but excluding shafts, column enclosures, and
area other permanently enclosed, inaccessible, and unoccupiable
areas. Obstructions in the space such as furnishings, display or
storage racks, and other obstructions, whether temporary or
permanent, are considered to be part of the net occupiable area
Occupiable (1) any enclosed space inside the pressure boundary (including,
space but not limited to, all habitable spaces, toilets, closets, halls,
storage and utility areas, and laundry areas) and intended for
human activities. (2) that portion of the premises accessible to or
occupied by people, excluding machinery rooms

Occupied the portion of the space that is normally occupied. The occupied
zone zone is typically defined as encompassing all space from the
floor level, excluding the space from the floor to 0.25 ft (0.076 m)
above the floor, to 6 ft (1.83 m) above the floor and excluding the
space from the wall to 2 ft (0.61 m) away from any wall
Operating difference between the cut-out and cut-in at the sensing element
differential
Operative the uniform temperature of an enclosure in which an occupant
temperature would exchange the same amount of heat by radiation plus
convection as in the actual nonuniform environment. Compare to
mean radiant temperature

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Optimization (1) collection of data in a control system in order to produce the
best possible output, usually in accordance with what is most
economical. (2) procedure used in the design of a system to
maximize or minimize some performance index. May entail the
selection of a component, a principle of operation, or a
technique. (3) refinement of a system to reduce its energy
requirements
Outdoor air 1) air outside a building or taken from the external atmosphere
and, therefore, not previously circulated through the system. (2)
ambient air that enters a building through a mechanical
ventilation system, through intentional openings for natural
ventilation, or by infiltration. (3) compare to outside air
Outlet velocity average velocity of fluid emerging from an outlet measured in the
plane of the outlet
Outside air Air external to a defined zone (e.g., corridors)

Overall heat heat flow per area for a given construction and for an overall
transfer temperature difference of one degree
coefficient
Overall quantity of heat transferred per unit of temperature difference into
thermal a building through its walls or roof, due to solar heat gain and
transfer value outdoor/indoor temperature difference
(OTTV)

Packaged a factory selected wall sleeve and separate unencased

terminal air- combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies, or
conditioner sections. It may include heating capability by hot water, steam, or
(PTAC) electricity and is intended for mounting through the wall to serve
a single room or zone

Part-load single number figure of merit expressing part-load efficiency for

value equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various partial-
load capacities for the equipment; expressed in kilowatts per ton
of refrigeration

Performance the ratio of capacity to power input at specified operating

factor conditions. Using consistent units, the performance factor may
be expressed in dimensionless form as a coefficient of
performance (COP) or as the energy efficiency ratio (EER)
Plane radiant uniform temperature of an enclosure where the radiance on one
temperature side of a small plane element is the same as in the nonuniform
actual environment

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Plenum (also called plenum box and plenum chamber) (1) a
compartment or chamber, to which one or more ducts are
connected, that forms a part of the air-distribution system and
that is not used for occupancy or storage. A plenum often is
formed in part or in total by portions of the building. (2) an air
compartment that is attached to, or is an integral part of, a
forced-air furnace which is designed to either distribute the
heated air after it leaves the heat exchanger in the case of a
supply plenum or to collect air that enters the return inlet in the
case of a return plenum. (3) component forming an interface
between a ductwork and one or more air terminal devices; by
virtue of its design or by the inclusion of accessories, it can also
be used to equalize the pressure/velocity across the air terminal
device
Predicted index that predicts the mean value of thermal sensation votes of
mean vote a large group of persons, expressed on a seven-point scale
(PMV)

Predicted index that predicts the percentage of a large group of people who
percentage are likely to feel thermally dissatisfied for the body as a whole
dissatisfied (i.e., feel either too warm or too cold)
(PPD)

Pressure the flow rate through a flow control device varies in response to
dependent changes in system pressure
(PD)

Pressure hydrostatic height of fluid, equal to the fluid pressure divided by

head the density times the gravitational acceleration

Pressure the flow rate through a flow control device is not affected by
independent changes in system pressure

Pressure- a pressure-responsive electronic or mechanical control designed

limiting device to automatically stop the operation of the pressure-imposing
element at a predetermined pressure
Pressure- valve providing maintenance of designated pressure level within
sustaining a system
valve
Primary air (1) any air that is mixed with fuel at or in a burner prior to
burning. (2) in a clean room, air that recirculates through the
work space. (3) treated supply air that enters the space through
any supply air device, such as air outlet or through any air supply
terminal, such as a VAV unit or fan terminal unit. The air is not
mixed with space air before entering the space
Pump down of refrigerant, withdrawal of all refrigerant from the low side of a
system by pumping it to either the condenser or the liquid
receiver
Range (1) difference between the highest and the lowest operational
values, such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow, or computer
values. (2) region between limits within which a quantity is
measured, transmitted, or received, expressed by stating the
lower and upper range values

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Recirculated air taken from a space and returned to that space, usually after
air being passed through a conditioning system. The part of the
return air that is reused. Air removed from a space and reused as
supply air
Recirculating a domestic or service hot-water distribution system that includes
system a closed-circulation circuit designed to maintain usage
temperatures in hot-water pipes near terminal devices (e.g.,
lavatory faucets, shower heads) in order to reduce the time
required to obtain hot water when the terminal device valve is
opened. The motive force for circulation is either natural (due to
water density variations with temperature) or mechanical
(recirculation pump)
Refrigerating in a refrigeration system, the rate of heat removal
effect
Return air air removed from a space to be recirculated or exhausted. Air
extracted from a space and totally or partially returned to an air-
conditioner, furnace, or other heating, cooling, or ventilating
system

Seasonal for the cooling season, the ratio of the total heat removed from
energy the conditioned space to the total electrical energy input if the
efficiency ratio combined appliance operated exclusively in a space-cooling-only
– cooling only (COOL) mode. The quantity is expressed in units of Btu/Wh
(SEER)

Sensible a panel designed for sensible cooling of an indoor space through

cooling panel heat transfer to the thermally effective panel surfaces from the
occupants and/or indoor space by thermal radiation and natural
convection

Sensible heat the energy exchanged by a thermodynamic system that relates

to a change of temperature

Sensible heat [also known as sensible heat factor (SHF)], the ratio of sensible
ratio (SHR) heat transfer to total (sensible + latent) heat transfer for a
process. Also see sensible heat and latent heat
Setback reduction of heating (by reducing the setpoint) or cooling (by
increasing the setpoint) during hours when a building is
unoccupied or during periods when lesser demand is acceptable
Setpoint point at which the desired temperature (°F [°C]) of the heated or
cooled space is set
Shading the ratio of solar heat gain at normal incidence through glazing to
coefficient that occurring through standard thickness of clear, double-
(SC) strength glass. Shading coefficient does not include interior,
exterior, or integral shading devices

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Sick building building in which the indoor air quality is unacceptable to a
substantial majority of people exposed. Volatile organic
compounds (VOC) of various types and other contaminants are
present in concentrations sufficient to act synergistically on many
occupants, resulting in a sick building syndrome, usually when
concentrations are too high. This syndrome does not conform to
a particular illness and is difficult to trace to a specific source.
See indoor air quality (IAQ); volatile organic compounds (VOC
Sick building the term may apply to a combination of ailments (a syndrome)
syndrome associated with a place of work, residence, or assembly. Sick
building syndrome can be related to a lack of adequate outdoor
air ventilation, improper exhaust, ventilation of odors, chemicals
or fumes, or poor indoor air quality. Other sources of sick
buildings may be linked to contaminants produced by outgassing
of some types of building materials, VOC, bacteria molds, etc.
This syndrome does not conform to a particular illness and is
difficult to trace to a specific source. See indoor air quality,
volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Smoke- an engineered system that uses mechanical fans to produce
control airflows and pressure differences across barriers to limit smoke
system movement

Specific enthalpy per unit mass of substance

enthalpy

Solar heat the ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the
gain fenestration area to the incident solar radiation. Solar heat gain
coefficient includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar
(SHGC) radiation, which is then reradiated, conducted, or convected into
the space

Specific heat ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a
(CP) given mass of any substance one degree to the quantity required
to raise the temperature of an equal mass of a standard
substance one degree (usually water at 59°F [15°C]). The units
are expressed in Btu/lb·°F [J/(kg·K)]

Specification statement of a set of requirements to be satisfied by a material,

product, system, or service that indicates the procedures for
determining whether each of the requirements is satisfied. Note:
it is desirable to express the requirements numerically in terms of
appropriate units, together with their limits
Start-up a set of procedures to be followed in the systematic initial
sequencing or energizing of components, devices, equipment,
and systems
Static head the pressure due to the weight of the fluid above the point of
measurement. In a closed system, static head is equal on both
sides of the pump

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Static the actual pressure of the fluid, which is associated not with its
pressure motion but with its state. The pressure is exerted uniformly
throughout the entire fluid. The portion of the fluid pressure which
exists by virtue of the degree of compression only. If expressed
as gage pressure, it may be negative or positive. In a dynamic
system, static pressure is the difference between total and
velocity pressures. in. H2O (kPa)
Stratification division into a series of layers, as with thermal gradients across a
fluid in motion or at rest
Stratified thermal storage vessel in which a thermocline exists
storage
Stratified an air-distribution system that, during the cooling operation, limits
system the amount of mixing in the space and instead relies on thermal
plumes to produce a stratified environment with cooler and
fresher air near the floor and warmer and less fresh air near the
ceiling. Examples are underfloor air-distribution system (UFAD)
and DV systems

Suction lift combination of static suction lift and friction head in suction
piping when the source of liquid is below the pump centerline

Supply air (1) air delivered by mechanical or natural ventilation to a space,

composed of any combination of outdoor air, recirculated air, or
transfer air. (2) air entering a space from an air-conditioning,
heating, or ventilating apparatus for the purpose of comfort
conditioning. Supply air is generally filtered, fan forced, and
either heated, cooled, humidified, or dehumidified as necessary
to maintain specified conditions. Only the quantity of outdoor air
within the supply airflow may be used as replacement air

Temperature temperature variation per unit distance or time along the heat
gradient flow path

Thermal thermal conductivity is the heat flux through a flat body induced
conductance by a unit temperature difference between the surfaces of that
(C-factor) body. Units are Btu/h·ft2·°F (W/[m2·K])
Thermal (1) thermal energy storage may refer to a number of technologies
energy that store energy in a thermal reservoir for later reuse. They can
storage be employed to balance energy demand between daytime and
nighttime. The thermal reservoir may be maintained at a
temperature above (hotter) or below (colder) than that of the
ambient environment. The principal application today is the
production of ice, chilled water, or eutectic solution at night,
which is then used to cool environments during the day. (2)
thermal energy storage technologies store heat, usually from
active solar collectors in an insulated repository for later use in
space heating, domestic or process hot water, or to generate
electricity. Most practical active solar heating systems have
storage for a few hours to a day's worth of heat collected. There
are also a small but growing number of seasonal thermal stores
used to store summer heat for space heating during winter

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 102

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Thermal increase in one or more of the dimensions of a solid body or a
expansion liquid volume, caused by a temperature rise
Thermal the reciprocal of the time rate of heat flow through a unit area
resistance (R- induced by a unit temperature difference between two defined
value) surfaces of material or construction under steady-state
conditions. Units of thermal resistance are h·ft2·°F/Btu (m2·°K/W).
Thermal resistance is the reciprocal of the thermal conductance
Thermostat an automatic control device used to maintain temperature at a
fixed or adjustable setpoint
Thermostatic an automatic control device or system used to maintain
control temperature at a fixed or adjustable setpoint
Three-way valve having either a single inlet and two outlets (diverting) or two
valve inlets and a single outlet (mixing), in which either one or the other
is open. Can also be a service valve for dual-mounted safety
relief valves. See also diverting valve
Tolerance difference between upper and lower limits of size for a given
nominal dimension or value
Transducer (1) a device designed to receive energy from one system and
supply energy, of either the same or of a different kind, to
another system in such a manner that the desired characteristics
of the input energy appear at the output. (2) a device that
changes one form of physical quantity into another. In the
measurement field, transducers are generally used to sense a
variety of measurands, such as line voltage, current, power,
pressure, and temperature, and to convert these to a common
output signal for use with a controlling or recording instrument

Transfer air air transferred from one room to another through openings in the
room envelope, whether it is transferred intentionally or not. The
driving force for transfer air is generally a small pressure
differential between the rooms, although one or more fans may
be used

Two-way valve having a single inlet and single outlet. Uses of two-way
valve valves could be for throttling, isolation, or shutoff
Unconditioned space within a building that is not conditioned space
space
Unitary one or more factory-made assemblies that normally include an
system evaporator or cooling coil and a compressor and condenser
combination
Use factor percent capacity realized over a period of time that a system
is operated

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Variable an engineered direct-expansion (DX) multisplit system
refrigerant incorporating at least one variable capacity compressor
flow (VRF) distributing refrigerant through a piping network to multiple indoor
system fan-coil units, each capable of individual zone temperature
control, through integral zone temperature control devices and
common communications network. Variable refrigerant flow
utilizes three or more steps of control on common,
interconnecting piping
Ventilation (1) the process of supplying air to or removing air from a space
for the purpose of controlling air contaminant levels, humidity, or
temperature within the space. (2) the process of supplying or
removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any
space. Such air is not required to have been conditioned
Ventilation air the minimum amount of outdoor air required for the purpose of
controlling air contaminant levels in buildings

Volatile organic compounds in the vapor state present in an indoor

organic atmosphere
compounds
(VOC)
Waste heat (1) heat rejected from the building (or process) because its
temperature is too low for economical recovery or direct use. (2)
unused heat rejected from a system, usually a heat engine or
combustion furnace, to its surroundings

Water a system by which the supply air of a cooling system is cooled

economizer indirectly with water that is itself cooled by heat or mass transfer
to the environment without the use of mechanical cooling
Wind chill the apparent temperature felt on exposed skin due to wind. The
degree of this phenomenon depends on both air temperature and
wind speed. The wind chill temperature (often popularly called
the wind chill factor) is always lower than the air temperature for
values where the wind chill formula is valid. In cases where the
apparent temperature is higher than the air temperature, the heat
index is used instead. Wind chill is always expressed as a
temperature. Compare to chill factor, which is always expressed
as time
Zoning division of a building or group of buildings into separately
controlled spaces (zones), where different conditions can be
maintained simultaneously

CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE | CERTIFIED HVAC DESIGNER (CHD) 104

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