MODULE 6: Derivatives of Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

MODULE RATIONALE:

This module deals with the properties and the derivatives hyperbolic and inverse
hyperbolic functions. We will study their basic definitions and their identities that are essential in
studying their derivatives.

MODULE OUTCOMES:

At the end of the module, you are expected to:

1. Familiarize yourself with the properties of hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic

functions.
2. Evaluate the derivative of hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions.

LESSON 1: Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

Estimated Time: 2 hours

LESSON OUTCOMES:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Identify the properties of hyperbolic functions.

2. Evaluate the derivative of hyperbolic functions.

LESSON CONTENTS:

Activate:

The combinations of the exponential functions 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑒 −𝑥 occur in various fields of study
such as in mathematics, engineering, sciences and economics. They are somewhat analogous to
the properties of trigonometric or circular functions. Here, hyperbolic functions are related to the
hyperbola more precisely to the equilateral hyperbola. We will study their properties by familiarizing
ourselves with their definitions and by proving their identities. In addition to that, we will also study
how to evaluate their derivatives.

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Acquire:

Definitions:

Here are the definitions of hyperbolic functions;

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 1
1. sinh 𝑥 = 2
5. sech 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 cosh 𝑥
2. cosh 𝑥 = 6. coth 𝑥 =
2 sinh 𝑥
sinh 𝑥
3. tanh 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥
1
4. csch 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥

The notations above such as the sinh 𝑥 is read as “the hyperbolic sine of x.” The succeeding
hyperbolic functions can also be read in the same manner.

From the above definitions, the following identities can be deduced:

1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑥 = 1
2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 2 𝑥 = 1
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = 1
4. sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
5. cosh 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑥
= 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 𝑥 − 1

Differentiation Formulas:

Listed below are the formulas used for differentiating hyperbolic functions. Take note that 𝑢 is a
differentiable function of 𝑥.

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
1. 𝑑𝑥 (sinh 𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. (cosh 𝑢) = sinh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. 𝑑𝑥 (tanh 𝑢) = sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
4. 𝑑𝑥 (coth 𝑢) = −csch2𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
5. (sech 𝑢) = − sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
6. 𝑑𝑥 (csch 𝑢) = − csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

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Proof of the Differentiation Formulas

Here we will try to prove some of the differentiation formulas above. The remaining
formulas which will not be covered are left to you to work on.

Proof of 1.
𝑒 𝑢 −𝑒 −𝑢
From the above definitions, we have, sinh 𝑢 = 2
(we let the variable here to be u to
avoid confusion when we derive the function with respect to x).

𝑑 𝑑 𝑒𝑢 −𝑒−𝑢
(sinh 𝑢) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2 [𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑢 (− 𝑑𝑥 )]
𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
=( ) 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑑𝑢
= cosh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥

Proof of 3.
sinh 𝑢
Recall that, tanh 𝑢 = cosh 𝑢
and using F1 and F2. We have,

𝑑 𝑑 sinh 𝑢
(tanh 𝑢) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑢

𝑑 𝑑
cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 (sinh 𝑢) − sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 (cosh 𝑢)
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
cosh 𝑢 (cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ) − sinh 𝑢(sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 𝑢−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(tanh 𝑢) = sech2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Apply:

Proving of Identities

Example 1] Prove 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥.

Solution:
𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 2 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑥
=1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑥
2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥

1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥

Example 2] Prove that sinh 2𝑦 = 2 sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑦

Solution:
sinh 2𝑦 = 2 sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑦
sinh( 𝑦 + 𝑦) = 2 sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑦
sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑦 sinh 𝑦 = 2 sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑦
sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑦 + sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑦 = 2 sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑦
2 sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑦 = 2 sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑦

Example 3] Prove that sinh(−𝑥) = sinh 𝑥.

Solution:
sinh(−𝑥) = sinh 𝑥.
𝑒 (−𝑥)−𝑒 −(−𝑥)
= 2
𝑒 −𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥
= 2
𝑒 𝑥−𝑒 −𝑥
= −( )
2

= − sinh 𝑥

Differentiation

Example 4] Derive y = sech 4𝑥.

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 4𝑥)

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 𝑑
= − sech 4𝑥 tanh 4𝑥 (4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

= −4 sech 4𝑥 tanh 4𝑥

Example 5] Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 sinh 𝑥.

Solution:

𝑑
𝑓′(𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥
(𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 sinh 𝑥)

1 𝑑
= 2 (sinh 𝑥)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= 2 (cosh 𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥

1
= cosh 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sech 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Example 6] Find of 𝑦 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3 5𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑑
𝑦′ = 3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
= 3 (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 5𝑥 sinh 5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑥)

= 3 (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 5𝑥 sinh 5𝑥)(5)

= 45 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 5𝑥 sinh 5𝑥

45
= sinh 10𝑥 cosh 5𝑥
2

Example 7] Find the first derivative of 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (tanh 4𝑥).

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= [𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (tanh 4𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= (tanh 4𝑥)
√1−(tanh 4𝑥) 2 𝑑𝑥

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 1 𝑑
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 2 4𝑥) (4𝑥)
√𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 24𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 4 sech 4𝑥

Example 8] Find the first derivative of 𝑦 = sinh(3𝑥 + 2)

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 [sinh(3𝑥 + 2)]
𝑑
= [cosh (3𝑥 + 2)] (3𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥

= 3 cosh(3𝑥 + 2)

Assess:

A) Exercises

I. Prove the following identities. (Answer odd numbers only.)

1. cosh 2𝑚 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑚 − 1
tanh 𝑥+tanh 𝑦
2. tanh(𝑥 + 𝑦) =
1−tanh 𝑥 tanh 𝑦
3. sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

4. 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = 1
5. 2 cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 = cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) + cosh(𝑥 − 𝑦)

II. Find the first derivative of the following. (Answer odd numbers only.)

1. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln(sinh 𝑥)
2. 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3 5𝑡
𝑦
3. ℎ = 2 [cosh(ln 𝑦) + sinh(𝑙𝑛𝑦)]
4. 𝑦 = ln 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 6𝑥
1
5. 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 6𝑦 + cosh 12𝑦
2
6. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 tanh 𝑥
7. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cosh 𝑥
8. 𝑙 = ln(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 2𝑥)
sinh 𝜃
9. 𝑚 = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝜃
10. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 tanh 6𝑥
11. Prove that 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥.

B) Formative Assessment

C) Online Short Quiz

D) Summative Test

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Teaching Delivery:

a. Lecture (Video Conferencing)

b. Multimedia Presentation
c. Social Media Interactive Discussion/ Q & A Sessions (thru Messenger, SMS, Google
Meet, Zoom and Facebook Social Learning Group)

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LESSON 2: Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Estimated Time: 2 hours

LESSON OUTCOMES:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Familiarize the properties of inverse hyperbolic functions.

2. Solve for the derivative of a given inverse hyperbolic function.

LESSON CONTENTS:

Activate:

Like trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions have also their counterpart – the
inverse hyperbolic functions. Hyperbolic functions are merely exponential based from our previous
lesson. Thus, it follows that inverse hyperbolic functions (or antihyperbolic functions) are
logarithmic in nature.

For instance, if we have 𝑥 = sinh 𝑦 , its inverse can be written as 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥. The
resulting antihyperbolic function can be read as “the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.” The remaining
five functions can be read in the same manner.

Acquire:

Listed below are the six inverse hyperbolic expressions and their corresponding
logarithmic equivalent.

1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) , 𝑥∈𝑅

2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) , 𝑥≥1
1 1+𝑥
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = 2 ln (1−𝑥) , |𝑥| < 1
1 𝑥+1
4. −1
𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑥 = 2 ln (𝑥−1) , |𝑥| > 1
1+√1−𝑥 2
5. 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln , 0<𝑥≤1
𝑥
1+√1+𝑥 2
ln , 0>𝑥
6. 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 = { 𝑥
1+ √1+𝑥 2
−ln 𝑥
, 0<𝑥

Proof of 1

Let 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1x. Then, 𝑥 = cosh 𝑦.

𝑒 𝑦−𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑦−𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥 = sinh 𝑦 = 2
→ 𝑥= 2

2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
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 𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑦 = 0 ; Multiplying both sides by 𝑒 𝑦

𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0

Solving for 𝑒 𝑦 using the quadratic formula, we have

𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 + 1

*The solution 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 − √1 + 𝑥 2 should be discarded since 𝑒 𝑦 > 0 for all values of y.

Thus, we have

𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ; taking the natural logarithm of both sides

𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

Since 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1x. It follows that,

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

(Note: The proof of the equivalence of remaining five inverse hyperbolic expressions with
their corresponding logarithmic counterpart are left to you as an exercise or you may refer to other
Mathematics books.)

Differentiation Formulas

Listed below are the formulas used for differentiating inverse hyperbolic functions. Take
note that 𝑢 is a differentiable function of 𝑥.

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
1. (sinh−1 𝑢) = √𝑢2 ; (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
2. (cosh−1 𝑢) = √𝑢2 ; (𝑢 > 1)
𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
3. (tanh−1 𝑢) = 1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 ; (−1 < 𝑢 < 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
4. (coth−1
𝑢) = 1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 ; (𝑢2 > 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
5. (sech−1 𝑢) = ; (0 < 𝑢 < 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
6. (csch−1 𝑢) = ; (𝑢 ≠ 0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

Proof of the Differentiation Formulas

Here we will try to prove a differentiation formula above. The remaining formulas which
will not be covered are left to you to work on. (The differentiation formulas can be obtained using
implicit differentiation or by using the logarithmic expression of the inverse hyperbolic functions.)

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Proof of 1. (Using the equivalent logarithmic expression.)

Let 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑢 . But 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑢 = ln(𝑢 + √1 + 𝑢2 )

∴ 𝑦 = ln(𝑢 + √1 + 𝑢2 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 [ln(𝑢 + √1 + 𝑢2 )]

1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢+√1+𝑢2 √1+𝑢2

1 √1+𝑢2 +𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢+√1+𝑢2 √1+𝑢2

1 𝑑𝑢
=
√1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

(Using the implicit differentiation.)

Let 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑢. Then, 𝑢 = sinh 𝑦

𝑑𝑢 𝑑
= (sinh 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= cosh 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
= ; But cosh 𝑦 = √sinh2 𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑢
= ; But 𝑢 = sinh 𝑦
√sinh2 𝑦+ 1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = =
√u2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 √1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

(Note: You can choose any of the two approaches when you want to prove the rest
of the differentiation formulas.)

Apply:

𝑑𝑦
Example 1] If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (cos 𝑥), find 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 1−(cos 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
(cos 𝑥)

1 −1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥(− sin 𝑥) = sin 𝑥

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Example 2] Find the derivative of 𝑦 = cosh−1(sinh 𝑥).

Solution:

𝑑𝑢
Using Chain Rule, let 𝑢 = sinh 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥
= cosh 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ 𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑢 → =
𝑑𝑢 √𝑢2 −1

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 1 1 cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = √ ∙ cosh 𝑥 = ∙ cosh 𝑥 =
𝑢2 −1 √𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥−1 2 √𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥−1

Example 3] Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (5 sin 𝑥).

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 [𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1(5 sin 𝑥)] = 2 (5 sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 (1−25 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

5 cos 𝑥
= 1−25 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

Example 4] Evaluate the first derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (3𝑥 − 2).

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (3𝑥 − 2)] = (3𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√(3𝑥−2) 2 −1

3𝑥−2
=
√9𝑥2 −12𝑥+3

Example 5] Find the derivative of the function 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥).

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 −1 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 [𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)] = 𝑑𝑥
(tan 𝑥)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 √1+(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2

−𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 − sec 𝑥

= = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (sec 𝑥)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= − csc 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 √𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥

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Assess:

A) Exercises:

I. Prove the following identities.

1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (−𝑥) = −`𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥

1 1+𝑥
2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln ( ) , |𝑥| < 1
2 1−𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
3. (sech−1
𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

II. Find the derivative of each of the following functions. (Answer odd numbers only.)

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 √𝑥
𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ −1
4
3. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 √𝑥 2 − 1
4. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 (2𝑥 + 1)
5. 𝑚 = ln(1 − 9𝑢2 ) + 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 3𝑢
6. ℎ = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ −1 (tan 𝑥)
1−𝜃
7. 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 ( ) 1+𝜃
8. 𝑡 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (5𝑥 + 4)
9. ℎ = ln(√𝑡 2 + 1 + 𝑡) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑡
10. 𝑦 = cosh(sec 3𝑥)

B) Formative Assessment

C) Online Short Quiz

D) Summative Test

Teaching Delivery:

a. Lecture (Video Conferencing)

b. Multimedia Presentation
c. Social Media Interactive Discussion/ Q & A Sessions (thru Messenger, SMS, Google
Meet, Zoom and Facebook Social Learning Group)

Bibliography:

Feliciano F., Uy F. (1983) Differential and Integral Calculus. Merriam & Webster Bookstore, Inc.
Manila, Philippines

Love C., Rainville E. (1981) Differential and Integral Calculus, Sixth Edition. Macmillan Publishing
Co., Inc.

Stewart J. (2012). Early Transcendental Calculus, Seventh Edition. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

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