GURU TEGH BAHADUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Optoelectronics And Optical Communication

Practical File
[ETEC-403]

Name: Akansha
Enroll no.:02713202819
Branch: ECE-1
 INDEX

S.NO. EXPERIMENT NAME DATE REMARKS

1. Demonstration of different types of
optical fibers and connection.

2. Study of a 650nm fiber optic analog link.

3. Study of 650 nm fiber optic digital link

4. Study of intensity modulation technique

using analog input signal. To obtain
modulation of analog signal, transmit it
over a fiber optic cable and demodulate
the same at the receiver and to go back
original signal.

5. To measure propagation or attenuation

loss in optical fiber.

6. To measure propagation loss in optical

fiber using optical power meter.

7. To measure the Numerical Aperture (NA)

of fiber.

8. Study of intensity modulation technique

using digital input signal.
 EXPERIMENT-1

AIM:
Demonstration of different types of optical fibers and connection.

APPARATUS:
Demonstration kit of optical fiber and connectors.

THEORY:
For much of modern telecommunication, the path over which signals travel is optical fiber.
Optical fiber for most purposes is made of very thin long fibers. Unlike fiber glass, optical
fiber is made of a much different kind of glass and comes in lengths that may be many
kilometers long. Standard optical fibers are shaped like a very long thin cylinder. In the
center of the cylinder there is a core & surrounding the core is a layer of the cladding.

1. SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBERS:

Single-mode fiber is a common type of optical fiber that is used to transmit over longer
distances. It is one of the two optical fiber types, the other being multi-mode fiber. A single-
mode fiber is a single glass fiber strand used to transmit a single mode or ray of light.
Single-mode fiber features only one transmission mode. Compared with multi-mode fiber, it
can carry higher bandwidths; however, it needs to have a light source having a narrow
spectral width. Single-mode fiber is also known as a single-mode optical fiber, uni-mode
fiber, mono-mode optical fiber and single-mode optical waveguide. Single-mode fiber
features a core diameter of nominally 9 µm and a cladding diameter of 125 µm.

2. MULTIMODE OPTICAL FIBER:

Multi-mode fiber has a large core diameter (50/62.5 µm); therefore they are able to carry
multiple light rays or modes simultaneously, each at a marginally different reflection angle
inside the optical fiber core.
Multi-mode fiber is mainly used to transmit across comparatively shorter distances, as the
modes are more likely to disperse over longer extents and hence reducing the quality of the
signal. Multimode fiber can be divided into step-index fiber and graded-index fiber
according to the fiber refractive index distribution.
 A. STEP INDEX FIBER:
A step-index fiber is a fiber where a uniform refractive index exists within the core
and a sharply decreased refractive index exists in the core-cladding interface
because of the lower refractive index in cladding. . For step-index multimode fiber,
the light propagates in the shape of a zigzag along the fiber/core axis according to
the principle of total reflection. Since digital communications use light pulses to
transmit signals down the length of the fiber, the modal dispersion causes the pulse
to widen severely and spread out when they travel along with the fiber. The more
modes the fiber transmits, the more pulses spread out. This significantly limits the
bandwidth of step-index multimode fibers. For digital optical fiber systems, when the
dispersion is serious, it will cause pulses to overlap with each other.

B. GRADED INDEX FIBER:

The refractive index of a graded-index fiber gradually decreases from its center, and
eventually decreases to the same value as the cladding at the core edge. The speed
of light propagation in graded-index multimode fibers is different because the speed
of guided light varies with the refractive index of the fiber core. The farther the light
goes from the center of the fiber, the faster its speed is. Therefore, most of the
multimode fiber today is graded-index fiber. Compared to step-index fiber, the
graded-index fiber is usually used in medium-distance (10~20 km) and relatively
higher-speed (34~140 Mb/s) communication systems with higher cost.

RESULT:
Various optical fibers and fiber optic connectors and adaptors have been studied through
demonstration bit.
 EXPERIMENT-2
AIM:
Study of a 650nm fiber optic analog link.

APPARATUS:
Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz, oscilloscope probes, optical fiber cable, fiber optic trainer
kit (ST2502), connector wire.

THEORY:
Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals.Basically a
fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a
receiver.The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical from and then
transforms it into optical energy containing the same information.Theoptical fiber is the
medium which takes the energy to the receiver.At receiver light is converted back into
electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.
Transmitter:
Fiber optic transmitters are typically composed of a buffer, driver and optical source. The
buffer provides both an electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter & the
electrical system supplying the data. The driver provides electrical power to the optical
source.Finally, the optical source converts the electrical current to the light energy with
same pattern. Commonly used optical sources are light emitting diodes (LEDs) and Laser
beam.

TRANSCONDUCTANCE DRIVER CKT FOR ANALOG TRANSMISSION COMMON EMITTER &

CONFIGURATION

O/P

ANALOG FIBER OPTIC LINK

The Function Generator generates the input signals that are going to be used as information
to transmit through the fiber optic link. The output voltage available is 1 KHz sinusoidal
signal of adjustable amplitude, and fixed amplitude 1 KHz square wave signal. The
modulator section accepts the information signal and converts it into suitable form for
transmission through the fiber optic link.

The Fiber Optic Link: Emitter and Detector circuit on board form the fiber optic link. This
section provides the light source for the optic fiber and the light detector at the far end of
the fiber optic links. The optic fiber plugs into the connectors provided in this part of the
board. Two separate links are provided.

The Receiver: AC amplifier circuits forms receiver on the board.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Power Supply to the board.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.
3. Make the following connections.
a. Connect the function generator 1 KHz sine wave output to emitter’s input.
b. Connect the Fiber Optics Cable between emitter output and detectors input.
c. Detector's output to AC amplifier’s input.
4. On the board, switch emitter’s driver to analog mode.
5. Switch on the power.
6. Observe the input to emitter with the output from AC amplifier and note that the
two signals are same.

OBSERVATION:
I/P Voltage: 1.2 V
Detector Voltage: 0.1 V
Amplifier O/P: 1.4 V

RESULT:
The 650 nm fiber optic analog link has been established.
 EXPERIMRNT-3
AIM:
Study of 650nm fiber optic digital link.

APPARATUS:
Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probes, optical fiber cable, ST2502
trainer with power supply cords, connector wire.

THEORY:
Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals.Basically a
fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a
receiver.The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical from and then
transforms it into optical energy containing the same information.Theoptical fiber is the
medium which takes the energy to the receiver.At receiver light is converted back into
electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.
Transmitter:
Fiber optic transmitters are typically composed of a buffer, driver and optical source. The
buffer provides both an electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter & the
electrical system supplying the data. The driver provides electrical power to the optical
source.Finally, the optical source converts the electrical current to the light energy with
same pattern. Commonly used optical sources are light emitting diodes (LEDs) and Laser
beam.

A SIMPLE DRIVE CIRCUIT FOR BINARY TO DIGITAL TRANSMISSION CONSISTING OF A COMMON

EMITTER CONFIGURATION

BIAS

FUNCTION EMITTER DETECTOR COMPARATOR AMPLIFIER

GENERATOR

DIGITAL FIBER OPTIC LINK

The Fiber Optic Link: Emitter and Detector circuit on board form the fiber optic link. This
section provides the light source for the optic fiber and the light detector at the far end of
the fiber optic links. The optic fiber plugs into the connectors provided in this part of the
board. Two separate links are provided.

The Receiver: AC amplifier circuits forms receiver on the board.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Power Supply to the board.

2. Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.
3. Make the following connections.
a. Connect the function generator 1 KHz square wave output to emitter’s input.
b. Connect the Fiber Optics Cable between emitter’s output and detectors
input.
c. Detector's output to comparator’s input.
4. Comparator’s o/p to AC amplifier’s input.
5. On the board, switch emitter’s driver to digital mode.
6. Switch on the power.
7. Monitor both the i/p to the comparator. Slowly i/p the comparator bias preset, until
DC level on i/p bias between high & low level of signal on positive i/p.
8. Observe the i/p the emitter with o/p from AC amplifier and note that both signals
are same.

OBSERVATION:
I/P voltage: 0.16V
Comparator O/P: 0.05V
Amplifier O/P: 1V

RESULT:
The 650 nm fiber optic digital link has been established.
 EXPERIMRNT-4
AIM:
Study of intensity modulation technique using analog input signal. To obtain modulation of
analog signal, transmit it over a fiber optic cable and demodulate the same at the receiver
and to go back original signal.

APPARATUS:
Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probes, optical fiber cable, ST2502
trainer with power supply cords, connector wire.

THEORY:
Modulation –In order to transmit information via an optical fiber communication system it is
necessary to modulate property of light with information signal. This property may be
intensity frequency phase.
Intensity modulation- in this system information signal is used to control intensity of the
source. At the far end variation in the amplitude of received signal is used to recover original
information signal. The audio i/p signal is used to control the current an LED which in turn
controls the light is conveyed to detector 1 circuit by fiber optic. The detector is a photo
transistor which converts incoming light to small current which flows through series resistor.
This gives rise to a voltage whose amplitude is controlled by received light intensity the
voltage is now amplified within detector circuit and if necessary, amplified further by
amplified circuit.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect power supply to cord.
2. Make following connections.
a) Connect 1 kHz sine wave FG to i/p if on emitter 1.
b) Plug fiber optic link from emitter 1 LED to photo transistor of detector 1.
c) Detector 1 o/p TP to AnpTP2T.
3. In emitter 1, mode selects Analog.
4. Turn 1 kHz preset in function generator block to max amplitude.
5. With dual trace oscilloscope, observe i/p and o/p signal. It should carry smaller
version of 1 kHz sine wave.
6. The o/p of detector 1 further amplified by amplifier 1 this amplifier increases
amplitude of received signal and else removed DC component.
7. Monitor o/p of amplifier 1 TP2 & change the amplitude of modulating sine wave by
varying 1 KHz present in function generator block.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Frequency=1 KHz

S.No. Input Voltage(V) Output Voltage(V)

1. 0.10 0.08
2. 0.20 0.12
3. 0.24 0.18
4. 0.44 0.24

RESULT:
The intensity modulation and demodulation of analog signal has been implemented.
 EXPERIMENT-5
AIM:
To measure propagation or attenuation loss in optical fiber.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probes, optical fiber cable, ST2502
trainer with power supply cords, connector wire.

THEORY:
There are 2 types of propagation mode in fiber optics cable which are multi-mode and
single-mode. These provide different performance with respect to both attenuation and
time dispersion. The single-mode fiber optic cable provides the better performance at a
higher cost.

The number of modes in a fiber optic cable depends upon the dimensions of the cable and
the variation of the indices of refraction of both core and cladding across the cross section.
There are three principal possibilities which are multi-mode step index, single-mode step
index and multi-mode graded index.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect power supply to cord.
2. Make the following connections.
a. Function generator 1 KHz sine wave O/p to I/p 1 socket of emitter 1.
b. Connect 0.5m optic fiber b/w 1 o/p and detector 1’s i/p
c. Connect detector 1 o/p to amplifier 1 i/p socket.
3. Switch ON the power supply of trainer.
4. Set oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5V/div and 4-6 div amplitude by using X1 probe with
the help of variable pot in function generator.
5. Observe the O/P signal from detector TP 10 on CRO.
6. Adjust the amplitude of received signal with gain adjust pot AC amplifier block.
7. Now replace press or FG cable with 1m cable without disturbing any present setting.
OBSERVATION:
1) Using O/P of Cables of Diff Diameters
O/P of 0.5m Cable =0.56v
O/P of 1m Cable =0.52v
Attenuation=20log56/52=0.64db
2) Using Formula=1/(L1+L2)ln(V1/V2)=429db/m
3) Using Opm, Pn=-31.3dbm
Pf=-31.4dbm
D=1db

CALCULATION:
Calculate the propagation (attenuation) loss with help of following formula.
V1/V2=e-alpha (L1+L2)
Where alpha is loss in neper/meter.
1Neper =8.686db
L1=Where alpha of shorter cable (0.5m)
L2=length of larger cable (1m)

RESULT:
Propagation or attenuation loss in optical fiber is measured.
 EXPERIMENT- 6
AIM:
To measure propagation loss in optical fiber using optical power meter.

APPARATUS:
ST2502 trainer with power supply cords, Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary
connecting probes, optical fiber cable, power factor meter ST2557 with supply cord.

THEORY:
Fiber optic system face some losses in communication, which losses accrued from material,
cable length, couple the more no of fiber optic cable, splicing the fiber cable etc., in
propagation loss, cable length act as a loss in Fiber optic system. In this loss identify from
using long distance fiber optic cable in communication and it will be attenuate the signal
gain and strength.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the power supply to the mains and trainer ST2501.
2. Keep the mode switch in emitter 1 circuit in analog mode.
3. Connect the 0.5m fiber cable in between the emitter LED and i/p of power meter.
4. Switch on the instrument fiber optic trainer and power meter.
5. Replace the 0.3 m fiber cable with 1m cable with disturbing any sitting.
6. Again note the reading in power. This reading will be lesser than the previous one,
indicating that the propagation loss increases with increase in length.
7. Perform the same with emitter 2.

OBSERVATIONS:
Using OPM,
Pn = -31.3 dBm
Pf = -31.4 dBm
α = 0.1 dB

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The optical fiber must not be bent, so as to avoid bending losses.
2. The circuit must be neat and secure.
 EXPERIMENT- 7
AIM:
To measure the Numerical Aperture (NA) of fiber.

APPARATUS:
ST2502 trainer with power supply, cord optical fiber cable, numerical aperture
measurement Jig, Paper and scale.

THEORY:
Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber & is
totally internally reflected and it can be transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone
formed by the rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the core of acceptance of
fiber. If light ray should strike the fiber end within this core of acceptance it will be
transmitted properly else it is refracted out of
fiber.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the power cord supply and to trainer ST2502.

2. Connect frequency generator's I KHZ Sine wave output to input of emitter1 circuit.
Adjust its amplitude at 5Vpp.
3. Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter1 circuit and the
other end to the numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen
facing the fiber such that its at face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
4. Hold fiber vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot.
5. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the
spot.
Compute the numerical aperture from the formula given below:

NA =
RESULT:
The Numerical Aperture of the fiber measured is 0.34 using trigonometric formula.
 EXPERIMENT-8

AIM:
Study of intensity modulation technique using digital input signal.The objective of this
experiment is to obtain intensity modulation or digital signal, transmit it over fiber optics
cable and demodulate the same at receiver and to get back the original signal.

APPARATUS:
Trainer with power supply code.Optical fiber cable. Get told Ray oscilloscope.With necessary
probe.

THEORY:
With intensity modulation, discrete changes in light intensity are obtained. That is on off.
Show a black schematic of a typical digital optical fiber cable. Initially input digital signal
from information source is suitably encoded for transmission. The alleged drives circuit
directly modulates intensity of light with encoded digital signal. Hence or LED drive Circuit
made digital optical signal is launched into the optical fiber cable. The photo transistor used
as detector is followed by an amplifier to provide gain. Finally the signal obtained is decoded
to. Give the original signal.
Digital bias voltage-In care of voltage digital signal, the only information which needs to be
conveyed is the on state and out of state. So there is no negative part of the signal to be
caused and furthermore. Any distortion due to nonlinearity of the characteristics is of no
importance. All are needed to know is whether the signal is on or off. There is no need
therefore to generate a bias voltage when amplitude modulation is used with the digital
input.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect power supply to main and to trace 552502.
a. Connect one kHz square wave. So dot to function generator to emitted.1.
b. Connect an optic fiber link between emitter 1 output and detector one input
with the help of connector provided.
c. Detector output to comparator is non inverting. Positive input.
2. Switch mode switch in emitter Block 2 digital mode. This ensured that signal applied
to drives input with all or of state.
3. Comma and the input to emitter one TP is on DSO. This one kHz square wave is now
being used to amplitude modulates emitter one LED.
4. Examine the output of detector 1B10.This should carry a smaller version of original 1
kHz square wave, illustrating that modulated light beam has been reconverted into
electrical signal.
5. Examine output of TP.15.
OBSERVATION:
Digital input signal =5 Volt.
Comparator output =4 Volt.
DC bias voltage =0.18 Volt.
Output of amplifier= 5 volts.

RESULT:
Intensity modulation has been performed and it cases over analog intensity modulation has
been verified.