UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Fundamentals of Mathematics for

Engineers
Math 101E
 Analytic Geometry I: Lines
and Graphs
Topic Outline:
• Cartesian Plane
• Distance and Midpoint Formula
• Polar Coordinates

Analytic Geometry I 2
 Cartesian Plane
The Cartesian plane is named in honor of the French mathematician
René Descartes (1596–1650)

Cartesian Plane is representation of the

(−, +) (+, +)
following:
(Ordered pair)
• The x-axis – the line is horizontal with
positive direction to the right an
• The y-axis – the line is vertical with
positive direction upward
• The origin O – the point of intersection
of the x-axis and the y-axis, and
(−, −) (+, −) • The four quadrants – division of plane
into labeled I, II, III, and IV

Cartesian and Polar Coordinate Plane 3

Distance Formulas

Distance Formula 4
 Distance Formulas
• Example: Which of the points 𝑃 1, −2 or Q 8,9
is closer to the point A 5,3 ?

Distance Formula 5
 Distance Formulas
• Solution:

Test Yourself: Find the distance between the pair of

points.
a. −2,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3, −6) Answer: 9.4
b. −1, −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1,2) Answer: 7

Distance Formula 6
 Midpoint Formulas
• The midpoint of the line segment 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑡𝑜 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐
• 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = ,
𝟐 𝟐

Distance Formula 7
 Midpoint Formulas
• Example: Show that the quadrilateral with
vertices 𝑃 1,2 , 𝑄 4,4 , 𝑅 5,9 and S(2,7) is a
parallelogram by proving that its two diagonals
bisect each other.
Solution:.

Midpoint Formula 8
 Polar Coordinates
• Polar Coordinate System uses distances and
directions to specify the location of a point in the
plane.

Pole or Origin

Polar Coordinates 9
 Polar Coordinates
Examples: Plot the points whose polar coordinates
𝜋 7𝜋
are given by: 2, 4 3, 4

Polar Coordinates 10
 Polar Coordinates
Examples: Plot the points whose polar coordinates
are given by:
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. 1, 4 𝑏. 3, − 6 𝑐. 3,3𝜋 𝑑. −4, 4

Polar Coordinates 11
 Polar to Cartesian Coordinate
• To convert from Polar to Cartesian coordinates,
we use the identities:
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 y = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

• To convert from rectangular to polar coordinates

2 2 2 𝑦
𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and tan 𝜃 = (𝑥 ≠ 0)
𝑥

Polar to Cartessian 12
 Polar to Cartesian Coordinate
Example: Find the rectangular coordinate for the
2𝜋
point that has a polar coordinate 4, 3
Solution:
2𝜋
Since 𝑟 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒:
3
2𝜋 1
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 4 cos 3 = 4 ∙ − 2 = −2
2𝜋 3
y = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 4 sin 3 = 4 ∙ 2 = 2 3
Thus, the point has rectangular coordinates (−2, 2 3)

Polar to Cartessian 13
 Cartesian Coordinate to Polar
Example: Find polar coordinates for the point that
has rectangular coordinates 2, −2
Solution:
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −2, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡:
𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 22 + (−2)2 = 8
𝑠𝑜: 𝑟 = 2 2

−2
and tan 𝜃 = 2
= −1
𝜋
Hence, P (2 2,− 4 )

Polar to Cartesian 14
 Polar to Cartesian Coordinate
Test yourself:
Convert to polar coordinates:
1. 3,3
2. (2 3, −2)
Convert to rectangular coordinates:
𝜋
1. 10, 3
2. (−5, 135°)

Polar to Cartesian 15
 Analytic Geometry II: Lines
and Graphs
Topic Outline:
• Circle
• Parabola
• Ellipse
• Hyperbola

Analytic Geometry II 16
 Circle
• A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are
at a fixed distance from a fixed point (the center)
in the plane
• Standard equation:

Circle 17
 Circle
• General Equation of second degree:
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
If A = C and B = 0, then equation becomes:
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 divide by A
𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝐴
𝑥 + 𝐴
𝑦 + =0
𝐴
Reduces to:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑓 = 0

Circle 18
 Examples:
1. Find the center and the radius of

Solution:
• Complete the square twice:
• 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16x + 14y + 32 = 0
• 𝑥 2 − 16x ______ + 𝑦 2 + 14y______ = −32
• 𝑥 2 − 16x + 64 + 𝑦 2 + 14y + 49 = −32 + 64 + 49
• (𝑥 − 8)2 +(𝑥 + 7)2 = 81
Writing in standard form:
• (𝑥 − 8)2 +[𝑦 − 7 ]2 = 92
• Hence, the center is 8, −7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠 9

Circle 19
 Examples:
2. Find the center and the radius of 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 20x + 4y − 55 = 0
Solution:
• Divide through by 4 :
55
• 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5x + y − =0
4
Complete the square twice
25 1 55 1 25
• 𝑥 2 − 5x + + 𝑦2 + y + = + +
4 4 4 4 4
5 1 81 9
• (𝑥 − 2)2 +(𝑥 + 2)2 = = (2)2
4
Writing in standard form:
5 1 9
• (𝑥 − 2)2 +[𝑦 − − 2 ]2 = (2)2
5 5 9
Hence, Center is (2 , − 2) and radius is 2

Circle 20
 Examples:
3. Find the center and the radius of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8y −
9=0
Solution:
• Complete the square twice
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8y + 16 = 9 + 16
(𝑥)2 +(𝑦 + 4)2 = 25
• Writing in standard form:
(𝑥 − 0)2 +[𝑦 − −4 ]2 = (5)2
Hence, Center is (0, −4) and radius is 5

Circle 21
 Examples:
3. Find the equation of the circle passing through
𝑃1(2,3), 𝑃2 (6,1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃3(4, −3)
Solution:
• Substitute the coordinates using
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑓 = 0

−2𝑑 + 3𝑒 + 𝑓 = −13
6𝑑 + 𝑒 + 𝑓 = −37
4𝑑 − 3𝑒 + 𝑓 = −25
• Solving the three equations simultaneously:
𝑑 = −6; 𝑒 = 0; 𝑓 = −1

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6x − 1 = 0

Circle 22
 Test yourself:
1. Find the center and the radius of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 55 = 0
2. Find the equation of the circle (1,4) and the radius is 5
3. Find the equation of a circle passing through
𝑃1(2,1), 𝑃2(0,5), 𝑃3(−1,2)

Circle 23
End of Topic

Thank you
Analytic Geometry 24