5.

Collections - Siddharth Arora Page 1 of 53

Collections:
Table of Contents
Collections:.............................................................................................................................................. 4
List: .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
List Syntax: .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Declaring an empty list (syntax):......................................................................................................... 6
Declaring a list with items / non-empty list (Syntax): ......................................................................... 6
Appending (adding at end) an item in a list (syntax): ......................................................................... 6
Adding an item at a specific index (position) in the list: (syntax): ...................................................... 6
Display the list’s contents in a pre-defined manner (syntax): ............................................................ 6
Replace an item at an index of a list (syntax): .................................................................................... 6
Fetch the size of the list / no. of items in the list (Syntax):................................................................. 6
Accessing an individual List item: (syntax):......................................................................................... 7
Deleting an item from the list by specifying the index: (LEFT SHIFT) (syntax).................................... 7
Deleting multiple items from the list by specifying the indexes: (LEFT SHIFT) (syntax) ..................... 7
Deleting an item by specifying the item to delete: (LEFT SHIFT) (Syntax): ......................................... 7
Deleting the last item from the List: (syntax): .................................................................................... 7
Delete all the list items: (syntax): ....................................................................................................... 8
Delete the list: (syntax): ...................................................................................................................... 8
List Traversal – method 1 (syntax): ..................................................................................................... 9
List Traversal – using the foreach loop - method 2 (syntax): .............................................................. 9
Reverse a list: ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Get the minimum item of a list: .......................................................................................................... 9
Get the maximum item of a list: ......................................................................................................... 9
Sorting a list in Ascending order: ...................................................................................................... 10
Sorting a list in Descending order: .................................................................................................... 10
Sorting a List of String according to length: ...................................................................................... 10
Count the occurrences of an item in a list: ....................................................................................... 11
Get the index of an item if it exists: .................................................................................................. 11
Membership – check whether an item exists in a list using “in”:..................................................... 11
List Slicing: ......................................................................................................................................... 12
List concatenation (joining of lists): .................................................................................................. 12
List repetition (repeating a list a number of times): ......................................................................... 12
Concatenate a list using extend(): .................................................................................................... 13
Converting a string to a list: .............................................................................................................. 14

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Generating a list – a short cut: .......................................................................................................... 15
List Example 1: .................................................................................................................................. 16
List Example 2: .................................................................................................................................. 19
List Example 3: .................................................................................................................................. 21
List Example 4 – dynamic list: ........................................................................................................... 23
List Example 5: dynamic list .............................................................................................................. 24
Nested Lists (List within a List): ......................................................................................................... 25
Dictionary: ............................................................................................................................................. 27
Declaring an empty dictionary: ......................................................................................................... 28
Declaring and initializing a dictionary: .............................................................................................. 28
Adding a new item in a dictionary: ................................................................................................... 28
Accessing an individual value using the key: .................................................................................... 28
Display the whole dictionary: ........................................................................................................... 28
Get the length of the dictionary: ...................................................................................................... 28
Delete a key-value pair from the dictionary: .................................................................................... 28
Delete all the Dictionary key-value pairs: ......................................................................................... 29
Generate a copy of a dictionary:....................................................................................................... 29
Dictionary Traversal – method 1:...................................................................................................... 29
Dictionary Traversal – method 2:...................................................................................................... 29
Search an item in the dictionary / extract the value from the key in the dictionary: ...................... 29
Dictionary Example 1: ....................................................................................................................... 30
Dictionary Example 2 (Dynamic Dictionary): .................................................................................... 32
pop() .................................................................................................................................................. 34
popitem() .......................................................................................................................................... 35
keys() ................................................................................................................................................. 36
values() .............................................................................................................................................. 36
Membership in dictionaries: ............................................................................................................. 37
Concatenate dictionaries using update(): ......................................................................................... 38
Sets:....................................................................................................................................................... 39
Declaring an Empty Set: .................................................................................................................... 39
Initializing a set at the time of its declaration: ................................................................................. 39
Display the entire set: ....................................................................................................................... 39
Get the Length of the set: ................................................................................................................. 39
Set Traversal using foreach loop: ...................................................................................................... 39
Membership – checking if an item is a part of the set or not:.......................................................... 39
Add an item in the set:...................................................................................................................... 39

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Add Multiple Items in the set (bulk addition): .................................................................................. 40
Remove an item from the set (method 1): ....................................................................................... 40
Remove an item from the set (method 2): ....................................................................................... 40
Removing the first item from the set: .............................................................................................. 40
Deleting all the items from the set: .................................................................................................. 40
Set Example 1:................................................................................................................................... 41
Set Operations: ................................................................................................................................. 43
Set Operations Example: ................................................................................................................... 44
Tuple: .................................................................................................................................................... 45
Tuple declaration (Empty): ............................................................................................................... 45
Tuple declaration & initialization: ..................................................................................................... 45
Retrieve a single Tuple Item: ............................................................................................................ 45
Get the Length of the tuple: ............................................................................................................. 45
Tuple Traversal – method 1 (syntax): ............................................................................................... 45
Tuple Traversal – using the foreach loop - method 2 (syntax): ........................................................ 45
Get Max tuple item: .......................................................................................................................... 46
Get Min tuple item:........................................................................................................................... 46
Tuple Operations: ............................................................................................................................. 46
Comparing two tuples using == ........................................................................................................ 46
Comparing two tuples using > .......................................................................................................... 46
Comparing two tuples using < .......................................................................................................... 46
Convert a list to a tuple: .................................................................................................................... 47
Convert a tuple to a list: .................................................................................................................... 47
Example:............................................................................................................................................ 48
Packing and Unpacking a Tuple: ....................................................................................................... 51

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Collections:
Python has different types of collections:
1. List
2. Dictionary
3. Tuple
4. Set

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List:
→a list is a special type of a variable that can store multiple constants.
→a list acts as a dynamic collection of data.
→a list is best suited for a scenario when a large amount of data needs to
be stored in a cluster / collection / single unit.
→at the time of declaring a list we do not need to specify the size of the
list.
→a list can expand… we can add items in a list.
→a list can shrink… we can delete items from a list.
→the same list can store different data types of data as well.
→every list item has a unique serial number called an index.
The min. index = 0
The max. index = size – 1
→every list item has a unique name by using which we can access that list
item. list_variable[index]

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List Syntax:
Declaring an empty list (syntax):
list_variable = []

Declaring a list with items / non-empty list (Syntax):

list_variable = [item1, item2, item3, … ,itemN]

Appending (adding at end) an item in a list (syntax):

list_variable.append(new_item)

Adding an item at a specific index (position) in the list: (syntax):

list_variable.insert(index , newitem)
Note:
→if we give a valid index then right shift takes place in the list.
→if we give an invalid index then it appends the item at the end of the
list.

Display the list’s contents in a pre-defined manner (syntax):

print(list_variable)

Replace an item at an index of a list (syntax):

list_variable[index] = new_value
Note: if we give an invalid index, we will get an error.
IndexError: list assignment index out of range

Fetch the size of the list / no. of items in the list (Syntax):
len(list_variable)

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Accessing an individual List item: (syntax):
list_variable[index]

Note: if we give an invalid index, we will get an error.

IndexError: list assignment index out of range

Deleting an item from the list by specifying the index: (LEFT SHIFT) (syntax)
del list_variable[index]

Note: if we give an invalid index, we will get an error.

IndexError: list assignment index out of range

Deleting multiple items from the list by specifying the indexes: (LEFT SHIFT) (syntax)
del list_variable[start_index : end_index+1]

Example:

Deleting an item by specifying the item to delete: (LEFT SHIFT) (Syntax):

list_variable.remove(item_to_delete)

Note:

→if the item_to_delete exists in the list then it would be deleted and a left shift will take place.

→if the item_to_delete does not exist then it will throw an exception - ValueError: list.remove(x): x
not in list.

→if the item_to_delete exists multiple times then only the 1st occurrence of the item would be
deleted.

Deleting the last item from the List: (syntax):

deleted_item = list_variable.pop()

Note: pop() deletes the last item and gives the deleted item.

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Delete all the list items: (syntax):
list_variable.clear()

Delete the list: (syntax):

del list_variable

Note: This deletes the entire list. After this operation, the list will no longer exist.

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List Traversal – method 1 (syntax):
for index_variable in range(0, len(list_variable)):
list_variable[index_variable]

List Traversal – using the foreach loop - method 2 (syntax):

for temp_variable in list_variable:
temp_variable
Note:
→the foreach loop auto starts from the 0-index position.
→the foreach loop auto increments by 1 index position.
→the foreach loop auto stops on reaching the end.

Reverse a list:
list_variable.reverse()
Note: this reverse() will reverse the existing list.

Get the minimum item of a list:

variable = min(list_variable)
Note: min() only works in a list where all the elements are of the same datatype.

Get the maximum item of a list:

variable = max(list_variable)
Note: max() only works in a list where all the elements are of the same datatype.

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Sorting a list in Ascending order:
list_variable.sort()

Note: this sort() will sort the same list in ascending order.

Sorting a list in Descending order:

list_variable.sort(reverse=True)

Note: this sort() will sort the same list in descending order.

Sorting a List of String according to length:

list_variable.sort(key=len)

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Count the occurrences of an item in a list:
Syntax:

variable = list_variable.count(item_to_search)

Note: count() returns 0 if item_to_search not found in the list.

Get the index of an item if it exists:

Syntax:

variable = list_variable.index(item_to_search)

Note:

→if the item exists in the list, then we will get the index of 1st occurrence.

→if the item does not exist in the list, we get an runtime error – ValueError.

Membership – check whether an item exists in a list using “in”:

Syntax:
boolean_result_variable = item_to_search in list_variable

note:
→in is a keyword.
→in returns True when item_to_search exists in the list.
→in returns False when item_to_search does not exist in the list.

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List Slicing:
→extracting a sub-list from a list.

→generating a new list from an existing list.

Syntax 1:

newlist = existinglist[start_index : end_index+1 : step_value]

Syntax 2: (step_value is optional if you want to increment 1)

newlist = existinglist[start_index : end_index+1]

Syntax 3: (when we do not specify the end_index, it goes till the end).

newlist = existinglist[start_index : ]

Syntax 4: (when we do not specify the start_index, it picks up from the beginning).

newlist = existinglist[ : end_index+1 ]

Syntax 5: extracting item from the end

Item = existinglist[-index]

Syntax 6: extract the last n items from the list

newlist = existinglist[-n : : 1]

Syntax 7: Reversing the list:

result_list = existinglist[-1 : : -1]

List concatenation (joining of lists):

Syntax:

result_list = list1 + list2 + list3

List repetition (repeating a list a number of times):

Syntax:

result_list = list1 * number_of_repititions

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Concatenate a list using extend():
->This function is used to add or concatenate a list to another list.

->Syntax:

target_list_variable.extend(source_list_variable)

->Examples:

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Converting a string to a list:
Syntax:

result_list_variable = list( string_variable )

Example:

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Generating a list – a short cut:

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List Example 1:
# Declaring a list with items

cities = ["New Delhi" , "Mumbai"]

# Appending (adding at end) items in a list

cities.append("Chennai")

cities.append("Kolkatta")

# insert Chandigarh at index 2

cities.insert(2, "Chandigarh")

# insert Mohali at index 9

cities.insert(9, "Mohali") # legal

# change the index 4 item with Bengaluru

cities[4] = "Bengaluru"

# change the index 9th item with Amritsar

# cities[9] = "Amritsar" # illegal as 9th index does not exist

# Display the list’s contents in a pre-defined manner

print(cities)

# Fetch the size of the list / no. of items in the list

print("Total no. of cities in the collection: ",len(cities))

# Accessing an individual List item:

print("City at index 2: ",cities[2])

print("City at index 4: ",cities[4])

# print("City at index 20: ",cities[20]) # error

# Deleting an item from the list by specifying the index: (LEFT SHIFT)

# delete item at index 3:

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del cities[3]

# del cities[20] # illegal

# Deleting an item by specifying the item to delete: (LEFT SHIFT)

# delete "Chandigarh"

cities.remove("Chandigarh")

# delete "Nagpur"

# cities.remove("Nagpur") # error

# append "Mumbai"

cities.append("Mumbai")

# delete Mumbai

# cities.remove("Mumbai") # only the 1st Mumbai would be deleted.

# Deleting the last item from the List:

# deleted_city = cities.pop()

# print("Popped City: ",deleted_city)

# delete all the items

# cities.clear()

print(cities)

# List Traversal – method 1

print("\nAll the cities (using for): ")

for i in range(0, len(cities)):

print("*",cities[i])

# List Traversal – method 2

print("\nAll the cities (using foreach): ")

for city in cities:

print("*",city)

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Output:

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List Example 2:
# init. a list

list1 = [10,2,30,4,50,6,70,8,90,1]

print("List before sorting:")

print(list1)

# Sorting a list in Ascending order

list1.sort()

print("List After sorting in ascending order:")

print(list1)

# Reverse the list

list1.reverse()

print("List After reversing:")

print(list1)

# Get the minimum item of a list

minitem = min(list1)

print("Smallest item of the list: ",minitem)

# Get the maximum item of a list

maxitem = max(list1)

print("Largest item of the list: ",maxitem)

# appending 30 in the list

list1.append(30)

print(list1)

# Count the occurrences of an item in a list

item = int(input("Enter item to search: "))

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c = list1.count(item)

if c != 0:

print(item, "exists",c,"times in the list.")

elif c == 0:

print(item,"not found in the list")

# Get the index of an item if it exists

item = int(input("Enter item to search: "))

x = list1.index(item)

print(item,"exists at index",x)

# Membership – check whether an item exists in a list using “in”:

item = int(input("Enter item to search: "))

res = item in list1

if res == True:

print(item,"exists in the list")

else:

print(item,"does not exist in the list")

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List Example 3:
# list initializaTION
# empty list declaration
list1 = []
# loop
for i in range(1,10+1,1):
# appending item in the list
list1.append(10*i)
# list1.insert(i, 10*i)

print(list1)

# list slicing - syntax 1

# extract item from the list starting from the 3rd index to the 7th index
newlist = list1[3 : 7+1 : 1]
print(newlist) # [40, 50, 60, 70, 80]
# extract item from the list starting from the 1st index to the 8th index. pick every alternate item
newlist = list1[1 : 8+1 : 2]
print(newlist) # [20, 40, 60, 80]

# list slicing - syntax 2

# extract item from the list starting from the 3rd index to the 7th index
newlist = list1[3 : 7+1]
print(newlist) # [40, 50, 60, 70, 80]

# list slicing - syntax 3

# extract item from the list starting from the 3rd index
newlist = list1[3 : ]
print(newlist) # [40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]

# list slicing - syntax 4

# extract item from the list ending at the 7rd index
newlist = list1[ : 7+1 ]
print(newlist) # [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80]

# extracting item from the end

lastitem = list1[-1]
print(lastitem) # 100
seclastitem = list1[-2]
print(seclastitem) # 90

# last three items - reverse order

newlist = list1[-1 : -4 : -1]
print(newlist) # [100, 90, 80]

# last three items - regular order

newlist = list1[-3 : : 1]
print(newlist) # [80, 90, 100]

# copy a list to another list

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newlist = list1[ : ]
print(newlist) # [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]

# list concatenation
list1 = [10,20,30]
list2 = [40,50]
list3 = [60,70,80,90]
newlist = list1 + list2 + list3
print(newlist) # [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]

# list repitiotion
list1 = [10,20,30]
newlist = list1 * 3
print(newlist) # [10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30]

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List Example 4 – dynamic list:
# create a list of 10 integer items input by the user. Display the list.

# declare an empty list

mylist = []

print("Enter items in the list:")

# loop - 10 times

for i in range(1, 10+1):

# input an item from the user

item = int(input("Enter an item: "))

# append the item in the list

mylist.append(item)

print("\nItems in the list:")

# display the list - loop - foreach

for element in mylist:

print(element)

Output:

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List Example 5: dynamic list
# write a program to enter all the family member names of a person in a list.
# the user should decide when to stop the inputing of the names.
# declare an empty list
family = []
print("Enter your family members names:")
# input data in the list
# infinite loop
while True:
# enter a list item
member = input("Enter name: ")
# append the item in the list
family.append(member)
# ask the user if he/she wants to exit the loop
chk = input("Do you want to stop? Y / N: ")
# check if the user wants to exit the loop
if chk == "Y" or chk == "y":
# exit the loop
break

print("\nYour Family members:")

# display the list - loop - foreach
for member in family:
print(member)

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Nested Lists (List within a List):
→a list can even store a collection of other lists.
# Nested Lists
# create an empty list
mainlist = []

# creating a sub list

sublist1 = [10,20,30]
# creating a sub list
sublist2 = [40,50,60]
# creating a sub list
sublist3 = [70,80,90]

# append the sublist1 in the mainlist

mainlist.append(sublist1) # this item gets added at the 0 index of the mainlist
# append the sublist2 in the mainlist
mainlist.append(sublist2) # this item gets added at the 1 index of the mainlist
# append the sublist3 in the mainlist
mainlist.append(sublist3) # this item gets added at the 2 index of the mainlist

# display the mainlist

print(mainlist)

# display the lists stored inside the list of lists (mainlist)

print("List stored at the 0 index of the mainlist: ",mainlist[0])
print("List stored at the 1 index of the mainlist: ",mainlist[1])
print("List stored at the 2 index of the mainlist: ",mainlist[2])

# display the items stored inside the list of lists

# 0th list items
print("0th list items")
print("Item stored at the 0th index of the 0th list: ",mainlist[0][0])
print("Item stored at the 1st index of the 0th list: ",mainlist[0][1])
print("Item stored at the 2nd index of the 0th list: ",mainlist[0][2])
# 1st list items
print("1st list items")
print("Item stored at the 0th index of the 1st list: ",mainlist[1][0])
print("Item stored at the 1st index of the 1st list: ",mainlist[1][1])
print("Item stored at the 2nd index of the 1st list: ",mainlist[1][2])
# 2nd list items
print("2nd list items")
print("Item stored at the 0th index of the 2nd list: ",mainlist[2][0])
print("Item stored at the 1st index of the 2nd list: ",mainlist[2][1])
print("Item stored at the 2nd index of the 2nd list: ",mainlist[2][2])

# accessing the length of the entire lists of lists

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print("Total number of lists inside the mainlist: ",len(mainlist))
# accessing the length of the lists inside the mainlist
print("Total number of items inside the 0th list of the mainlist: ",len(mainlist[0]))
print("Total number of items inside the 1st list of the mainlist: ",len(mainlist[1]))
print("Total number of items inside the 2nd list of the mainlist: ",len(mainlist[2]))

# accessing / displaying the list items in rows and columns, as a matrix:

# outer loop - rows
for i in range(0, len(mainlist)):
# inner loop - columns
for j in range(0, len(mainlist[i])):
# access the element
print(mainlist[i][j], end="\t")
# line break
print()

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Dictionary:
Common Name (key) Scientific Names (value)
Bison Bos gaurus
Black buck Antelope cervicapra
Chinkara Gazella bennettii
Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus
Wolf Canis lupus
Lion Panthera leo

→In a variable we can only store a single type of information.

We cannot store multiple data items in a single variable.
→Dictionary is a dynamic collection of data.
→we can create an empty dictionary.
→we can add items in a dictionary.
→we can remove items from a dictionary.
→no size needs to be specified at the time of dictionary declaration.
→we can only store key-value pairs in a dictionary.
→Both key and value can be of any data type.
→in a dictionary the order does not matter. When we insert an item in a
dictionary, it can be inserted in any position.

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Declaring an empty dictionary:
Syntax:
dictionary_name = {}

Declaring and initializing a dictionary:

Syntax:
dictionary_name = { key: value , key: value , key : value}

Adding a new item in a dictionary:

Syntax:
dictionary_name[key] = value

Accessing an individual value using the key:

Syntax:
dictionary_name[key]
Note: if the key does not exist, we get a run time error – KeyError.

Display the whole dictionary:

Syntax:
print(dictionary_name)

Get the length of the dictionary:

→the number of key-value pairs.
Syntax:
len(dictionary_name)

Delete a key-value pair from the dictionary:

Syntax:

del dictionary_name[key]

Note: if the key does not exist, we get a run time error – KeyError.

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Delete all the Dictionary key-value pairs:
Syntax:
dictionary_name.clear()

Generate a copy of a dictionary:

Syntax:
Target_dictionary = source_dictionary.copy()
Note: a new dictionary, the Target_dictionary gets auto-created with the source_dictionary’s
contents.

Dictionary Traversal – method 1:

Traversal: accessing each dictionary item, one item at a Time, starting from the 1st item to the last
item.
Syntax:
for key_var in dictionary_name:
to access the key use: key_var
to access the value use: dictionary_name[key_var]

Note: here, the for loop, will generate all the keys, one key at a time.

Dictionary Traversal – method 2:

Syntax:
for key_var, value_var in dictionary_name.items():
to access the key use: key_var
to access the value use: value_var

Note: here, the for loop, will generate all the keys and values, one item at a time.

Search an item in the dictionary / extract the value from the key in the dictionary:
Syntax:

Value_variable = Dictionary_name.get(key_to_search , Default_Error_value)

Note:

→if the “key_to_search” exists in the dictionary, then we get its value in the variable on the LHS.

→if the “key_to_search” does not exist in the dictionary, then we get the “Default_Error_value” in
the variable on the LHS.

→error does not appear if the key does not exist.

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Dictionary Example 1:
# dictionary
# Declaring and initializing a dictionary
mammals = { 'Bison': 'Bos gaurus' , 'Black buck': 'Antelope cervicapra' }
# adding new key-value pairs in the dictionary
mammals['Chinkara'] = 'Gazella bennettii'
mammals['Nilgai'] = 'Boselaphus tragocamelus'
mammals['Wolf'] = 'Canis lupus'
# Accessing an individual value using the key
key='Black buck'
print("Scientific name for ",key," is ",mammals[key])
# key='Tiger'
# print("Scientific name for ",key," is ",mammals[key]) # error
# Display the whole dictionary
print(mammals)
# Get the length of the dictionary
print("Total number of mammals in the dictionary: ",len(mammals))
# delete the Chinkara item
del mammals['Chinkara']
# del mammals['Tiger'] # illegal
print(mammals)
# delete all the dictionary items
# mammals.clear()
# print(mammals)
# copy the dictionary
mammals2 = mammals.copy()
print("Contents of mammals: ",mammals)
print("Contents of mammals2: ",mammals2)
# dictionary traversal - method 1:
print("\nAll the mammals - using method 1:")
for x in mammals:
print("Scientific name of ",x," is ",mammals[x])

# dictionary traversal - method 2:

print("\nAll the mammals - using method 2:")
for x,y in mammals.items():
print(x," : ",y)

# item search:
key = input("Enter the common name of the mammal to view its scientific name: ")
value = mammals.get(key, None)
if value != None:
print(key," - ",value)
else:
print(key," does not exist")

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Dictionary Example 2 (Dynamic Dictionary):
# Dynamic Dictionary

# enter the key-value pairs from the user

# create an empty dictionary

mammals = {}

# input key-value pairs in the dictionary till the time the user wants

print("\nEnter mammal info:")

# infinite loop

while True:

# get the key (common name) from the user

cname = input("Enter common name of mammal: ")

# get the value (Scientific name) from the user

sname = input("Enter scientific name of mammal: ")

# add the key-value pair in the dictionary

mammals[cname] = sname

# check if the user wants to exit the infinite loop

chk = input("Press Y to exit: ")

# check

if chk == "Y" or chk == "y":

# exit the loop

break

# display the key-value pairs of the dictionary

print("\nMammal Info:")

# traverse the dictionary

for k,v in mammals.items():

print(k + "("+v+")")

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pop()
->this is a pre-defined function that removes a key-value pair from a dictionary.

->Syntax:

result_variable = dictionary_variable.pop(key)

->This function returns the value of the key in the result_variable and deletes that key-value pair.

->This functions gives an error “KeyError” if the key is not found in the dictionary.

->Example:

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popitem()
->This function deletes the last key-value pair from the dictionary.

->Syntax:

result_variable = dictionary_variable.popitem()

->This function returns a tuple of the last key-value pair that is removed from the dictionary.

->Example:

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keys()
->This pre-defined function is used to extract all the keys of a dictionary in a list.

->Syntax:

result_list_variable = list( dictionary_variable.keys() )

->This function returns a list full of keys from a dictionary.

->Example:

values()
->This pre-defined function is used to extract all the values of a dictionary in a list.

->Syntax:

result_list_variable = list( dictionary_variable.values() )

->This function returns a list full of values from a dictionary.

->Example:

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Membership in dictionaries:
->We can check the existence of a key in a dictionary using the in keyword.

->Syntax:

boolean_result_value = key_to_search in dictionary_variable

->This syntax returns True when key_to_search is found in dictionary otherwise returns False.

->Example:

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Concatenate dictionaries using update():
->update() is a built-in function that appends a dictionary at the end of another dictionary.

->Syntax:

target_dictionary.update( source_dictionary )

Example:

##2. Write a Python script to concatenate following dictionaries to create a new one.
##
##Sample Dictionary :
##dic1={1:10, 2:20}
##dic2={3:30, 4:40}
##dic3={5:50,6:60}
##Expected Result : {1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30, 4: 40, 5: 50, 6: 60}

# dictionary declaration & initialization

dic1={1:10, 2:20}
dic2={3:30, 4:40}
dic3={5:50,6:60}

# empty dictionary declaration

dic4 = {}

# concatenate
dic4.update(dic1)
dic4.update(dic2)
dic4.update(dic3)

# display
print(dic4)

Output:

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Sets:
→a set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed.

→a set can only store unique items.

→items in a set can be of any data type. Even a mixed data type is allowed.

Declaring an Empty Set:

set_variable = set()

Initializing a set at the time of its declaration:

set_variable = {value1, value2, value3, … , value_n}

Display the entire set:

print(set_variable)

Get the Length of the set:

len(set_variable)

Set Traversal using foreach loop:

for temp_variable in set_variable:

access each item using temp_variable

Membership – checking if an item is a part of the set or not:

boolean_variable = item_to_search in set_variable

Note:

→we get True in the boolean_variable if the item_to_search is present in the set_variable.

→we get False in the boolean_variable if the item_to_search is not present in the set_variable.

Add an item in the set:

set_variable.add(new_item)

Note: we cannot add a duplicate item in the set.

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Add Multiple Items in the set (bulk addition):
set_variable.update([newitem1, newitem2, newitem3])

Remove an item from the set (method 1):

set_variable.remove(item)

Note:

→if the item does not exist, it will show / throw an error (KeyError).

Remove an item from the set (method 2):

set_variable.discard(item)

→if the item does not exist, it will not show / throw an error.

Removing the first item from the set:

deleted_item = set_variable.pop()

Deleting all the items from the set:

set_variable.clear()

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Set Example 1:
# Initializing a set at the time of its declaration
cities = {"New Delhi", "Mumbai", "Chennai"}

# display the set

print(cities)

# Get the Length of the set

print("Total items in the set: ",len(cities))

# set traversal
print("All the cities:")
for city in cities:
print(city)

# Membership – checking if an item is a part of the set or not

item = input("Enter city to search: ")
res = item in cities
if res == True:
print(item , "found in ",cities)
else:
print(item , "not found in ",cities)

# Add an item in the set

cities.add("Kolkatta")
cities.add("Hyderabad")
cities.add("Mumbai") # we cannot add a duplicate item in the set. This line has no effect.

print(cities)

# Add Multiple Items in the set (bulk addition)

cities.update(["Chandigarh","Kanpur","Amritsar"])

print(cities)

# Remove an item from the set (method 1):

item = input("Enter city to remove: ")
cities.remove(item)

print(cities)

# Remove an item from the set (method 2):

item = input("Enter city to remove: ")
cities.discard(item)

print(cities)

# Removing the first item from the set:

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removed_item = cities.pop()
print("Item popped: ",removed_item)

print(cities)

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Set Operations:

UNION:
→when we want to combine multiple sets and want to ensure that no duplication is there.
Union Syntax 1:
result_set_variable = set_variable_1.union(set_variable_2)
Union Syntax 2:
result_set_variable = set_variable_1 | set_variable_2
Note: both these syntaxes generate a new set where the union result is stored.

INTERSECTION:
→when we want to retrieve the common items between multiple sets.
Intersection Syntax 1:
result_set_variable = set_variable_1.intersection(set_variable_2)
Intersection Syntax 2:
result_set_variable = set_variable_1 & set_variable_2
Note: both these syntaxes generate a new set where the intersection result is stored.

DIFFERENCE:
→when we want to subtract one set items from another set.
Difference Syntax 1:
result_set_variable = set_variable_1.difference(set_variable_2)
Difference Syntax 2:
result_set_variable = set_variable_1 - set_variable_2
Note: both these syntaxes generate a new set where the difference result is stored.

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Set Operations Example:
# set operations

# set 1 initialization
car_manufacturers = {"tata","audi","suzuki","honda"}
# set 2 initialization
bike_manufacturers = {"honda","suzuki","bajaj","royal enfield"}

# union operation
all_manufacturers = car_manufacturers | bike_manufacturers

# intersection operation
both_car_bike_manufacturers = car_manufacturers & bike_manufacturers

# difference operations
only_car_manufacturers = car_manufacturers - bike_manufacturers
only_bike_manufacturers = bike_manufacturers - car_manufacturers

# display
print("\nAll the Car Manufacturers: ")
print(car_manufacturers)
print("\nAll the Bike Manufacturers: ")
print(bike_manufacturers)
print("\nAll the Manufacturers (car_manufacturers | bike_manufacturers): ")
print(all_manufacturers)
print("\nManufacturers making both Bikes and Cars (car_manufacturers & bike_manufacturers): ")
print(both_car_bike_manufacturers)
print("\nManufacturers making only Cars (car_manufacturers - bike_manufacturers): ")
print(only_car_manufacturers)
print("\nManufacturers making only Bikes (bike_manufacturers - car_manufacturers): ")
print(only_bike_manufacturers)

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Tuple:
→a tuple is a static collection.
→we cannot alter the tuple once declared.
→we cannot add new items in a tuple.
→we cannot delete items from a tuple.
→we cannot even modify the existing items stored in a tuple.
→we must initialize a tuple at its declaration time.
→a tuple can store mixed data type’s data.
→tuple is indexed (index nos. starting from 0) and ordered.

Tuple declaration (Empty):

tuple_variable = ()

Tuple declaration & initialization:

tuple_variable = (value1, value2, valu3, … , value_n)

Retrieve a single Tuple Item:

tuple_variable[index]

Note: cannot access a tuple beyond its size. IndexError: tuple index out of range.

Get the Length of the tuple:

len(tuple_variable)

Tuple Traversal – method 1 (syntax):

for index_variable in range(0, len(tuple_variable)):
tuple_variable[index_variable]

Tuple Traversal – using the foreach loop - method 2 (syntax):

for temp_variable in tuple_variable:
temp_variable

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Get Max tuple item:
Note: this will only work if all the tuple items belong to the same data type.

result_variable = max(tuple_variable)

Get Min tuple item:

Note: this will only work if all the tuple items belong to the same data type.

result_variable = min(tuple_variable)

Tuple Operations:

Comparing two tuples using ==

boolean_result_variable = tuple_variable1 == tuple_variable2

Note:

→if tuple_variable1 is same as tuple_variable2 → we get True in the boolean_result_variable.

→if tuple_variable1 is not same as tuple_variable2 → we get False in the boolean_result_variable.

Comparing two tuples using >

boolean_result_variable = tuple_variable1 > tuple_variable2

Note:

→if tuple_variable1 is greater than tuple_variable2 → we get True in the boolean_result_variable.

→if tuple_variable1 is less than tuple_variable2 → we get False in the boolean_result_variable.

Comparing two tuples using <

boolean_result_variable = tuple_variable1 < tuple_variable2

Note:

→if tuple_variable1 is less than tuple_variable2 → we get True in the boolean_result_variable.

→if tuple_variable1 is greater than tuple_variable2 → we get False in the boolean_result_variable.

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Convert a list to a tuple:
result_tuple_variable = tuple(list_variable)

Convert a tuple to a list:

result_list_variable = list(tuple_variable)

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Example:
# Tuple declaration & initialization

cities = ("New Delhi","Mumbai","Chennai","Kolkatta","Bengaluru")

# Empty Tuple declaration

friends = ()

# display the tuple

print(cities)

print(friends)

# Retrieve a single Tuple Item

print("First City: ",cities[0])

# print("Tenth City: ",cities[10]) # error

# modifying tuple item:

# cities[1] = "Chandigarh" # error - TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

# Get the Length of the tuple

print("Total items: ",len(cities))

# Tuple Traversal – method 1 (syntax):

print("Tuple Traversal – method 1 (syntax):")

for i in range(0, len(cities)):

print(cities[i])

# Tuple Traversal – using the foreach loop - method 2 (syntax):

print("Tuple Traversal – using the foreach loop - method 2 (syntax):")

for city in cities:

print(city)

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# tuple declaration

tup1 = (10, 2, 30, 4, 50 , 6)

print(tup1)

# Get Max tuple item

maxitem = max(tup1)

print("Max item: ",maxitem)

# Get Min tuple item

minitem = min(tup1)

print("Min item: ",minitem)

# tuples declaration

tup1 = (10,20,30)

tup2 = (10,25,30)

# Comparing two tuples using ==

if tup1 == tup2:

print(tup1," is equal to ",tup2)

else:

print(tup1," is not equal to ",tup2)

# Comparing two tuples using >

if tup1 > tup2:

print(tup1," is greater than ",tup2)

else:

print(tup1," is less than ",tup2)

# Convert a list to a tuple:

# list

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list1 = [111,222,333,444]

print(list1)

tup1 = tuple(list1)

print(tup1)

# Convert a tuple to a list

tup1 = (112, 223, 334)

list1 = list(tup1)

print(tup1)

print(list1)

# create a dictionary

dict1 = dict(a=10, b=20, c=30)

print(dict1)

dict2 = dict(fname="Jaiveer", lname="Vardhan", age=14, height=172.5)

print(dict2)

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Packing and Unpacking a Tuple:
Tuple Packing:

->We can create a tuple without parentheses (brackets).

->Syntax:

tuple_variable = value1, value2, value3, value4, …. , valuen

Tuple Unpacking:

->We can assign tuple values to a sequence of regular variable.

->Syntax:

variable1, variable2, variable3, … , variablen = tuple_variable

Note: number of variables must be equal to the length of the tuple.

ValueError: too many values to unpack

ValueError: not enough values to unpack

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Example:

# tuple packing and unpacking

# tuple packing
# initialize regular variables
var1 = 10
var2 = 20.5
var3 = "hello"
var4 = False
var5 = 789
# pack the tuple with regular variable values
tup1 = var1 , var2 , var3 , var4 , var5
# display the tuple
print(tup1)

# tuple unpacking
# declare and initialize tuple variable
cities = ("New Delhi" , "Mumbai" , "Chennai" , "Kolkatta")
# unpack the tuple into regular variables
c1, c2, c3, c4 = cities
print(c1)
print(c2)
print(c3)
print(c4)

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 5. Collections - Siddharth Arora Page 53 of 53
Output:

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