B.S.

S EDUCATION CENTRE
KANPUR

Session- 2023-23
Topic- Physics Investigatory Project

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Shubham Shukla Mr. Nitish Kumar
XII-B
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 CERTIFICATE
This is certify that “Shubham Shukla” of
class XII-Biology has successfully finished
the “Project Work in Physics” under the
guidance of “Mr. Nitish Kumar.”

Subject Teacher Examiner’s sign

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks

to my Physics Teacher “Mr. Nitish Kumar “
for their able Guidance and support in
completing my Project.

I would also like extend my gratitude to

my friends and family for their help in this
Project.

Shubham Shukla
XII-BIOLOGY

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Draw the Diagram of a Given Open
Circuit Comprising [a Battery,
Resistor/Rheostat, Key, Ammeter and
Voltmeter] and the Components that
are not Connected in Proper Order and
Correct the Circuit and Also the Circuit
Diagram

1.Aim –
• To draw the diagram of a given open
circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and
voltmeter. Mark the components that
are not connected in proper order and
correct the circuit and also the circuit
diagram.

2. Apparatus –
• Battery eliminator / a battery (0 to 6 V)
• Rheostat
• Resistance box (0 to 100 £2)
• Two or one way key.
• D.C. ammeter (0-3) A
• D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V.
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3. Theory –
• An open circuit is the combination of
primary components of electric circuit
in a such a manner that on closing the
circuit no current is drawn from the
battery

4.Diagram –

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5.Procedure –
• Ammeter:
It should be connected in series,
with the battery eliminator.

• Voltmeter:
It should be connected in parallel
to the resistor.

• Rheostat:
It should be connected in series (in
place of resistance coil) with the
battery eliminator.

• Resistance coil:
It should be connected in parallel
(in place of rheostat).

• One way key:

It should be connected in series to
the battery eliminator.
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• Correct circuit Diagram:

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Observations of Refraction and Lateral
Deviation of a Beam of Light Incident
Obliquely on a Glass slab

1. Aim -
• To observe refraction and lateral
deviation of a beam of light incident
obliquely on a glass slab.

2. Apparatus –

• Glass slab
• Drawing board
• White paper sheet
• Drawing pins
• Office pins
• Protractor

3. Theory -
• When ray of light(PQ) incident on face
AB glass slab, then it takes bends
towards the Normal since refraction
takes place from rarer to denser
medium. The refracted ray(QR) travel
along straight line and incident on face
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 DC of slab bends away from the normal.
The ray(RS) out through face DC is called
emergent ray.

• The Incident ray is parallel to the

emergent ray i.e. i=e
• The emergent ray is laterally deviated
from its original path by a distance
D=t sec r sin(i-r)

4. Procedure –
• Fix a white paper sheet by drawing
pins on a drawing board.

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• Take a glass slab and put it
symmetrically in the middle of the
paper and mark its boundary ABCD.
• Draw a normal at point Q on face AB
and draw a line PQ making an angle I
with the normal. PQ will represent an
incident ray.
• Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line
PQ at distances 1 cm or more between
themselves.
• See images of these pins through face
DC and fix two more pins at points 3
and 4 (1 cm or more apart) such that
these two pins cover the images of first
two pins, all being along a straight line.
• Remove the glass slab. Draw straight
line RS through points 3 and 4 to
represent emergent ray. Join QR to
represent refracted ray.
• Draw normal at point R on face DC and
measure angle e. It comes to be equal
to angle i. Produce PQ forward to cut
DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular to RS.
TU measures lateral displacement d.

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 • Now take another set for different
angle of incident and measure the
lateral displacement.

5. Conclusion –
a. Angle of Incidence(i) = Angle of
Emergence(e)
b. Lateral displacement increases with
the increase in the thickness of slab
c. Lateral displacement increases with
angle of incidence (i)

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To Study Diffraction of Light due to Thin
Slit

1. Aim –
• To observe Diffraction of light due to
Thin slit

2. Apparatus –
• Razor blade with sharp edge
• Source of light(i.e. pencil laser)
• Black Paper

3. Theory –
• When a Beam of light falls on a
narrow slit of small width, the light
bends around the edge of the slit. If a
screen is placed at a suitable distance,
Diffraction pattern due to the slit is
obtained
• “The Phenomenon of bending of light
around corners and spreading into
the regions of geometrical shadow is
called Diffraction”
• The diffraction pattern consists of a
central maxima surrounded on either
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 side by a number of alternate dark or
bright bands called secondary minima
and maxima.

4. Procedure -
• Firstly place two sharp edged razor
blades side by side on a strip of black
paper keeping their sharp edges close
and parallel to each other as shown in
the figure, then fix the blade with the
help of cello tape and made fine slit.
• Switched on sodium lamp or pencil laser
and kept it at a distance of
approximately 2m from the blades.
• Let the light coming out of the slit fall on
a screen situated at a distance of about
20cm.

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 • You will observe a diffraction pattern
consists of dark and bright bands on the
screen. if an ordinary lamp is used in
place of sodium lamp, colored fringes
will be observed.
• Repeat the experiment by increasing
the slit width.

5. Result –
• Diffraction patter(fringes) due to a
single slit is formed when light passes
through a narrow slit which consists of a
central bright maxima and secondary
maxima and minima on either side.
• On increasing the slit width, the width of
central maxima decreases and the
sharpness of fringes decreases.

6. Precautions –
• The razor blades should be unused so
that the edges should be very sharp.
• The slit should be formed as narrow as
possible.

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• The source of light should be kept at
least at a distance of 2m from the thin
slit.
• A Beam of monochromatic light should
be used to obtain Diffraction.

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Obtain a Lens combination with the help
specified focal length by using two
lenses from the given sets of lens

1. Aim –
• To Obtain a Lens combination with the
help specified focal length by using two
lenses from the given sets of lens.

2. Apparatus –
• A set of thin convex lenses(let 15cm)
(we have to select a second lens such
that the combination gives a single lens
of focal length fc=10 cm)
• lens holder with stand
• A white painted vertical wooden board
with broad stand
• Half meter scale.

3. Theory –
• The reciprocal of focal length in meter is
called power of lens in diopter (D).
• To-obtain-a-lens-combination-with-the-
specified-focal-length-by-using-two-
lenses-from-the-given-set-of-lenses-1
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 • With a convex lens, the real image of a
distant object is formed at a distance
equal to its focal length.
• If f1 and f2 be the focal lengths of the
two lenses and F be the focal length of
the combination.

4. Procedure –
• Keep the white painted vertical wooden
board to serve as a screen.
• The convex lens (known focal length f1
= 15 cm), fixed into a holder stand is put
on the left of the screen. There are
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 sunlight illuminated green trees at large
distance on the left of the lens.
• The lens is moved towards and away
from the screen till a sharp, inverted
image of trees is formed on the screen.
• Distance between central lines of the
screen and holder stand is measured by
a half meter scale.
• The distance gives the focal length of the
convex lens about 15 cm.
• Replace first lens by second convex lens
of required power and repeat the steps
from 2 to 5. This gives the focal length of
second convex lens.
• Now bring both lenses in contact and
repeat the steps from 2 to 5. This gives
the Combined focal length.

5. Precautions –
• Thin lenses should be taken.
• Lenses should have same aperture.

6. Source of Error –
• Lenses may not be thin.
• Lens apertures may not be same.
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