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Control 3-Lec4 - P&ID Diagrams

The document discusses process control drawings, including process and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). It explains that P&IDs use standard symbols to represent process units, flow lines, sensors, controllers and other elements. Common instrument symbols and coding are shown. Examples illustrate a basic control loop and a cascade control loop. Different types of process control loops such as feedback, feedforward and combined feedforward-feedback are described.

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mohammed abd el aleem
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109 views25 pages

Control 3-Lec4 - P&ID Diagrams

The document discusses process control drawings, including process and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). It explains that P&IDs use standard symbols to represent process units, flow lines, sensors, controllers and other elements. Common instrument symbols and coding are shown. Examples illustrate a basic control loop and a cascade control loop. Different types of process control loops such as feedback, feedforward and combined feedforward-feedback are described.

Uploaded by

mohammed abd el aleem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EPC503: Process Control III

Electrical and Electronic Engineering


Ahram Canadian University

Dr. Sayed Ahmed Zaki


Assistant Prof. in Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Cairo University
Process Control Drawings
Process and Instrumentation
Diagrams (P&IDs)
Process-Control Drawings

• Employs a standard set of symbols and definitions so that anyone who


knows the standards can understand the operation of the circuit.
Essential Elements :
This includes plant operating units, product flow lines,
measurement and control signal lines, sensors, controllers, final
control elements, computers, and PLCs
Instrument Lines Symbols:
In the P&ID, current signal is represented as a dashed line, while the
pneumatic signal (e.g., 3 to 15 psi) is presented as a line with
crosshatches.
Instrument Symbols:
In general, the instrument symbol will be identified by a letter code,
which denotes its function, and by a number code assigned by the
designers, which may identify the loop or some region of the plant.
P&ID
A P&ID should not include:
• Control relays
• Manual switches
• Equipment rating or capacity
• Pressure, temperature and flow data
• Elbow, tees and similar standard
fittings
• Extensive explanatory notes
Process Signals
Instrumentation Symbols
Examples of the Instrument coding

4-20 mA

(d)

FIGURE A.5.3
Examples of the letter/number coding.
Math Operations
Final Control Element

Control valve Conveyor Pneumatic


Actuator

Motor Spring opposed Solenoid


Actuator electric actuator Actuator

Heat Exchanger

FIGURE A.5.5
Symbols for some final control elements
Elements Identification Letters
Elements Identification Letters
Process-Control Drawings

• Example:

• Note that the sensor actually


measures pressure and that
the flow is proportional to
the square root of pressure.

• The solid line through the


controller bubble means it is
accessible by an operator, as
in a control room panel.
When the setpoint is not
indicated, that means it is
manually set.
Process-Control Drawings

• FIGURE shows a system in


which the level in a tank is
controlled using a cascade
control system.

• In a cascade control system,


the setpoint of one loop is
the controller output of
another loop.

• Also, it shows Computers


and programmable logic
controllers are included in
the P&ID.
Process Control Drawings
Basic Loop

Transmitter

j
Process Control Drawings
Process Control Drawings
Process Control Drawings

With using these following symbology;

Where PE is locally mounted


on V-100

Where PT is locally mounted

Where PIC is function in DCS

Draw control loop to show that PRV-100 will


be activated to relief pressure when the
pressure in the V-100 is higher than desired
value.
Process Control Drawings
Exercise 1
Process Control Drawings
Process Control Drawings

L1

L4
Process Control Drawings
Process Control Drawings
Type of Process Control Loop
❖ Feed-back Control

❖ Feed-forward Control

❖ Feed-forward-plus-Feedback Control

❖ Ratio Control

❖ Cascade Control

❖ Differential Control
Feedback Control
□ One of the simplest process control schemes. Feedback loop are commonly
used in the process control industry.
□ A feedback loop measures a process variable and sends the measurement to a
controller for comparison to set point. If the process variable is not at set
point, control action is taken to return the process variable to set point.
□ The advantage of this control scheme is that it is simple using single
transmitter and directly controls the desired process variable.
□ The disadvantage of feedback loops is that the process variable must leave
set point for action to be taken.
Feed-forward Control
□ Feed-forward loop is a control system that anticipates load disturbances and
controls them before they can impact the process variable.
□ For feed-forward control to work, the user must have a mathematical
understanding of how the manipulated variables will impact the process
variable.
□ An advantage of feed-forward control is that error is prevented, rather than
corrected
Feed-forward-plus-Feedback Control
□ Because of the difficulty of accounting for every possible load disturbance in a
feed-forward system, this system are often combined with feedback systems.
□ Controller with summing functions are used in these combined systems to total
the input from both the feed-forward loop and the feedback loop, and send a
unified signal to the final control element.

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