Trigonometry 2:

Trigonometric Identities
Module 5

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Course Contents

1. Trigonometric Functions and Graphs

2. Trigonometric Identities and Theorems

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Lecture 1: Trigonometric Functions

 ILO 1: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to:

✓ Evaluate trigonometric functions

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 Trigonometric Function:
Review on Angle Measure

An angle AOB consists of two rays R1 and R2 with a common vertex O

R1 is called the initial side, and R2 is called the terminal side of the angle.

If the rotation is counter clockwise, the angle is considered positive, and if the
rotation is clockwise, the angle is considered negative.
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 Angle Measure
If a circle of radius 1 is drawn with the vertex of an angle
at its center, then the measure of this angle in radians
(abbreviated rad) is the arc length that subtends the
angle.

The circumference of the circle of radius 1 is 2𝜋, so a complete

revolution has measure 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑

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A straight angle has A right angle has
𝜋
measure 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 measure 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
 Converting Between Radians and Degrees
1. Express 60° in radians Solution:

𝜋
2. Express 𝑟𝑎𝑑 in degrees Solution:
6

Note: When no unit is given, the angle is assumed to be measured in radians

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 Commonly used angle measures

Note: if no unit is given for a rotation, the rotation is understood to be in radians.

7
Test Yourself

Converting Between Radians and Degrees

1. Express 120° in radians

2. Express −297.25° in radians
3𝜋
3. Express 𝑟𝑎𝑑 in degrees
4
4. Express 8.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑 in degrees

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Solutions:
Converting Between Radians and Degrees

𝜋 2𝜋
1. Express 120° in radians 120° = 120° 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180° 3
𝜋
2. Express −297.25 ° in radians −297.25° = −297.25° 180°
𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ~ − 5.19 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 180°
3. Express 𝑟𝑎𝑑 in degrees 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = = 135°
4 4 4 𝜋
180°
4. Express 8.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑 in degrees 8.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 8.5 ≈ 487.01°
𝜋

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 Trigonometric Functions
Unit Circle Approach
Quadrant II Quadrant I

The unit circle is the circle of radius 1

centered at the origin in the xy-plane.
Its equation is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
Quadrant III Quadrant IV

In the unit circle approach to trigonometry, angles can have any real number
measure. The angle must be ‘laid out’ in the circle in a standard way:

• Always start at the positive x-axis.

• Positive angles are swept out in a counterclockwise direction (start by going up).
• Negative angles are swept out in a clockwise direction (start by going down).

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Example 1: A Point on the Unit Circle
3 6
Show that 𝑃 , is on the unit circle
3 3

Solution: We need to show that this point satisfies the equation of the unit circle,
that is, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
∴

Example 2: Locating a Point on the Unit Circle

3
The point 𝑃( 2 , 𝑦) is on the unit circle in Quadrant IV. Find its y-coordinate

Since the point is in Quadrant IV,

1
its y-coordinate must be negative, so 𝑦 = − 2
3 1 11
∴ 𝑃( , − )
2 2
Terminal Points on a Unit Circle
Suppose t is a real number.

If t ≥ 0, let’s mark off a distance t along the unit circle,

starting at the point (1, 0) and moving in a
counterclockwise direction. In this way we arrive at a
point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) on the unit circle.

If 𝑡 < 0, we mark off a distance |𝑡| in a clockwise

direction

The point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) obtained in this way is called the

terminal point (coordinate points) determined by the
real number t.

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Example: Finding Terminal Points on the unit circle determined by each real number t

𝜋
a. 𝑡 = 3𝜋 b. 𝑡 = −𝜋 c. − 2
Solution:

a. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 3𝜋 𝑖𝑠 (−1,0)

b. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 − 𝜋 𝑖𝑠 (−1,0)
𝜋
c. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 − 2 𝑖𝑠 (0, −1)
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 𝜋
Example 4: In the given figure, find the terminal point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 determined by 𝑡 =
4

Since the unit circle is symmetric with respect to the line y = x,

𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) it follows that P lies on the line y = x. So P is the point of
intersection (in the Quadrant I) of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and
the line y = x. Substituting x for y in the equation of the
circle, we get

1 1
Since P is in the first quadrant, 𝑥 = and since 𝑦 = 𝑥, we have also y = . Thus, the terminal
2 2
𝜋
point determined by 4 is 14
Terminal Points for some Special Values
of t

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Test Yourself

1. Find the terminal point determined by each given real

number t
𝜋
a. 𝑡 = −
4
3𝜋
b. 𝑡 =
4
5𝜋
c. 𝑡 = −
6

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Solution:
𝜋
a. Find the terminal point determined by 𝑡 = −
4

𝜋
Let P be the terminal point determined by − 4 , and
𝜋
let Q be the terminal point determined by 4 .
From the figure, we see that the point P has the same
coordinates as Q except for sign. Since P is in quadrant IV, its x-
coordinate is positive and its y-coordinate is negative. Thus, the
2 2
terminal point is P( 2 , − ) .
2

3𝜋
b. Find the terminal point determined by t = 4
3𝜋
Let P be the terminal point determined by , and
4
𝜋
let Q be the terminal point determined by .
4
From the figure, we see that the point P has the same
coordinates as Q except for sign. Since P is in quadrant II, its x-
coordinate is negative and its y-coordinate is positive. Thus, the
2 2 17
terminal point is P(− , ) .
2 2
Solution:
5𝜋
Find the terminal point determined by 𝑡 = − 6

5𝜋
Let P be the terminal point determined by − , and
6
𝜋
let Q be the terminal point determined by 6 .
From the figure, we see that the point P has the same
coordinates as Q except for sign. Since P is in quadrant III, its x-
coordinate is negative and its y-coordinate is positive. Thus, the
3 1
terminal point is P(− , − ) .
2 2

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 The Reference Number
Let t be a real number. The reference number associated with 𝑡ҧ is the shortest distance
along the unit circle between the terminal point determined by t and the x-axis.

Quadrant I
If the terminal point lies in quadrants I or IV,
where x is positive, we find by moving along the circle to the
positive x-axis.

Quadrant IV

Quadrant II
If the terminal points lies in quadrants II or III, where x is
negative, we find t by moving along the circle to the negative x-
axis.
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Quadrant III
Example: Find the reference number for each value of t.

Solution:

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Test Yourself

1. Find the terminal point determined by each given real

number t using the reference angle.
𝜋
a. 𝑡 = −
4
3𝜋
b. 𝑡 =
4
5𝜋
c. 𝑡 = −
6

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Solution
𝜋
a. 𝑡ҧ = 𝑡 = −
4
𝜋
The reference number is − 4 . Since the terminal point P is in Quadrant IV, its x-coordinate
2 2
is positive and its y-coordinate is negative. Thus, the desired terminal point is P( 2 , − )
2
3𝜋 𝜋
b. 𝑡ҧ = 𝜋 − 4
= 4
𝜋
The reference number is 4 . Since the terminal point P is in Quadrant I, its x-coordinate is
2 2
positive and its y-coordinate is positive . Thus, the desired terminal point is P( 2 , )
2
5𝜋 𝜋
c. 𝑡=𝜋− =
6 6
𝜋
The reference number is . Since the terminal point P is in Quadrant III, its x-coordinate is
6
3 1
negative and its y-coordinate is negative. Thus, the desired terminal point is P( 2 , 2)

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 Distances on the Unit Circle

A point starts at (1,0) and moves counter

To move halfway around the circle, it
clockwise all the way around the circle 1
and returns to (1,0), it travels a distance travels a distance of 2 2𝜋 = 𝜋
2𝜋

To move a quarter of the distance around the circle,

To move halfway and a quarter of the distance 1
it travels a distance of 2𝜋 =
𝜋
3 3𝜋 4 2
around the circle, it travels a distance of 2𝜋 = 23
4 2
 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
Example: How far will a point travel if it goes a) , b) ,and (c) , of the way around the
𝟏𝟐 𝟖 𝟔
unit circle?
Solution: The circumference of a circle of radius r is 2𝜋𝑟 . Thus
for the unit circle, where 𝑟 = 1 , the circumference is
2𝜋.

1
a. The distance will be 12 ∙ 2𝜋 = 6𝜋

3 3
b. The distance will be ∙ 2𝜋 = 𝜋
8 4

5 5
c. The distance will be ∙ 2𝜋 = 𝜋
6 3

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 The Trigonometric Function
The function: cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent are also defined in
terms of unit circle by using the coordinates of 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

Let t be any real number and let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be the

terminal point on the unit circle determined by t.

The following are also known as Circular Functions

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 Evaluating Trigonometric Function
Recall:
Example 1: Find the six trigonometric functions of each given real number t.

𝜋 1 3
Solution: From the table shown t = is 𝑃(2 , )
3 2
1 3
Hence: The coordinates are x = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2

Six trigonometric functions:

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 Evaluating Trigonometric Function
Recall:
Example 2: Find the six trigonometric functions of each given real number t.

𝜋
Solution: From the table shown t = is 𝑃(0,1)
2

Hence: The coordinates are x = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1

Six trigonometric functions:

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 Special Values of the Trigonometric
Functions

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
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Relationship to the Trigonometric
Functions of Angles
Note:
The point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
is the terminal
Placing the triangle in the point determined
coordinate plane, with angle 𝜃 in by t.
standard position.
The triangle OPQ
is similar to the
small triangle
𝑂𝑃′ 𝑄′ whose
If 𝜃 is measured in radians, legs have lengths
then 𝜃 = 𝑡 x and y.
Hence, trigonometric functions
defined in terms of the terminal
point determined by the real
number t.

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∴
 Signs of Trigonometric Function

To compute values of the trigonometric functions for any real

number t, we first determine their signs.

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Quadrant II Quadrant I
Sin 𝜃 + + − −
Cos 𝜃 + − − +
Tan 𝜃 + − + −
Csc 𝜃 + + − +
Sec 𝜃 + − − − Quadrant III Quadrant IV
Cot 𝜃 + − + −

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 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions For
Any Real Number
To find the values of the trigonometric functions for any real number t, we carry
out the following steps.

1. Find the reference number. Find the reference number 𝑡ҧ associated with t.
2. Find the sign. Determine the sign of the trigonometric function of t by noting
the quadrant in which the terminal point lies.
3. Find the value. The value of the trigonometric function of t is the same, except
possibly for sign, as the value of the trigonometric function of 𝑡.ҧ

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Example: Find each value

Solution for a:
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1. Find the reference number 𝑡:ҧ 𝜋 − = ; 𝑡ҧ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3 3 3
𝜋
2. Find the sign: Since 3 falls on quadrant II which only sine function is positive
𝜋
Hence: the sign is = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 3

3. Find the value: (using the special values of t)

2𝜋 𝜋 1
cos 3
= − cos 3 = − 2

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Example: Find each value

Solution for b:
𝜋 𝜋
1. Find the reference number 𝑡 = 𝑡:ҧ = − 3 ; 𝑡ҧ = tan − 3
𝜋
2. Find the sign: Since 3 falls on quadrant IV which only cosine function is positive
𝜋
Hence: the sign is = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 3

3. Find the value: (using the special values of t)

𝜋 𝜋
tan (− 3 ) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 = − 3

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Example: Find each value

Solution for c:
19𝜋 𝜋
1. Find the reference number 𝑡 = 𝑡:ҧ = 5𝜋 − ; 𝑡ҧ = sin 4
4
19𝜋 180
Alternate way: ∙ = 855° , 855 – 2.5 revolution
4 𝜋

855° -720° =135 °

𝜋
reference angle: 180° − 135° = 45° equal to 4
𝜋
2. Find the sign: Since 4 falls on quadrant II which only sine function is positive
𝜋
Hence: the sign is = sin 4

3. Find the value: (using the special values of t)

19𝜋 𝜋 2
sin = sin =
4 4 2

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Lecture 1: Trigonometric Functions

 ILO 2: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to:

✓ Graph trigonometric functions

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 Properties of Sine and Cosine Function
1. The domain (input values) is the set of real numbers
2. The range is the set of y values such that −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
3. The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is -1
4. The graph is smooth curve
5. Each function cycles through all the values of the range over an
x-interval of 2𝜋
6. The cycle repeats itself indefinitely in both directions.

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 Graph of Sine Function
To sketch the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
1. Make a table of values
𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
Domain 𝒙 0 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 − −𝝅 − −𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Range 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 0 1 0 −1 0 −1 0 1 0

2. Plot the points, then connect those points with a smooth curve

𝑦 = sin 𝑥

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 Graph of Cosine Function
To sketch the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
1. Make a table of values
𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
Domain 𝒙 0 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 − −𝝅 − −𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Range 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1

2. Plot the points, then connect those points with a smooth curve

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

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 𝐾𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (0,0)
Key Terms:
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
1. Period – one complete cycle
𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = 1 for 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
period is 2π

2. Amplitude - Largest value these

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 2π functions attain.
𝐾𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (0,1) for 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
max value = 1
min value = -1
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 2π
for the functions
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = 1
𝑎 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

3. Key Points – where the y - intercept

is located
for 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , key point is (0,0)
for 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, key point
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is (0,1)
 Graph of Transformation of Sine and
Cosine
Example: Sketch the graph of each function

Solutions for a: The graph of 𝑦 = 2 + cos 𝑥 is the same as the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, but shifted up 2 units
for b: The graph of 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 is the reflection of the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
in the x-axis.

40

𝐾𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑 from 0,1 to (0,2) 𝐾𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑 from 0,1 to (0, −1)
3. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = −3 cos 𝑥
Solutions:
a. Make a table of values

𝝅 𝟑𝝅
Domain 𝒙 0 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
Range −3 cos 𝑥 −3 0 3 0 −3

1. Plot the points, then connect those points with a smooth curve

Amplitude: max value = 3

min vaue = -3

𝐾𝑒𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑 from 0,1 to (0, −3)

41
 Sine and Cosine Curves

Remember:

Example 1: Sketch the graph 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 If 𝑘 > 1; the graph

Solution: 𝑘 = 2 and 𝑎 = 1 shrinks horizontally
2𝜋 2𝜋
period = = =𝜋 If 𝑘 < 1; the graph
𝑘 2
stretch horizontally

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 𝜋

42

The graph completes one period in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋

 1
Example 2: Sketch the graph 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
1
Solution: 𝑘 = 2 and 𝑎 = 1
2𝜋 2𝜋
period = 𝑘
= 1 = 4𝜋
2

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 4𝜋

Since 𝑘 < 1, the graph stretch horizontally and

43
completes one period in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋
 2𝜋
Example 3: Sketch the graph 𝑦 = 4 cos 3𝑥 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 =
3
Solution: 𝑘 = 3 and 𝑎 = 4
2𝜋 2𝜋
period = =
𝑘 3

Since 𝑘 > 1, the graph shrinks horizontally and

2𝜋 44
completes one period in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
 1
Example 4: Sketch the graph 𝑦 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
1
Solution: 𝑘 = 2 and 𝑎 = −2 = 2
2𝜋 2𝜋
period = = 1 = 4𝜋
𝑘
2

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 4𝜋

Since 𝑘 < 1, the graph stretch horizontally and

45
completes one period in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋
Example 4: The graph shown is of the 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝐵𝑡 . Find the value of A and B

3𝜋
Solution: By inspection, the graph has 𝑎 = 𝐴 = 2 and period of 2
2𝜋 3𝜋 4
period = 𝑘
= 2
solving for 𝑘 = 𝐵 = 3
4
Hence, the equation is 𝑦 = 2 sin 3 𝑡

46
 Graph of Tangent Function
sin 𝑥
1. To sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 , use the identity tan x = cos 𝑥

2. At values of x for which cos 𝑥 = 0, the tangent function is undefined and its graph has
vertical asymptotes
𝜋 3𝜋
3. The vertical asymptotes are 2 , (repeats every 𝜋)
2

4. Tangent and cotangent functions has period of 𝜋

𝜋
5. The function: 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑥 has period = 𝑘

To graph one period of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
An appropriate interval is (− 2𝑘 , 2𝑘) – vertical asymptotes

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 𝜋

47
 Example 1: Find the period and sketch the graph 𝑦 = tan 2𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Solution: 𝑘 = 2 ; period = 𝑘 = 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The appropriate interval is (− 2𝑘 , 2𝑘) = (− 2(2) , 2(2)) = (− 4 , 4 )
𝜋 𝜋
The vertical asymptotes are (− 4 , 4 )

𝝅
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅 =
𝟐

1
The graph has the same shape as that of the tangent function but is shrunk horizontally by a factor of 2
48
We then repeat that portion of the graph to the left and to the right.
Example 2: The graph shown is of the 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵𝑡 .
Find the value of A and B

Solution: By inspection, the primary interval and the asymptotes

𝜋 𝜋
at t = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 t = − 3
3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
Using the interval, period = 𝑘 − − 𝑘 = 3 − − 3 = 3
2𝜋 𝜋 3
Since period: = 𝑘 ; ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘 = 𝐵 = 2
3
𝜋 𝜋
To solve for A, from the graph we take the point (2 , −2); 𝑥 = 𝑡 = and y = −2
2

49
Lecture 2: Trigonometric Identities

 ILO 1: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to:

✓ Evaluate trigonometric expressions using

identities

50
Identity - is an equation that is true for all possible replacements of the
variables.

Note: x and y – represents the angle of the trigonometric function,

hence any variables can be used such s, t, 𝛼, 𝛽 etc. 51
 Pythagorean Identities
 Recall that the equation of a unit circle in the xy-plane is

For any point on the unit circle, the coordinates x and y satisfy this
equation. Suppose that a real number s determines a point on the
unit circle with coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) , or (cos 𝑠, sin 𝑠).

Then x = cos 𝑠 and y = sin 𝑠 . Substituting cos 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 x, and

sin 𝑠 for y in the equation of the unit circle gives us the identity

52
Also,

Note: s represents any real number. Hence:

53
 Simplifying Trigonometric Expressions
We can factor, simplify, and manipulate trigonometric expressions in the same way that
we manipulate strictly algebraic expressions

Example 1. Multiply and simplify cos 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥)

54
Example 2: Multiply and simplify

Test Yourself: tan 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − csc 𝑥) Answer: sin 𝑥 − sec 𝑥

(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) (sec 𝑥 + csc 𝑥) Answer: 2 + tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥

cos 𝑥
Example 3: Add and simplify 1+sin 𝑥 + tan 𝑥

55
Example 4: Simplify the expression cos 𝑡 + tan 𝑡 sin 𝑡

Test Yourself: sin 𝑦 + cot 𝑦 cos 𝑦 Answer: csc y

1+cos 𝑦
Answer: cos y
1+sec 𝑦

56
 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 − 3
Example 5: Simplify the trigonometric expression 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡 − sin 𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Test Yourself: Answer: tan 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛼−1
Answer: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
cos 𝛼+1

57
Example 5: Rationalize the denominator:

cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Test Yourself: Answer:
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥

sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥

Example 6: Rationalize the numerator: = ∙
cot 𝑥 co𝑡 𝑥 sin 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= (cot 𝑥 ∙ sin 𝑥 = ∙ sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥)
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

1+sin 𝑦 1+sin 𝑦
Test Yourself: Answer:
1−sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 58
Sum and Difference Identities

Note: x and y – represents the angle of the trigonometric function,

hence any variables can be used such s, t, 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝜃 etc. 59
 Proof of Additional Formula for Sine and Cosine
We determine sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

Using the unit triangle approach: Proof:

a. Let the straight line AB revolve to the point C and formed the angle 𝛼
cos 𝛼 + 𝛽 b. Let it continue to D and formed the angle 𝛽 from C
D F
c. Draw straight line DC perpendicular to AC
𝛼+𝛽
Recall trigonometric function:
𝑜𝑝𝑝
sin 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin 𝜃 ∙ ℎ𝑦𝑝
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)

𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∙ ℎ𝑦𝑝

C d. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛽 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin 𝛽 ∙ 1 = sin 𝛽

∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 ∙ 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽

e. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin 𝛼 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽

𝛽 ∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
𝛼
A B f. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼 + 𝛽 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) ∙ 1 = sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 60
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) ∙ 1 = cos 𝛼 + 𝛽
 sin 𝛼 sin β
180 − 90 − 𝛽 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 90 − 𝛼 ∴ 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶 = 𝛼

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
90 − 𝛽 g. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin 𝛼 ∙ sin 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 sin β
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ∙ sin 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽

𝛼
Hence:
sin (𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin β

61
 Proof of Subtraction Formula for Sine and Cosine
We determine sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

Using the unit triangle approach: Proof:

a. Let the straight line AB revolve to the point C and formed the angle 𝛼
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) b. Let it continue to D and formed the angle 𝛽 from C
D
c. Draw straight line DC perpendicular to AC

Recall trigonometric function:

𝑜𝑝𝑝
sin 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin 𝜃 ∙ ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∙ ℎ𝑦𝑝
cos 𝛼 − 𝛽

C d. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛽 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin 𝛽 ∙ 1 = sin 𝛽

𝛼−𝛽 ∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 ∙ 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽

e. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼 − 𝛽 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) ∙ 1 = sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)

𝛽 ∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) ∙ 1 = cos 𝛼 − 𝛽
𝛼
A B
62
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
180 − 90 − 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 90 − 𝛽 = 𝛼 ∴ 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐷 = 𝛼

sin 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
f. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin 𝛼 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽

g. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼 ∴ 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = sin 𝛼 ∙ sin 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽

∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ∙ sin 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽

Hence:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽

𝛼 sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽

𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin β

sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽

90 − 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝛽 = 90 − 𝛼 ∴ 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶 = 𝛼
63
 Proof of Addition Identity for Tangent

Solution:
1
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 = = ∙
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin β 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
+ +
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽
sin 𝛼 sin β = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽
sin 𝛼 sin β
− 1−
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽

tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
1 − tan 𝛽

Test Yourself: Proof

64
 Using the Addition and Subtraction Identities

Example 1: Find the exact value of each expression

Solution for a: Since we know the exact values of sine and cosine at 45° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 30°
Use the Special Values of the Trigonometric Functions where t represents the angle
a) 75° = 45° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 30° ; we use the Addition Identity for Cosine

Recall:

65
Note: Unlike radicals cannot be simplified
 Using the Addition and Subtraction Identities
Example 2: Find the exact value of each expression

Solution for b:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a) Since 12 = 4 − 6 , the Subtraction Formula for Cosine gives

Recall:

66

Note: Unlike radicals cannot be simplified

 Using the Addition and Subtraction Identities
Example 3: Prove the cofunction identity

Using Subtraction formula : 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin β

Hence:

Recall:

67
 Using the Addition and Subtraction Identities
𝜋
Example 4: Prove the cofunction identity sin( − 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
2

Use the subtraction identity of cosine: sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin(2 − 𝑥) = sin 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 sin 𝑥

= 1 ∙ cos 𝑥 + 0∙ sin 𝑥
𝜋
∴ sin( − 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
2
Recall:

68
 Using the Addition Identity for Tangent
Example 5: Prove the identity

Using the identity:

Solving the right side of the equation and obtain the left side

Recall:

Hence: =

69
 Double-Angle Formulas

Note: x and y – represents the angle of the trigonometric function,

hence any variables can be used such s, t, 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝜃 etc.
70
. Proof of Double-Angle Formulas
1. sin 2𝛼 = 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼

The double-angle formulas are proved from the addition formula for sine
Recall: sin (𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛽 ; 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛼 = 𝛽
sin 𝛼 + 𝛼 = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛼
Now; sin 2𝛼 = sin (𝛼 + 𝛼)
sin 2𝛼 = sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 sin 𝛼 (simplify)
Hence: sin 2𝛼 = 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼

2. cos 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼

The double-angle formulas are proved from the addition formula for cosine
Recall: cos (𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin β ; 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛼 = 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼

Now; cos 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 + 𝛼)

cos 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛼 (simplify)
Hence: cos 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 71
. Proof of Double-Angle Formulas
3. cos 2𝛼 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 1

By Pythagorean theorem: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼

Use the second derived equation: cos 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼

Now; cos 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼) (simplify)

Hence: cos 2𝛼 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 1

4. cos 2𝛼 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼

By Pythagorean theorem: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼

Use the second derived equation: cos 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼

Now; cos 2𝛼 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 (simplify)

Hence: cos 2𝛼 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼

2 tan 𝛼 72
Test Yourself: Proof tan 2𝛼 = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼
 Using the Double-Angle Formulas
3
Example: Given that tan θ = − 4 and is in quadrant II, find each of the following

1. Draw the reference triangle

𝑜𝑝𝑝 3
2. Since tan θ = = − 4 ; solve for the hypotenuse using Pythagorean theorem hence: 𝑐 = 5
𝑎𝑑𝑗
3 −4
3. Hence, sin θ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos θ =
5 5

3 −4 24
Solution for a: sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ∙ 4 ∙ ( 5 ) = − 25
2 2 3 2 4 2 7
b: cos 2θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ = − = 25
5 5
3 24
2 tan θ 2 ∙(− ) 24 sin 2θ − 24
4 25
c. tan 2θ = = 3 2
= −7 𝑜𝑟 = 7 =−
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ 1− −4 cos 3θ 7
25
73
Test Yourself

5
1. Given that sin θ = 13 and is in quadrant I, find each of the following

120
Answers for a: sin 2θ = 169
119
b: cos 2θ = − 169
120
c. tan 2θ = − 119

74
 Half-Angle Identities

Note: x – represents the angle of the trigonometric function,

hence any variables can be used such s, t, 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝜃 etc. 75
 Proof of Half-Angle Formulas
𝜃 1−cos 𝜃
1. sin = ±
2 2
Use the fourth equation derived double-angle formula: cos 2𝛼 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
𝜃
𝐿𝑒𝑡 2𝛼 = 𝜃; hence, 𝛼 =
2
𝜃
cos 𝜃 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (transpose and exchange sides)
2
𝜃 1−cos 𝜃
Hence: sin = ±
2 2

𝜃 1+cos 𝜃
2. cos = ±
2 2
Use the fourth equation derived double-angle formula: cos 2𝛼 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 1
𝜃
𝐿𝑒𝑡 2𝛼 = 𝜃; hence, 𝛼 =
2
𝜃
cos 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 1 (transpose and exchange sides)
2
𝜃 1+cos 𝜃
Hence: cos = ±
2 2

76
𝜃 1 −cos 𝜃
Test Yourself: Proof 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =±
2 1+cos 𝜃
 Using the Half Angle-Formulas for Tangent
Example 1: Find exact value of sin 22.5°

Solution: Since 22.5° 𝑖𝑠 half of 45°, we use half-angle identity with 𝜃 = 45°
We choose + sign because 22.5° belongs to Q-I
Hence:

Recall:

77
 Using the Half Angle-Formulas for Tangent
𝜋
Example 1: Find exact value of tan
8

𝜋
Solution: We choose + sign because 8 belongs to Q-I

Hence:

Recall:

78
Test Yourself

Find the exact value of the following:

1. cos 15°
𝜋
2. cos
8

Answers:
2+ 3
1. cos 15° = 2

𝜋 2+ 2
2. cos =
8 2

79
Lecture 2: Trigonometric Identities

 ILO 2: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to:

✓ Prove trigonometric identities

80
 Guidelines For Proving Trigonometric
Identities
1. Start with one side. Pick one side of the equation and write it down. Your goal
is to transform it into the other side. It’s usually easier to start with the more
complicated side.

2. Use known identities. Use algebra and the identities you know to change the
side you started with. Bring fractional expressions to a common denominator,
factor, and use the fundamental identities to simplify expressions.

3. Convert to sines and cosines. If you are stuck, you may find it helpful to
rewrite all functions in terms of sines and cosines.

81
Note: Only operations that are reversible will necessarily transform an identity into an identity.
 2
Example 1: Prove the identity 1 + sin 2𝜃 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
Solving the right hand side (RHS) of the equation and obtain the left hand side (LHS)
𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1

sec 𝑡−1 1−cos 𝑡

Example 2: Prove the identity =
𝑡 sec 𝑡 𝑡

Solving the LHS of the equation and obtain the RHS

1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = sec 𝑡
cos 𝑡

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔

82
Example 3: Prove the identity
Solving the LHS of the equation and obtain the RHS
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 Identity

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚

Example 4: Verify the identity

Solving the RHS of the equation and obtain the LHS

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦

𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚

𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
83

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
Example 5: Prove the identity

Solving the LHS of the equation and obtain the RHS

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑦 1 + sin 𝑢

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠

84
Example 6: Prove the identity

Solving for the LHR 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠

𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

At this point, we stop and work with the RHS of the original identity:

(1 + cos ∅)
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 =1
(1 + cos ∅)

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔
85

Note: The proof is complete since we obtained the same expression from each side.
Proving an Identity by Working with Both
Sides Separately
Example 7: Prove the identity

Solving the LHS of the equation

Solving the RHS of the equation

Note: It follows that LHS = RHS, so the equation is an identity.

86
 Test Yourself
Prove the identity of the following

sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

1. = sec 𝑥
sec 𝑥+csc 𝑥

cos(𝑢−𝑣)
2. = tan 𝑢 + cot 𝑢
sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣

1+tan 𝑦 sec 𝑦
3.
1+cot 𝑦
= csc 𝑦

2
4. tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
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 Solutions:
sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos(𝑢−𝑣)
1. = 2. = tan 𝑢 + cot 𝑢
sec 𝑥+csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sin 𝑢 sin 𝑣

Solving LHS to obtain RHS Solving LHS to obtain RHS

88
 1+tan 𝑦 sec 𝑦
3. =
1+cot 𝑦 csc 𝑦

Solving LHS Now we stop and work for RHS

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 2
4. tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥

Solving for the LHS

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
(tan 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = ∙ = 1)
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

Solving for the RHS

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 End of Topic

Thank you
Dr. Maricel G. Dayaday, EcE, ME-EcE, Engr. Jean Martin, MSEnE, Engr. Jay M. Navaluna,MEP-CE
College of Engineering and Information Technology 91