EVERWIN MADURAVOYAL

SENIOR HIGHER
SECONDARY SCHOOL

PHYSICH INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

H-BRIDGE

2023-2024

SUBMITTED BY:
KALAI SELVAN.V
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this “Physics Investigatory

Project” on the topic “H-bridge” has been successfully
completed by V.KALAI SELVAN of class XII-FANTASTIC
under the guidance of MRS. LIKITHA.L in particular
fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of
Secondary Education [CBSE] leading to the award of
annual examination of the year 2023-24.

TEACHER IN CHARGE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not

have been possible without the kind support and help many
indiviuals.

I would like to thank my principal Ms.Shahinisa and

School for providing me with facilities required to do my
Project.

I am highly indebted to my physics teacher Mrs.Likitha.L

For her invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts
In all the stages of this project work.

I would also thank my parents for their continuous support

and encouragement.

My thanks and appreciation also go to my fellow classmates

and the laboratory assistant in developing the project and to
the people who have willingly helped me out with their
abilities.
 INDEX

1. Introduction
2. Construction
3. Common usage
4. Application
5. Working Principle
6. Switching state
7. Advantage & Disadvantages
8. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity

of a voltage applied to a load. These circuits are often used
in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run
forwards or backwards. The name is derived from its
common schematic diagram representation, with four
switching elements configured as the branches of a letter
"H" and the load connected as the cross-bar.

Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters), most AC/AC

converters, the DC-to-DC push–pull converter, isolated DC-
to-DC converter most motor controllers, and many other
kinds of power electronics use H bridges. In particular, a
bipolar stepper motor is almost always driven by a motor
controller containing two H bridges.
CONSTRUCTION
One way to build an H-bridge is to use an array of relays from a relay
board.

A "double pole double throw" (DPDT) relay can generally achieve

the same electrical functionality as an H-bridge (considering the
usual function of the device). However a semiconductor-based H-
bridge would be preferable to the relay where a smaller physical
size, high speed switching, or low driving voltage (or low driving
power) is needed, or where the wearing out of mechanical parts is
undesirable.

Another configuration is to have a DPDT relay to set the direction of

current flow and a transistor to enable the current flow. This can
extend the relay life, as the relay will be switched while the
transistor is off and thereby there is no current flow. It also enables
the use of PWM switching to control the current level.
N and P channel semiconductors

A solid-state H-bridge is typically constructed using opposite

polarity devices, such as PNP bipolar junction transistors (BJT) or P-
channel MOSFETs connected to the high voltage bus and NPN BJTs
or N-channel MOSFETs connected to the low voltage bus.

N channel-only semiconductors

The most efficient MOSFET designs use N-channel MOSFETs on

both the high side and low side because they typically have a third
of the ON resistance of P-channel MOSFETs. This requires a more
complex design since the gates of the high side MOSFETs must be
driven positive with respect to the DC supply rail. Many integrated
circuit MOSFET gate drivers include a charge pump within the
device to achieve this.

Alternatively, a switched-mode power supply DC–DC converter can

be used to provide isolated supplies to the gate drive circuitry. A
multiple-output fly back converter is well-suited to this application.

Another method for driving MOSFET-bridges is the use of a

specialised transformer known as a GDT (gate drive transformer),
which gives the isolated outputs for driving the upper FETs gates.
The transformer core is usually a ferrite toroid, with 1:1 or 4:9
winding ratio. However, this method can only be used with high
frequency signals. The design of the transformer is also very
important, as the leakage inductance should be minimized, or cross
conduction may occur. The outputs of the transformer are usually
clamped by Zener diodes, because high voltage spikes could
destroy the MOSFET gates.

COMMON USAGE:
H bridge is used to supply power to a two terminal device. By proper
arrangement of the switches, the polarity of the power to the
device can be changed. Two examples are discussed below, DC
motor Driver and transformer of switching regulator. Note that, not
all of the case of switching condition is safe. The "short"(see below
in "DC motor driver" section) cases are dangerous to the power
source and to the switches.

DC motor Driver

Changing the polarity of the power supply to DC motor is used to

change the direction of rotation. Apart from changing the rotation
direction, the H-bridge can provide additional operation modes,
"brake" and "free run until frictional stop". The H-bridge
arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity/direction of
the motor, but can also be used to 'brake' the motor, where the
motor comes to a sudden stop when the motor's terminals are
connected together. By connecting its terminals, the motor's kinetic
energy is consumed rapidly in form of electrical current and causes
the motor to slow down. Another case allows the motor to coast to
a stop, as the motor is effectively disconnected from the circuit. The
following table summarizes operation, with S1-S4 in H-bridge. In the
table below, "1" is used to represent "on" state of the switch, "0" to
represent the "off" state.
Primary coil driver of switching power converter

Typical primary coil driver is to simply replace the two terminals of

the DC motor by the two terminals of the primary coil. The
switching current in the primary coil turns electrical energy into
magnetic energy and transfers back to ac electrical energy in the
secondary coil.
APPLICATIONS:
The actual use of discrete components to make an H-bridge
is very troublesome, there are already many more
commonly used IC solutions on the market, such as the
commonly used L293D, L298N, TA7257P, SN754410, etc...
Connect the power supply and the motor, and then the
motor can be driven by inputting the control signal.

The following is the L298N module, which is relatively

common, very friendly to novice players, and the wiring is
very simple.

This module has an on-board 5V regulator, which can be

enabled using a jumper.

If the motor supply voltage is up to 12V, we can enable the

5V regulator and the 5V pin can be used as an output, for
example to power the Arduino board.
However, if the motor voltage is greater than 12V, the
jumpers must be disconnected because these voltages can
damage the on-board 5V regulator.

In this case, the 5V pin will be used as an input, since we need

to connect it to the 5V supply in order for the IC to work
properly.

We can notice here that the voltage drop of the IC is about

2 V. Therefore if we use a 12V supply, the voltage on the
motor terminals will be about 10 V, which means that we will
not be able to get the maximum speed from the 12V DC
motor.

Here using Arduino as an example, which is a demo found

online. The overall framework is shown in the figure below.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The operating principle of a single-phase bridge inverter circuit as

shown in the figure H-bridge inverter (single-phase)

Switch T1, T4 on, T2, T3 off: u0 = Ud.

Switch T1, T4 off, T2, T3 on: u0 = -Ud;

When switching switches T1, T4 and T2, T3 alternately at frequency

fS, an alternating voltage waveform (square wave alternating
positive and negative) is obtained at the load resistor R with period
Ts=1/fS . In this way, the DC voltage E is turned into AC voltage uo.
uo contains all harmonics and can be filtered by a filter if a
sinusoidal voltage is desired.

The main circuit switches T1 to T4, which is actually an ideal model

for various semiconductor switching devices. The common
switching devices used in inverter circuits are fast thyristor, turn-
offable thyristor (GTO), power transistor (GTR), power field-effect
transistor (MOSFET), and insulated gate transistor (IGBT).

In practice, there are losses in switching devices: conduction losses

and commutation losses, and gate losses. The gate losses are
negligible, while the conduction losses and phase change losses
increase with the switching frequency.
SWITCHING STATE:

The following is a brief introduction to several switching states of

the H-bridge, taking a DC motor as an example, where forward and
backward are artificially specified directions, and the actual
engineering can be divided according to the actual situation.

Forward
Usually, the H-bridge is used to drive inductive loads, here we drive
a DC motor.

Turn on Q1 and Q4.

Turn off Q2 and Q3.

At this point, assuming the motor is forward, this current passes

through Q1, M, Q4 in turn, marked in the diagram using the yellow
line segment, as shown below.
Backward

Another state is the motor backward; at this time the state of the
four switching components are as follows.

Turning off Q1 and Q4.

Turning on Q2 and Q3.

At this point the motor reverses (opposite to the case described

earlier), which current passes through Q2, M, and Q3 in turn,
marked in the diagram using yellow lines, as shown in the figure
below.

Speed regulation

If the DC motor is to be speed regulated, one of the options is.

Turning off Q2, Q3.

Turning on Q1, giving it a 50% duty cycle PWM waveform on Q4 so
that the effect of reducing the speed is achieved, and if the speed
needs to be increased, setting the duty cycle of the input PWM to
100%.

As shown below.

Stop state

Here the motor is switched from forward to stop state as an

example.

 In the case of forward, Q1 and Q4 are open.

 At this time, if Q1 and Q4 are turned off, the DC motor internal

can be equivalent to an inductor, that is, inductive load, the
current will not change suddenly, then the current will
continue to maintain the original direction of flow.
Now, we hope that the current in the motor can be quickly decayed.
There are two approaches here.

The first: close Q1 and Q4, when the current will still flow through
the reverse continuity diode, then briefly open Q1 and Q3 so as to
achieve the purpose of rapid decay of the current.

The second: when preparing to stop, turn off Q1 and turn on Q2. At
this time, the current does not decay very quickly. The current
circulates between Q2, M, and Q4, and the power is consumed by
the internal resistance of the MOS-FET.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:

ADVANTAES

 No periodic maintenance is required

 Fast switching speed available
 No EMI or possible explosion hazard due to spark

DISADVANTAGES:

 Limited voltage and current handling capacity

 Vulnetable to EMI/EMP or damage due to electrical
transients ( may need metal shielded container and
“snubber” or “flyback” diodes )
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

WWW.GOOGLE.COM

WWW.SLIDESHARE.COM

WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

CIRCUITGLOBE.COM