See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/308898939

Sigmoid Functions Some Approximation and Modelling Aspects: Some Moduli in Programming Environment MATHEMATICA

Book · August 2015

CITATIONS READS
11 1,546

2 authors:

Nikolay Kyurkchiev Svetoslav Markov

Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski" Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
367 PUBLICATIONS 4,870 CITATIONS 177 PUBLICATIONS 2,869 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Nikolay Kyurkchiev on 24 July 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 1

Nikolay Kyurkchiev, Svetoslav Markov

SIGMOID FUNCTIONS:
SOME APPROXIMATION,
AND MODELLING ASPECTS

2015
 3

CONTENTS

Preface 5
Chapter 1. Sigmoid Functions
1.1. Introduction 7
1.2. Sigmoid and step functions 8
1.2.1 Hausdorff continuity 8
1.2.2 The step function 8
1.2.3 The cut functions 9
1.2.4 Sums of sigmoid functions 9
1.2.5 Hausdorff distance 9
1.2.6 The logistic sigmoid functions 11
1.2.7 Approximation issues 12
1.2.8 Shifted logistic functions 16
1.3. Kinetic mechanisms yielding Verhulst model 16
1.3.1 A simple autocatalytic reaction 17
1.3.2 Autocatalytic reaction involving nutrient substrate 18
1.3.3 Nutrient supply as input function 20
1.3.4 Computational issues 20
1.4 Conclusions 21
1.5 Supplements 23
1.5.1 Supplement 1. More precise bounds for d(k) 23
1.5.2 Supplement 2. Approximation of continuous functions by multilayer perceptrons 26
Appendix 1. 30
Appendix 2. 31
Appendix 3. 32
Appendix 4. 32
Chapter 2. Approximation of the cut function
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Preliminaries 34
2.2.1 Sigmoid functions 34
2.2.2 Piece-wise linear sigmoid functions: cut function 34
2.2.3 Smooth sigmoid functions: logistic function 36
2.3 Approximation of the cut function by logistic functions 36
2.4 Approximation of the cut function by squashing functions 39
Appendix 45
Chapter 3. Log–logistic and transmuted log–logistic functions
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Approximation of the step function by log–logistic functions 49
4

3.3 Approximation of the step function by transmuted log–logistic functions 53

Chapter 4. The Gompertz sigmoid function
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Approximation of the step function by Gompertz functions 58
4.3 Remarks 60
4.4 Some applications 63
4.5 Approximation of the step function by transmuted Gompertz function 69
Chapter 5. The Rayleigh sigmoid function
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Approximation of the step function by transmuted Rayleigh function 74
5.3 Approximation of the step function by transmuted generalized Rayleigh function 77
Chapter 6. The Lindley sigmoid function
6.1 Introduction 81
6.2 Approximation of the step function by transmuted Lindley function 82
6.3 Approximation of the step function by generalized Lindley function 83
6.3.1 Special cases of the generalized Lindley function 85
6.4 Approximation of the step function by exponentiated power Lindley function 88
Chapter 7. The Burr sigmoid function
7.1 Introduction 95
7.2 Approximation of the step function by sigmoid Burr function 96
7.3 Approximation of the step function by generalized Burr function 98
Bibliography 101
Bibliography

[1] Alt, R., S. Markov, Theoretical and computational studies of some bioreactor models,
Computers and Mathematics with Applications 64 (2012), 350–360.

[2] Anguelov, R., S. Markov, Hausdorff Continuous Interval Functions and Approxima-
tions, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (accepted), 2015.

[3] Basheer, I. A., M. Hajmeer, Artificial neural networks: fundamentals, computing,

design, and application, Journal of Microbiological Methods 43 (2000), 3–31.

[4] Costarelli, D., R. Spigler, Approximation results for neural network operators acti-
vated by sigmoidal functions, Neural Networks 44, 101–106 (2013).

[5] Dimitrov, S., G. Velikova, V. Beschkov, S. Markov, On the Numerical Computation

of Enzyme Kinetic Parameters, Biomath Communications 1 (2), 2014.

[6] Glover, Ian, The Approximation of Continuous Functions by Multilayer Perceptrons.

http://www.manicai.net/ai/assets/approx cts fn.pdf

[7] Hausdorff, F., Set theory (2 ed.), New York, Chelsea Publ.,1962 [1957], ISBN 978-
0821838358 (Republished by AMS-Chelsea 2005).

[8] Markov, S., Biomathematics and Interval Analysis: A Prosperous Marriage, in: Chris-
tov, Ch. and Todorov, M. D. (eds), Proc. of the 2nd Intern. Conf. on Application of
Mathematics in Technical and Natural Sciences (AMiTaNS’10), AIP Conf. Proc. 1301,
26–36. 2010.

[9] Markov, S., Cell Growth Models Using Reaction Schemes: Batch Cultivation, Biomath
2/2 (2013), 1312301
http://dx.doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2013.12.301

[10] Markov, S., On the Use of Computer Algebra Systems and Enclosure Methods in the
Modelling and Optimization of Biotechnological Processes, Bioautomation (Intern.
Electronic Journal) 3, 2005, 1–9.

[11] Markov, S., On the mathematical modelling of microbial growth: some computational
aspects, Serdica J. Computing 5 (2), 153–168 (2011).

[12] Murray J. D., Mathematical Biology: I. An Introduction, Third Edition, Springer,

2002.

101
102 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[13] Radchenkova, N., M. Kambourova, S. Vassilev, R. Alt, S. Markov, On the Mathemat-

ical Modelling of EPS Production by a Thermophilic Bacterium, Biomath 4 (2014),
1407121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2014.07.121

[14] Sendov, B., Hausdorff Approximations, Kluwer, Boston, 1990.

[15] Verhulst, P.-F., Notice sur la loi que la population poursuit dans son accroissement,
Correspondance mathematique et physique 10: 113–121 (1838).

[16] Verhulst, P.-F., Recherches mathematiques sur la loi d’accroissement de la population

(Mathematical Researches into the Law of Population Growth Increase), Nouveaux
Memoires de l’Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles 18: 1–42
(1845).

[17] Verhulst, P.-F., Deuxieme memoire sur la loi d’accroissement de la population, Mem-
oires de l’Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique
20: 1–32 (1847).

[18] Sendov Bl., V. Popov, The exact asymptotic behavior of the best approximation by
algebraic and trigonometric polynomials in the Hausdorff metric, Mat. Sb. (N.S.), 89,
1972, 138–147.

[19] Traub, J., Iterative Methods for the Solution of Equations, Chelsea Publishing Com-
pany, New York, N.Y., 1982.

[20] Kyurkchiev N., S. Markov, Sigmoidal Functions: some Computational

and Modelling Aspects, Biomath Communications 1 (2), (2014), 19 pp.;
http:dx.doi.org/10.11145/j.bmc.2015.03.081

[21] Anguelov R., S. Markov, B. Sendov, On the Normed Linear Space of Hausdorff Con-
tinuous Functions. In: Lirkov, I., et al (eds): Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3743,
Springer, (2006), 281–288.

[22] Anguelov R., S. Markov, B. Sendov, Algebraic Operations on the Space of Hausdorff
Continuous Functions. In: Boyanov, B. (ed.): Constructive Theory of Functions, Prof.
M. Drinov Academic Publ. House, Sofia (2006), 35–44.

[23] Anguelov R., S. Markov, B. Sendov, The Set of Hausdorff Continuous Functions - the
Largest Linear Space of Interval Functions. Reliable Computing 12, 337–363 (2006).

[24] Rosenblat F., The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and
Organization in the Brain, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Psychological Review,
65 (6), 386–408 (1958).

[25] http://www.uni-weimar.de/medien/webs/.../unite n.pdf

[26] Dombi J., Z. Gera, The approximation of piecewise linear membership functions and
Likasiewicz operators, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 154, 275–286 (2005).
BIBLIOGRAPHY 103

[27] Kyurkchiev N., S. Markov, On the Hausdorff distance between the Heaviside step
function and Verhulst logistic function, J. of Math. Chemistry, 2015 (submitted).

[28] Fisk, P. R., The Graduation of Income Distribution, Econometrica, 29 (2), 1961,
171–185.

[29] Collett, D., Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research,(2nd. ed.), 2003, CRC press,
ISBN 1-58488-325-1.

[30] Shaw, W., I. Buckley, The alchemy of probability distributions: beyond Gram-Charlier
expansion and a skew-kurtotic-normal distribution from rank transmutation map,
Research report (2007).

[31] Gupta, R. C., O. Acman, S. Lvin, A sudy of log–logistic model in survival analysis,
Biometrica Journal, 41 (4), 1999, 431–443.

[32] Iliev, A., N. Kyurkchiev, S. Markov, On the approximation of the cut function by
smooth sigmoidal functions, Int. J. Math. Models Biosci., 4, 2015 (submitted).

[33] Albano, G., V. Giono, On the first exit time problem for a Gompertz-type tumor
growth, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5717, 2009, 113–120.

[34] Cao, F. L., Z. Chen, Z., The approximation operators with sigmoidal functions, Com-
puter & Mathematics with Applications, 58:4 (2009) 758–765.

[35] Chalco-Cano, Y., H. Roman-Flores, F. Gomida, A new type of approximation for

fuzzy intervals, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 159 (11), 1376–1383, (2008).

[36] Chen, Zh., F. Cao, J. Hu, Approximation by network operators with logistic activation
functions, Applied Mathematics and Computation 256 (2015), 565–571.

[37] Chumerina, E. S., Choice of optimal strategy of tumor chemotherapy in Gompertz

model, J. Comp. and Syst. Sci. Int. 48 (2), 2009, 325–331.

[38] Costarelli, D., R. Spigler, Constructive Approximation by Superposition of Sigmoidal

Functions, Anal. Theory Appl., Vol. 29, No. 2 (2013), 169–196
DOI: 10.4208/ata.2013.v29.n2.8

[39] Dombi, J., Membership function as an evaluation, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 35, 1–21
(1990).

[40] Dombi, J., Zs. Gera, Rule based fuzzy classification using squashing functions, In:
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 19 (2008), 3–8.

[41] Gera, Zs., Computationaly efficient reasoning using approximated fuzzy intervals,
Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 158 (7), 689–703, (2007).

[42] Gera, Zs., J. Dombi, Genetic Algorithm with Gradient Based Tuning for Constructibg
Fuzzy Rules, Proc. of the 6th Intern. Symposium of Hungarian Researchers on Com-
putational Intelligence, Budapest, 2005.
http://www.academia.edu/10987580/
104 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[43] Gompertz, B., On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality,
and on a new mode of determining the value of the life contingencies, Philos. Trans.
R. Soc. London, 115, 1825, 513–585.

[44] Henri, V., Ueber das Gesetz der Wirkung des Invertins. Z. Phys. Chem., 39 (1901),
194–216.

[45] Kodaka, M., Requirements for generating sigmoidal time-course aggregation in

nucleation-dependent polymerization model, Biophys. Chem., 107, 243–253 (2004).

[46] Kodaka, M., Interpretation of concentration-dependence in aggregation kinetics, Bio-

phys. Chem., 109, 325–332 (2004).

[47] Kramer, W., J. Wolff v. Gudenberg, Scientific Computing, Validated Numerics, Inter-
val Methods, Proceedings of the conference Scan-2000/Interval-2000, Kluwer/Plenum,
2001.

[48] Roman-Flores, H., Y. Chalco-Cano, M. Rojas-Medar, Convolution of fuzzy sets and

applications, Comput. Math. Appl., 46, 2003, 1245–1261.

[49] Thomas, J., A. Runkler, Function approximation with polynomial membership func-
tions and alternating cluster information, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 101, 207–218
(1999).

[50] van der Walt, J. H., The Linear Space of Hausdorff Continuous Interval Functions.
Biomath 2 (2013), 1311261
http://dx.doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2013.11.261

[51] Viori, K., I. Stranden, M. L. Sevon Aimonen, E. A. Mantysaari, Estimation of non-

linear growth models by linearization: a simulation study using a Gompertz function,
Genet. Sel. Evol., 38 (4), 343–358, 2006.

[52] Zwietering, M. H., I. Jongenburger, F. M. Rombouts, et al., Modeling of the Bacterial

Growth Curve. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 56 (6), 1875–1881 (1990).

[53] Han, J., C. Morag, The influence of the sigmoid function parameters on the speed of
backpropagation learning, In: Mira, J., Sandoval, F. (Eds) From Natural to Artificial
Neural Computation, 195201, 1995.

[54] Richards, F. J., A flexible growth function for empirical use, J. Exp. Bot., 10, 1959,
290–300.

[55] Stannard, C. J., A. P. Williams, P. A. Gibbs, Temperature/growth relationship for

peychotrophic food-spoilage bacteria, Food Microbiol., 2, 1985, 115–122.

[56] Schnute, J., A versatile growth model with statistically stable parameters, Can. J.
Fish. Aquat. Sci., 38, 1981, 1128–1140.

[57] Costarelli, D., Sigmoidal Functions Approximation and Applications, Dottorato di

Ricera in Matematica, Departiment di Matematica e Fisica, Sezione di Matematica,
UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI, Roma, 2014.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 105

[58] Mantysaari, E. A., M. L. Sevon Aimonen, I. Stranden, K. Vuori, Estimation of non-

linear growth models by linearization: a simulation studi using a Gompertz function,
Genet. Sel. Evol., 38, 2006, 343–358.

[59] Sas, A. A., H. Snieder, J. Korf, Gompertz’ survivorship law as an intrinsic principle
of aging, Medical Hypotheses, 78 (5), 2012, 659–663.

[60] Berger, R. D., Comparison of the Gompertz and logistic equation to describe plant
disease progress, Phytopathology 71, 1980, 716–719.

[61] Lin, D., Z. Shkedy, D. Yekutieli, D. Amaratunda, L. Bijnens, (Eds.), Modeling

Dose Responce Microarray Data in Early Drug Development Experiments usung R,
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, ISBN: 978-3-642-24006-5.

[62] Bajzer, Z., S. Vuk-Pavlovic, New Dimensions in Gompertz Growth, J. of Theoretical

Medicine, 2, 2000, 307–315.

[63] Savageau, M. A., Allometric morphogenesis of complex systems: A derivation of the

basic equations from the first principles, Proc. of the National Academy of Sci., 76,
1979, 5413–5417.

[64] Carey, E., Using Calculus to Model the Growth of L.Plantarum Bacteria, Undergrad-
uate J. of Math. Modeling, 1 (2), Article 2, 2009, 11 pp.

[65] Koivula, M., M. Sevon-Aimonen, I. Stranden, K. Matilainen, T. Serenius, K. Stalder,

E. Mantysaari, Genetic (c0)variances and breeding value estimation of Gompertz
drowth curve parameters in Finish Yorkshire boars, gilts and barrows, J. Anim. Breed.
Genet., 125, 2008, 168–175.

[66] Rickles, R., A. Scheuerlein, Biological Imlications of the Weibull and Gompertz Models
of Aging, J. of Gerontology: BIOLOGICA SCIENCES, 57 (2), 2002, B69–B76.

[67] Wu, J. W., W. L. Hung, Ch. H. Tsai, EStimation of parameters of the Gompertz
distribution using the least squares method, Appl. Math. Comp., 158, 2004, 133–147.

[68] Makany, R., A theoretical basis of Gompertz’s curve, Biometrica Journal, 33, 1991,
121–128.

[69] Franses, P. H., Fitting a Gompertz curve, J. of Operational Research Society, 45,
1994, 109–113.

[70] Chen, Z., Parameter estimation of the Gompertz population, Biometrical Journal, 39,
1997, 117–124.

[71] Wu, J. W., W. C. Lee, Characterisation of the mixtures of Gompertz distributions by

conditional expection of order statistics, Biometric Journal, 41, 1999, 371–381.

[72] Abrams, P. A., D. Ludwig, Optimality theory, Gompertz’law, and the disposable some
theory of senescence, Evolution., 49, 1995, 1055–1066.
106 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[73] Wilson, D. L., The analysis of survival (mortality) data: fitting Gompertz, Weibull,
and logistic functions, Mech Ageing Devel., 74, 1994, 15–33.

[74] Akanuma, A., Parameter analysis of Gompertz function drowth model in clinical tu-
mors, European J. of Cancer, 14, 1978, 681–688.

[75] Winsor, C. P., The Gompertz curve as a growth curve, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 18, 1932, 1–8.

[76] Abdul-Moniem, I. B., M. Seham, Transmuted Gompertz distribution, Comp. Appl.

Math., 1 (3), 2015, 88–96.

[77] Aryal, G., Transmuted Log–logistic Distribution, J. of Statistics Applications and

Probability, 2 (1), 2013, 11–20.

[78] Merovci, F., Transmuted Rayleigh Distribution, Austrian Journal of Statistics, 4 (1),
2013, 21–31.

[79] Kundu, D., M. Z. Raqab, Generalized Rayleigh distribution: different methods of

estimation, Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 49, 2005, 187–200.

[80] Mahdi, S., Improved parameter estimation in Rayleigh model, Metodoloski zvezki, 3,
2006, 63–74.

[81] Manesh, S. F., B. Khaledi, On the likelihod ratio order for convolutions of independent
generalized Rayleigh random variables, Statistics and Probability Letters, 78, 2008,
3139–3144.

[82] Merovci, F., Transmuted Generalized Rayleigh Distribution, J. of Stat. Appl. Proba-
bility, 3 (1), 2014, 9–20.

[83] Ahmad, A., S. P. Ahmad, A. Ahmed, Transmuted Inverse Rayleigh Distribution: A

Generalization of the Inverse Rayleigh Distribution, Math. Th. amd Modeling, 4 (7),
2014, 90–98.

[84] Lindley, D. V., Fiducial distributions and Bayes theorem, Journal of the Royal Sta-
tistical Society, Series B, 20, 1958, 102–107.

[85] Lindley, D. V., Introduction to Probability and Statistics from a Bayesian Viewpoint,
Part II: Inference, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1965.

[86] Merovci, F., Transmuted Lindley Distribution, Int. J. Open Problems Compt. Math.,
6 (2), 2013, 63–72.

[87] Mansour, M., S. Mohamad, A new generalized of transmuted Lindley distribution,

Appl. Math. Sci., 9 (55), 2015, 2720–2748.

[88] Aryal, G. R., C. P. Tsokos, On the transmuted extreme value distribution with appli-
cation, Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods amd Applications, 71, 2009, 1401–1407.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 107

[89] Aryal, G. R., C. P. Tsokos, Transmuted Weibull distribution: A generalization of the

Weibull probability distribution, European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics,
4, 2011, 89–102.

[90] Ashor, S. and et al., Transmuted Exponential Lomax Distribution, Austrilian Journal
of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7, 2013, 658–667.

[91] Voda, R., On the inverse Rayleigh variable, Rep. Stat. Res. Juse, 19 (4), 1972, 15–21.

[92] Soliman, A., and et al., Estimatiom and Prediction from the inverse Rayleigh distri-
bution based on lower record values, Appl. Math. Sci., 4 (62), 2010, 3057–3066.

[93] Ghitany, M. E., D. K. Al-Mutairi, N. Balakrishnan, L. J. Al-Enezi, Power Lindley

distribution and associated inference, Comput. Stat. Data Anal., 64, 2013, 20–33.

[94] Ashour, S., M. Eltehiwy, Exponentiated power Lindley distribution, J. of Advanced

Research, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2014.08.005.

[95] Ghitany, M. E., B. Atieh, S. Nadarajah, Lindley distribution and its application,
Math. Comput. Simulation, 78, 2008, 493–506.

[96] Ghitany, M. E., F. Al-qallaf, D. K. Al-Mutairi, H. A. Hussain, A two parameter

wighted Lindley distribution and its application to survival data, Math. Comput.
Simulation, 81, (6), 2011, 1190–1201.

[97] Merovci, F., I. Elbatal, Transmuted Lindley geometric and its application, J. Stat.
Appl., 3 (1), 2014, 77–91.

[98] Gupta, R. D., D. Kundu, Generalized exponential distribution, Aust. NZ J. Stat., 41

(2), 1999, 173–188.

[99] Nadarajah, S., H. S. Bakouch, R. A. Tahmasbi, Generalized Lindley distribution,

Sankhya B, 73, 2011, 331–359.

[100] Bakouch, H. S., B. M. Al-Zahrani, A. A. Al-Shomrani, V. A. Marchi, F. Louzada, An

extended Lindley distribution, J. Korean Stat. Soc., 41 (1), 2012, 753–85.

[101] Asgharzadeh, A., S. H. Bakouch, S. Nadarajah, L. Esmaeli, A new family of compound

lifetime distributions, Kybernetika, 50 (1), 2014, 142–169.

[102] Oluyede, B., T. Yang, A new class of generalized Lindley dis-

tributions with application, J. Stat. Comput. Simulation, 2014;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2014.917308.

[103] Jodra, J., Computer generation of random variables with Lindley or Poisson–Lindley
distribution via the Lambert Wfunction, Math. Comput. Simulation, 81, 2010, 851–
859.

[104] Abdul-Moniem, I. B., H. F. Abdel-Hamed, On exponentiated Lomax distribution, Int.

J. of Math. Archive, 3 (5), 2012, 1–7.
108 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[105] Gupta, R. D., D. Kundu, Exponentiated exponential family: an alternative to Gamma

and Weibull distribution, Biometrica Journal, 43 (1), 2001, 117–1130.

[106] Nadarajah, S., Exponential Pareto distribution, Statistics, 39 (3), 2005, 255–260.

[107] Nadarajah, S., The exponentiated Gumbel distribution with climate application, En-
vironmetrics, 17 (3), 2006, 13–23.

[108] Sankaran, M., The discrete Poisson–Lindley distribution, Biometrics, 26, 1970, 145–
149.

[109] Burr, I. W., Cumulative frequency functions, Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 13

(2), 1942, 215–232.

[110] Singh, S., G. Maddala, A function for the size distribution of incomes, Econometrica,
44 (5), 1976, 963–970.

[111] Maddala, G. S., Limited–Dependent and Qualitative variables in Econometrics, Cam-

bridge University Press, 1983; ISBN 0-521-33825-5.

[112] Tadikamalla, Pandu R., A Look at the Burr and Related Distributions, International
Statistical Review, 48 (3), 1980, 337–344.

[113] Kliber, C., S. Kotz, Statistical Size Distributions in Economics and Actuarial Sciences,
New York; Wiley, 2003.

[114] Champernowne, G., The graduation of income distributions, Econometrica, 20 (4),

1952, 591–614.

[115] Rodriguez, R. V., A guide to Burr distributions, Biometrika, 64 (1), 1977, 129–134.

[116] Rodriguez, R. V., Burr Distributions, Enciklopedia of Statistical Sciences, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 2004.

[117] Al-Hussaini, K. Essam, A characterization of the Burr XII distribution, Appl. Math.
Lett., 4 (1), 1991, 59–61.

[118] Gramming, J., Kai-Oliver Mauer, Non–monotonic hazard functions and the autore-
gressive conditional duration model, Econometrics J,, 3, 2000, 16–38.

[119] Raqab, M. Z., Order statistics from Burr type X model, Computers and Mathematics
with Applications, 36 (4), 1998, 111–120.

[120] Fry, T. R. L., Univariate and multivariate Burr distributions: A survey, Pak. J.
Statist., 9 (1), 1993, 1–29.

[121] Sartawi, H. A., M. S. Abu–Salih, Bayesian prediction pounds for the Burr type X
model, Commun. Statist.–Theory Meth., 20 (7), 1991, 2307–2330.

[122] Ahmad, N., A. Islam, Optimal accelerated life test designs for Burr type XII distri-
butions under periodic inspection and type I censoring, Naval Res. Logistics, 43 (8),
1996, 1049–1077.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 109

[123] Domma, F., Some properties of the bivariate Burr type III distribution, Statistics: A
J. of Theoretical and Appl. Statistics, 44 (2), 2014, 203–215.

[124] Domma, F., New developments on the use of bivariate Rodrigues–Burr III distribution
in reliability studies, Working Paper 07–2009, 12pp., Dipartimento di Economica e
Statistica, Univ. della Calabria.

[125] Gove, J. H., M. J. Ducey, W. B. Leak, L. Zhang, Rotated sigmoid structures in man-
aged un even–aged northern hardwood stands: a look at the Burr type distributions,
Forestry, 5, 2008.

[126] Lomax, K. S., Business Failures: Another example of the analysis of failure data,
Journal of the American Statistica Association, 49, 1954, 847–851.

[127] Johnson, N. L., S. Kotz, N. Balarrishnan, Continuous Univariate Distribution, vol. 1,

Wiley, 1994.

[128] Van Hauwermeiren, M., D. Vose, A Compendium of Distributions, Vose Software,

Gehnt Belgium, 2009.

[129] Al-Zahrani, Bander, M. Al-Sobhi, On parameters Estimation of Lomax Distribution

under General Progressive Censoring, Journal of Quality and Reliability Engineering,
2013, 7 pp.

[130] Ahsanullax, M., Record values of Lomax distribution, Statistica Nederlandica, 41 (1),
1991, 21–29.

[131] Ashour, S. K., M. A. Eltehiwy, Transmuted Lomax Distribution, American Journal

of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 1, (6), 2013, 121–123.

[132] Lemonte, A., G. Cordeiro, An extended Lomax distribution, Statistics, iFirst, Taylor
and Francis, 2011, 1–17.

[133] Balkema, A., L. de Haan, Residual life time at great age, Annals of Probability, 2 (5),
1974, 792–804.

[134] Ghitany, M. E., A. Al-Awadhi, L. A. Alkhalfan, Marshall–Olkin extended Lomax

distribution and its application to censored data, Communications in Statistics, 36,
2007, 1855–1866.

[135] Cramer, E., A. B. Schmiedt, Progressively type–II censored competong rosks data
from Lomax distributions, Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 55 (3), 2011,
1285–1303.

[136] Howlader, H. A., A. M. Hossian, Bayesian survival estimation of Pareto distribution

of the second kind based on failure–censored data, Computational Statistics and Data
Analysis, 38 (3), 2002, 301–314.

[137] Petropoulos, C., S. Kourouklis, Improved estimation of extreme quantiles in the mul-
tivariate Lomax (Pareto II) distribution, Metrika, 60, 2004, 15–24.
 110 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[138] Eugene, N., C. Lee, F. Fanaoye, Beta–normal distribution and its applications, Com-
mun. Stat. Theory Methods, 31, 2002, 497–512.

[139] Jones, M. C., Kumaraswamy’s distribution: A beta–type distribution with some

tractability advantages, Statist. Methodol., 6, 2009, 70–91.

[140] Gumbel, E. J., Les valeurs extremes des distributions statistiques, Ann. Inst. Henri
Poincare, 5 (2), 1935, 115–158.

[141] Gumbel, E. J., The return period of flood flows, The Annals of Mathematical Statis-
tics, 12, 1941, 163–190.

[142] Weibul, W., A statistical distribution function of wide applicability, J. Appl. Mech.–
Trans. ASUE, 18 (3), 1951, 293–297.

View publication stats