Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2020 June; 14(2):e89168. doi: 10.5812/ijpbs.89168.

Published online 2020 June 21. Research Article

Effectiveness of a Snoezelen Room on Fear, Anxiety, and Satisfaction of

Nulliparous Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Mariyam Momeni 1 , Mansoureh Jamshidimanesh 1, *
and Hadi Ranjbar 2
1
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University Medical and Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2
Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
*
Corresponding author: Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-9192266207, Email:
[email protected]

Received 2019 February 20; Revised 2020 April 12; Accepted 2020 May 10.

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy and childbirth are natural phenomena in a women’s life, associated with stress and anxiety, leading to ad-
verse effects in the mother and fetus. Using complementary medicine, such as aromatherapy, music, light radiation, and aquariums
in an environment that engage a person’s multiple senses can make mothers relax through mental deviations.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a Snoezelen room on fear, anxiety, and satisfaction of childbirth’s
nulliparous women.
Methods: This randomized clinical trial was carried out on 130 eligible women in a selected hospital affiliated to the Iran University
of Medical Sciences in Tehran. One hundred thirty women were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 65) and control (n = 65)
groups using six modes blocks using the convenient sampling method. The delivery room was designed to distract women’s minds
in the intervention group. Data were collected using a demographic characteristics form, Harman’s Childbirth Attitude question-
naire (CAQ), Visual Analogue scale (VAS) to measure childbirth anxiety, and the Mackey Childbirth Satisfaction Rating scale. Data
were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using independent t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance, and Bonferroni and chi-square
tests.
Results: The results showed a significant reduction in fear in the active phase and postpartum in the intervention group compared
with the control group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Anxiety showed a significant difference and was lower at dilatation
of 6 to 7 and 7 to 8 cm, and after childbirth in the interventional group. The satisfaction of childbirth significantly increased in the
interventional group (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: These results confirmed the importance of a Snoezelen room in the childbirth of nulliparous women, which can
promote vaginal childbirth.

Keywords: Anxiety of Childbirth, Fear of Childbirth, Satisfaction of Childbirth, Snoezelen Room

1. Background childbirth have usually been ignored, since it can lead to

tension in communication, reduced thinking power, and
Although there is no general agreement on the defi-
lack of ability and perception of the mother during preg-
nition of fear of childbirth, this fear is characterized by
nancy (6). Mother’s uncertainty about her ability for vagi-
worries about childbirth assessed by several specific scales
nal delivery and fear of perineal tearing (7) or the fear of
(1). Fear of childbirth has a global prevalence of 20% -
the unknown (8) lead to choosing elective cesarean (9).
25% and 14% for its severe type (2). Based on another
Women staying longer in the hospital pay more that is
study, this fear is between 8% and 30% around the world,
estimated to be 38% more than treatment costs and im-
and this heterogeneity depends on its different definitions
poses huge costs on health systems in countries (10). The
and the tools used to measure (3). The prevalence rate of
need for epidural anesthesia and postpartum trauma has
anxiety during pregnancy is 35% greater compared with
increased, whereas the rate of mother breastfeeding has re-
women of the same reproductive age (19.8%) (4). A preg-
duced (11). Also, there is a strong correlation between post-
nant woman’s emotional and physical experience makes
partum depression and fear of childbirth (12). Moreover,
unique and context-specific anxiety, which can evoke an ef-
women’s satisfaction is dependent on health care staff
fective reaction (5).
through labor, which can be used in hospital policies as
However, negative emotions and maternal fear of

Copyright © 2020, Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
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cited.
 Momeni M et al.

feedback to improve maternity-related systems (13). Labor proving the emotional and psychological aspects of pain,
and childbirth experiences are complex and multidimen- leading to appropriate decisions and feelings of strength
sional (14). Women’s birth satisfaction may have an impact and self-control in the progress of the delivery. Using
on their health and children as an experience that can be interventions as non-pharmacological methods (32), like
achieved sooner or later. For example, postpartum depres- acupuncture, which has no impact on maternal or fetal
sion, post-traumatic stress disorder, lack of ability to re- outcomes (33), hypnosis that had been effective in sooth-
sume sexual activity, increased number of cesarean cases, ing fear and pain and the increasing sense of control dur-
negative attitude towards the baby, and lack of compatibil- ing labor (34), water childbirth (35), which has not ap-
ity with the maternal role are the factors affecting child- proved in a systematic review because of bias (36), yoga (37,
birth dissatisfaction (15). According to the aforementioned 38), and physical and emotional support compatible with
reports, childbirth fear and anxiety are undeniable facts, pain (39) have been effective accordingly. However, stud-
and there is a need for interventions for reducing these ies on the effect of the Snoezelen room on childbirth are
discomforts (16). Snoezelen room with multiple sensory scarce, and whether a Snoezelen room can make women
stimulations has been considered worldwide as a comple- comfortable during labor and birth should be assessed.
mentary therapy (17). There is a lack of comprehensive re- Consequently, it can be considered as a complementary
search in this field, but a qualitative study showed that method to reduce pain, the anxiety of birth, and making
women experienced subjective relaxation, comfort, and a the childbirth process a pleasant and enjoyable event. As a
sense of control in labor using a Snoezelen delivery room complementary method, it can reduce severe anxiety and
(18). The results of a systematic review showed that envi- fear and decrease the tendency for selective cesarean (40).
ronmental interventions had a lower effect on women’s Therefore, non-drug interventions should be selected for
ability to cope with pain and their personal relationships pain relief and better satisfaction with childbirth (41), es-
(19). The results of another systematic review revealed the pecially in nulliparous women who had not previous neg-
evidence on how birthing environments affect outcomes ative birth experience.
of labor and birth is incomplete (20). The term “Snoeze-
len room” was used by Hulsegge and Verheule in 1975 with
2. Objectives
the combination of two Dutch words describing a process
of controlling all sensory systems in a safe environment, The aim of the present study was the efficacy of the
i.e., Dozelen and Snoezel that means seeking out and relax- Snoezelen room on fear, anxiety, and satisfaction of child-
ing with creating satisfaction in people (21, 22). Snoezelen birth.
room is a multidimensional stimulus environment useful
for relaxation and distracting mind through an increase
3. Methods
in the secretion of endorphins from the brain and an in-
crease in the capacity of individuals to adapt pain (23). Aro- 3.1. Design
matherapy (24) is one of the ways, which is used in the
This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 130
Snoezelen room, as the olfactory system has a direct and
nulliparous women in the Akbar Abadi Hospital affiliated
immediate effect on the nervous system (25). Music ther-
to Iran University of Medical Sciences from February 2016
apy during childbirth can reduce anxiety, pain, and post-
to March 2017.
partum depression and increase satisfaction, which it is
also another component of a Snoezelen room (26) and im-
3.2. Sample
proves physical symptoms, hormones, and stabilizes vi-
tal signs via stimulating the brain, increasing endorphins, The sample size was 65 individuals in each group, con-
inhibiting sensory-environmental receptors. Light music sidering a 95% confidence level, a test power of 80%, and
can make a slow breathing rate, reduce heart rate, and based on the Namazi study (d = 0.79) with the attrition
relax the body (27, 28). It seems that the use of comple- probability of 10%.
mentary medicine in most Iranian pregnant women is ac-  2
2 Z(1− α ) + Z1−β σ 2
ceptable, and like many other countries, such as Germany, n = 2
+
over 50.7% of women use it during pregnancy (29). Also, d2
2 2
massage therapy and yoga are some of the most common 2 (1.96 + 1.28) 1.32
⇒
methods for pregnant women in Australia and the United 0.792
∼
= 59
States (30). For example, Hatha yoga training in pregnancy
reduced the fear of childbirth (31). In this study, inclusion criteria were the absence of
There are other non-pharmacological methods for im- known medical conditions, such as migraine, epilepsy,

2 Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2020; 14(2):e89168.

 Momeni M et al.

asthma, and allergies, mothers’ age of from 18 to 35 fear of childbirth was evaluated by CAQ and their anxiety
years, gestational age of 37 to 42 weeks, estimated embryo by the VAS. Then, the questionnaire assessing fear was re-
weights of 2500 to 3500 g per examination or according filled at 4 to 8 cm dilatation, and anxiety was also measured
to the sonography results, head and pelvic fitness based by the VAS per hour at 4 to 5 cm, 5 to 6 cm, 6 to 7 cm, and 7
on vaginal examination, cephalic examination according to 8 cm dilatation. Next, after confirming the mother’s vital
to the vaginal examination, no stressed events in the pre- signs during the first 2 h after childbirth, the CAQ and VAS
vious 6 months, dilatation of 3 - 4 cm at the beginning of were completed, followed by filling out the MCSRS when
the study, low-risk pregnancy, and normal pattern of fetal the mother was discharged from the hospital (Figure 1).
heart rate. The exclusion criterion included the need for The collected data were analyzed using independent t-test,
an emergency cesarean for medical reasons, according to repeated measures analysis of variance (rANOVA), and Chi-
a doctor and midwife suggestions during the study. square and Bonferroni tests by SPSS version 16.

3.3. Data and Measures

4. Results
Data gathering was performed by a demographic char-
acteristics form, and three questionnaires, including the The mean age of women in the intervention group was
Harman’s Childbirth Attitude questionnaire (CAQ), re- 26.69 ± 5.11, and in the control group was 28.25 ± 4.24
viewed by Lowe (42) and translated and validated in Iran years. The average number of years of education was 12 ±
(43), the Mackey Childbirth Satisfaction Rating scale (MC- 2.70 and 12 ± 3.20 in the intervention and control groups,
SRS), and Visual Analogue scale (VAS). CAQ has 14 items scor- respectively. Other demographic variables are shown in Ta-
ing on a four-point scale Likert (not at all, very low, mod- ble 1.
erate, and high). Score 14 shows the minimum, and 56
shows maximum fear, and it has no cutoff point. VAS was Table 1. The Demographic Characteristics of the Women in the Snoezelen and Child-
used to measure childbirth anxiety, and women’s satisfac- birth Roomsa

tion was measured with the MCSRS that has 34 items (32) Variable Interventional Control Group Results
and has been translated and validated in Iran, and by elim- Group

inating two items for cultural reasons, finally, it includes Employment χ2 = 0.652; df =
0.2; P = 0.72
32 items (44). In this questionnaire, nine items are re-
lated to the mother, nine items are about a midwife, eight House- 50 (76.9) 46 (70.8)
wife
items concern the doctor, three items regard the baby,
Em- 15 (23.1) 19 (29.2)
and three items are related to the satisfaction of the child- ployed
birth, which ultimately will show the total satisfaction. It
Previous hospi- χ2 = 0.4; df =
is scored on a five-point scale from totally disagree (score talization for 0.2; P = 0.53
one) to totally agree (score five). labor

Yes 26 (40) 18 (27.7)

3.4. Procedures No 39 (60) 47 (72.3)

After being approved by the Ethics Committee of Iran Age at 38.4 ± 0.92 38.1 ± 0.82 t = 1.94; df = 128;
pregnancy P = 0.62
University of Medical Sciences, registering a proposal at
Neonate’s 2948.35 ± 180 2890.20 ± 220/ t = 1.54; df = 128;
the Iranian Center for Clinical Trials, and obtaining a per- weight P = 0.126
mit from the vice-chancellor for research and offering to a
Values are expressed as No. (%) or mean ± SD.
hospital authorities, a Snoezelen room was designed us-
ing an aquarium, a projector, which played optical shapes,
playing light music, and essential aroma. The research ob- The results revealed the mean score of fear at baseline
jective was explained to the eligible women, and then their was 43.38 ± 3.56 in the intervention group and 41.33 ± 2.89
written informed consent was obtained. The sampling in the control group. The mean of fear during the active
method was using a convenience sample. One hundred phase and after childbirth decreased than the baseline in
thirty women by random allocation assigned to the two the intervention group, which was statistically different
groups. They were randomly assigned to the groups us- between the intervention and control groups (-6.4 ± 28.91
ing four blocks of six units in the opaque envelopes in the and 2.09 ± 6.24, respectively). The mean score of fear in
hospital admission by the statistical consultant for main- the postpartum was also significantly lower in the inter-
taining confidentiality. This study was not blinded. Before ventional group than baseline (37.11 ± 3.47), whereas, in the
entering the eligible women to the childbirth rooms their control group, the postpartum fear score was higher than

Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2020; 14(2):e89168. 3

 Momeni M et al.

Assessed eligibility Enrollment

(n = 149)
Not meeting inclusion
criteria (n = 19)
Eligible and randomized
(n = 130)
Allocation

Allocated to intervention group Allocated to intervention group

Received care of labor in szozelen Received care of labor in

room (65) childbirth room (65)

In active phase In active phase

Measured fear of childbirth at dilation 4-8cm Measured fear of childbirth at dilation 4-8cm
Measured anxiety dilation 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8 Measured anxiety dilation 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8
Follow up
(n = 65) (n = 65)

After delivery After delivery

Measured fear and anxiety in the first 2 hours Measured fear and anxiety in the first 2
after childbirth hours after childbirth
Measured satisfaction of childbirth (n = 65) Measured satisfaction of childbirth (n = 65) Follow up

Included in data analysis (n = 65) Included in data analysis (n = 65)

Figure 1. Diagram of the study process of two studied groups

before entering to the childbirth room (44.33 ± 2.99) (Ta- 7 - 8 cm of dilation between the two groups (Table 4).
ble 2).
The mean score of anxiety was measured before, dur-
The total mean score of birth satisfaction was 163.19 ±
ing, and after childbirth by t-test. The results showed that
10.15 in the intervention group and 74.71 ± 6.04 in the con-
the mean score of anxiety decreased in the intervention
trol group. Also, 58.5% of mothers in the Snoezelen room
group in the active phase than the baseline and also than
reported satisfaction and were very pleased with the expe-
the control group. Besides, the mean score of mothers’
rience of childbirth, whereas 67.7% of mothers were dissat-
anxiety in the intervention group decreased after delivery,
isfied with the childbirth in the control group. The mean
whereas in the control group, it was higher than before en-
score of satisfaction with childbirth was higher after deliv-
tering the room (4.62 ± 3.1 and 8.87 ± 5.1, respectively) (Ta-
ery (23.82 ± 1.03) in the intervention group than the con-
ble 3).
trol group (11.32 ± 0.73). Mothers’ satisfaction with their
Also, the mean score of anxiety in different dilations of neonate was 49/79 ± 10.42 in the intervention and 63.72 ±
the cervix was assessed by the rANOVA and Bonferroni test. 17.58 in the control group. More than half of women (52.3%)
The mean score of anxiety at 4 - 5 cm was similar to 5 - 6 cm were very satisfied with their postpartum in the interven-
of dilation, but there was a significant difference at 6 - 7 and tional group than the control group (16.9%) (Table 5).

4 Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2020; 14(2):e89168.

 Momeni M et al.

Table 2. Comparison of the Mean Scores of Childbirth Fear at Different Stages of Labor Within and Between Groupsa , b

Group
Time
Interventional Control Group Results Comparison Interventional Control Group Results
Group (N = 65) (N = 65) Group (N = 65) (N = 65)

At baseline 43.38 ± 3.56 41.33 ± 2.89 t = 2.71; df = 128; P In active -2.37 ± 5.50 2.46 ± 7.74 t = 4.106; df = 128;
= 0.07 phase-at P < 0.001
baseline

In active phase 41.01 ± 2.01 43.79 ± 2.51 t = 3.39; df = 128; At -3.90 ± 4.50 0.54 ± 1.66 t = 3.93; df = 128;
P < 0.001 postpartum-in P < 0.001
active phase

After delivery 37.11 ± 3.47 44.33 ± 2.99 t = 10.57; df = 128; At -6.28 ± 4.91 2.09 ± 6.24 t = 8.50; df = 128;
P < 0.001 postpartum-at P < 0.001
baseline
a
Values are expressed as mean ± SD.
b
Using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni test.

Table 3. Comparison of the Mean Scores of Childbirth Anxiety at Different Stages of Table 5. Measurement of Satisfaction According to the Groupsa
Labora
Mother’s Groups Values Results
Cervix Dilation Interventional Control Group Results Satisfaction
Group (N = 65) (N = 65)
Interventional 41.82 ± 2.73
At baseline 8.06 ± 1.34 7.49 ± 1.61 t = 2.18; df = 128; The mother group t = 15.41; df = 128;
P = 0.031 with herself P < 0.001
Control group 20.18 ± 5.26
In active phase 7.87 ± 0.74 8.04 ± 1.18 t = 1.98; df = 128;
P = 0.09 Interventional 22.12 ± 1.42
group t = 6.23; df = 128;
After delivery 4.62 ± 3.1 8.87 ± 5.1 t = 8.31; df = 128; With the baby
P < 0.001
P < 0.001 Control group 10.2 ± 1.04
a
Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Interventional 42.61 ± 3.37
With the group t = 4.32; df = 128;
midwife P < 0.001
Control group 15.26 ± 1.57
Table 4. Comparison of the Mean Scores of Childbirth Anxiety at Different Dilations
of cervix Between Two Groupsa Interventional 32.82 ± 6.47
With the group t = 7.46; df = 128;
Anxiety at Interventional Control Group Results
Different Group (N = 65) (N = 65) physician P < 0.001
Control group 17.82 ± 3.73
Cervix
Dilations, cm Interventional 23.82 ± 1.03
Childbirth group t = 11.52; df = 128;
4-5 8.4 ± 1.43 7.95 ± 1.77 t = 1.578; df =
128; P = 0.117 satisfaction P < 0.001
Control group 11.32 ± 0.73

5-6 7.95 ± 0.94 8 ± 1.73 t = 0.189; df = Interventional 163.19 ± 10.15

128; P = 0.85 group
Overall t = 7.83; df = 128; P
6-7 5.49 ± 1.03 7.92 ± 1.41 t = 1.99; df = 128; satisfaction < 0.001
Control group 74.71 ± 6.04
P = 0.04
a
Values are expressed as mean ± SD.
7-8 6.64 ± 1.20 8.29 ± 1.4 t = 2.82; df = 128;
P = 0.006
a
Values are expressed as mean ± SD.

tween the two groups (P < 0.001). This study did not cat-
egorize the severity of fear of nulliparous women as mild,
5. Discussion moderate, or severe, but in one study, it was reported that
in the general population of pregnant women, 6% suffered
In the intervention group, the mean score of fear was from severe fear and about 2.4% had a phobia of child-
different during and after the intervention than baseline birth that led to choosing a cesarean section (45). Fear of
(P < 0.001). Also, the mean score during the active phase childbirth is one of the main reasons to request a cesarean
was less than before entering the room and after the child- section (46-48). The study (2017) suggested that prenatal
birth in the intervention group. Moreover, the mean score mindfulness training reduced fear and pain of childbirth
of fear of childbirth during the active phase was statisti- and prevented from postpartum depression symptoms;
cally significant in both groups (P < 0.001). The mean score mindfulness was assumed as the primary mechanism for
of fear in postpartum showed a significant difference be- coping with the fear of labor (49). The effectiveness of hyp-

Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2020; 14(2):e89168. 5

 Momeni M et al.

notherapy on the fear of childbirth has been shown to in- In the current study, women’s satisfaction with a mid-
crease maternal confidence in her abilities and improve wife was significantly different between the two groups (P
mother mental health resulting in pain relief (50). < 0.001). It seems that women had a good experience with
The mean score of anxiety was lower at ≥ 6 cm of the midwives and doctors. It has shown that the scores of
dilation in the intervention than the control group (P < satisfaction with care by nurses in women who gave birth
0.001). Consistent with this study, it has shown that the at home were higher than in hospitals (58). In this regard,
mean score of anxiety through inhaling Geranium during a study concluded using the effect of face-to-face counsel-
childbirth in the intervention group was lower than the ing and Internet based on cognitive-behavioral therapy on
control group (51). Using lavender in aromatherapy had birth satisfaction, showed a decrease of from 34% to 12%
reduced the anxiety of childbirth by affecting pain per- in cesarean rate than using the Internet (24% to 20%), but
ception at intrapartum (52). Also, an intervention showed there was not a significant difference in birth satisfaction
that mindfulness-based stress reduction reduced anxiety level in the groups (59). In the present study, it seems that
in pregnancy (53). Several physical interventions have the presence of a midwife in the Snoezelen room to sup-
been used during pregnancy to prevent mother’s anxi- port women through the labor and birth process as a face-
ety, including autogenic training, biofeedback, hypnosis, to-face form led to a decrease in fear of birth and cesarean.
prayer, yoga, meditation, and auto-suggestion, which act It has revealed that providing a good level of care had
via psychological techniques and self-hypnosis (54). a meaningful relationship with the positive comments of
The total mean score of birth satisfaction was signifi- women via keeping the mother at a private place, answer-
cantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001). The ing mother’s questions, receiving information, and men-
results of another study showed that music did not sig- tal support by the personnel (60). In our study, midwives
nificantly affect the anxiety between the two groups, but and physicians were able to provide women’s satisfaction
there was a significant difference in mothers’ satisfaction through the mental support of the mothers and by appro-
between the two groups following listening to music (30 priate responses to them.
min) 5 days before childbirth and 2 days after birth, and
it could create a good childbirth experience (55). In our 5.1. Conclusions
study, integrating the ways to distract the mind effectively Our results showed that fear of childbirth in the inter-
reduced anxiety. Childbirth satisfaction in cases who had vention group was lower than the control group during la-
vaginal delivery was higher than women with cesarean bor and after childbirth.
section, and women who had decided to deliver at home Also, the mother’s anxiety in the active phase at 6 to 7
or at the birth center had higher satisfaction than those cm and 7 to 8 cm of dilatations were lower and showed sig-
who were at the hospital (56). In our study, women in the nificant differences in two groups. The mean score of post-
Snoezelen room could walk and select their positions, per- partum anxiety also had a significant difference between
haps they had the feeling of being at home, and they were the two groups, as the mean score of anxiety in the con-
nulliparous. It was similar to the birth room in the hospi- trol group after delivery was higher than the intervention
tal described by other women in their families or friends group.
as the control group had experienced. There was a signifi- The mean score of overall satisfaction with postpar-
cant difference between the two groups in the score of sat- tum care was different in the intervention than the control
isfaction with the newborn (P < 0.001). The satisfaction group and was higher in the intervention group. Mothers’
score of the labor agents, the midwife, and the physician satisfaction scores with their babies, themselves, and birth
was also significantly different between the two groups agents, namely the midwife and the physician, were higher
(P < 0.001). The result of another study showed that the in the Snoezelen room.
Belgian women’s satisfaction with birth was higher than The limitation of this study was including previous in-
Dutch women, however, home birth was prevalent among formation regarding childbirth by our nulliparous women
Dutch women and Belgian women who had home birth ex- who participated in a birth preparation class.
perience reported a higher level satisfaction than those ex-
periencing hospital childbirth (57).
Acknowledgments
In line with the present study, a study revealed that
women who used the Snoezelen room for breastfeeding in This study was extracted from a Master’s thesis in mid-
the early hours of birth showed an increase in their self- wifery. Hereby, the authors wish to express their gratitude
confidence and comfortable sleep in their babies, and de- to the Akbar Abadi Hospital affiliated to Iran University
spite the pain in their breasts, they started easier breast- of Medical Sciences for funding this research and all the
feeding (18). mothers participated in this study.

6 Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2020; 14(2):e89168.

 Momeni M et al.

Footnotes 11. Alder J, Breitinger G, Granado C, Fornaro I, Bitzer J, Hosli I, et

al. Antenatal psychobiological predictors of psychological response
Authors’ Contribution: MJ and MM designed the study, to childbirth. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2011;17(6):417–25. doi:
10.1177/1078390311426454. [PubMed: 22142978].
interpreted the clinical data, and performed the statistical
12. Stewart DE. Depression during pregnancy. New England Journal of
analysis. MM collected the clinical data. Medicine. 2011;365(17):1605–11.
Clinical Trial Registration Code: The clinical trial regis- 13. Jha P, Larsson M, Christensson K, Svanberg AS. Fear of childbirth and
depressive symptoms among postnatal women: A cross-sectional
tration code was IRCT201312073034N13.
survey from Chhattisgarh, India. Women Birth. 2018;31(2):e122–33. doi:
Conflict of Interests: None declared. 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.07.003. [PubMed: 28756932].
14. Larkin P, Begley CM, Devane D. Women’s experiences of labour and
Ethical Approval: This study was approved by the Ethics
birth: an evolutionary concept analysis. Midwifery. 2009;25(2):e49–
Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences (code: 59. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2007.07.010. [PubMed: 17996342].
IR.IUMS.REC1394.9211373209). 15. Batbaatar E, Dorjdagva J, Luvsannyam A, Amenta P. Conceptualisation
of patient satisfaction: a systematic narrative literature review. Per-
Funding/Support: This study was supported by the Iran
spect Public Health. 2015;135(5):243–50. doi: 10.1177/1757913915594196.
University of Medical Sciences. [PubMed: 26187638].
Informed Consent: The research objective was explained 16. Landolt AS, Milling LS. The efficacy of hypnosis as an intervention for
labor and delivery pain: A comprehensive methodological review.
to the eligible women, and then their written informed
Clinical psychology review. 2011;31(6):1022–31.
consent was obtained. 17. Bauer M, Rayner J, Tang J, Koch S, While C, O’Keefe F. An evaluation
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