CORONEOS’ 100

INTEGRALS
CHALLENGE
Preface
The art of Integration is an extremely important skill to master in
the HSC. With heavy use in Volumes, resisted motion in
Mechanics, and having its own standalone topic, if you’re not
good at Integration, you’re going to have a bad time in 4U
maths.

Coroneos’ 100 Integral challenge is known for having a rather

comprehensive coverage all the type of integrals you may
encounter in the HSC. If you are able to complete all 100
integrals with ease, then no integral in the HSC should cause
you great difficulty.

Why Does This Book Exist?

There’s no point in learning the trick/manipulation/technique/

answer to a particular question if you don’t understand how to
use it in other questions. So alongside the worked solutions,
we’ve also tried to teach you HOW to approach the question,
and questions similar to it.
Chapter 1

The 100
Integrals

The ideal way to use this book is to:

• Do a section of ten in one go. (do NOT look at the solutions)

• Mark your answers using the quick solutions.

• Carefully read the worked solutions provided. Ask yourself:

- Was my method the most efficient one?

- Why have the solutions done what they have done?

- What would I change if I were doing this integral again?

- How should I approach this type of integral in the

future?

• Repeat the process for the next set of ten integrals.

Section 1

Questions 1 - 10

x
∫ x2 + 4 ∫
1. dx 8. x sec2 2x d x

x
∫ ∫
2. dx 9. tan−1 2x d x
x2 + 4

x3
∫ x2 + 1
5x + 2 dx
∫ x2 − 4
10.
3. dx

∫
4. sin x cos3 x d x

∫
5. sin x sec3 x d x

x
∫
6. cos2 dx
2

∫
7. x sin x d x

3
Section 2

Questions 11 - 20

x dx
∫ (x + 2)(x + 4) ∫ x a2 + x2
11. dx 17.

(x − 1)(x + 1)
∫ (x − 2)(x − 3)
12. dx dx
∫ x a2 − x2
18.

2x − 1
∫ x 2 + 2x + 3
13. dx
dx
∫ x x2 − a2
19.

x3
∫ 2x − 1
14. dx
x
∫
20. dx
x+1
1+x
∫
15. dx
1−x− x2

dx
∫ x 2(1 − x 2) 12
16.

4
Section 3

Questions 21 - 30

cos−1 x
∫ ∫
21. dx 28. tan3 x d x
1 − x2

dx
∫ 5 + 3 cos x
x+1 29.
∫
22. dx
x−1

dx
∫ 3 + 5 cos x
dx 30.
∫ x(ln x)3
23.

∫
24. sec4 3x d x

dx
∫ x 2(1 − x)
25.

dx
∫ x 2(1 + x 2)
26.

dx
∫ (1 + x 2)2
27.

5
Section 4

Questions 31 - 40

sin x ex
∫ 5 + 3 cos x ∫ ex − 1
31. dx 36. dx

dx dx
∫ 1 + cos2 x ∫ 3 sin2 x + 5 cos2 x
32. 37.

dx
∫ ∫
4−7
33. 38. x 3e 5x dx
cos2 2x − sin2 2x

∫
39. x 5 ln x d x
∫
2
34. x sin x d x

3x + 2
∫ x(x + 1)3
x2 40. dx
∫ (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)
35. dx

6
Section 5

Questions 41 - 50

∫ ∫
1
41. ln(x 3) d x 48. (x 2 − x)− 2 d x

dx 1 − 2x
∫ e x + e −x ∫ 3+x
42. 49. dx

∫ ∫
3 1
43. (5x 3 + 7x − 1) 2 ⋅ (15x 2 + 7) d x 50. x 3(4 + x 2)− 2 d x

dx
∫ (x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4)
44.

∫
45. (x 2 + x + 1)−1 d x

∫
46. e x sin 2x d x

∫
47. (x 2 + x − 1)−1 d x

7
Section 6

Questions 51 - 60

sin 2x sec2 x
∫ 3 cos2 x + 4 sin2 x ∫ tan2 x − 3 tan x + 2
51. dx 56. dx

x2 x+1
∫ 1 − x4 ∫ (x 2 − 3x + 2) 12
52. dx 57. dx

dx
∫ sin x cos x ∫
53. 58. sin 2x cos x d x

∫
x
∫ 1 + x3
54. ln x − 1 dx 59. dx

dx
∫ ex − 1 ∫
55. 60. x tan−1 x d x

8
Section 7

Questions 61 - 70

∫ ∫
61. (1 + 3x + 2x 2)−1 d x 66. x 2e −x d x

∫ ∫
1 2
62. (9 − x 2) 2 d x 67. xe x d x

∫ ∫
1
63. (9 + x 2) 2 d x 68. sin x tan x d x

∫ ∫
1
64. x(9 + x 2) 2 d x 69. sin4 x cos3 x d x

x3 + 1
∫ ∫ x3 − x
2 3
65. sec x tan x d x 70. dx

9
Section 8

Questions 71 - 80

∫
x+1
∫1
2
71. ln(x + x − 1) d x 77. dx
−2 + 3x − x 2

dx
∫ (x + 1) 12 + (x + 1)
72. π
dx
∫0 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x
2
78.

4
x
∫0
73. dx 1

∫0
x+4 79. x 1 − x2 d x

2
dx
∫1 x(1 + x 2)
4

∫2
74.
80. x ln x d x

2
ln x
∫1 x
75. dx

∫0
76. cos−1 x d x

10
Section 9

Questions 81 - 90

a
2
dx (a − x)2
∫1 x 2 + 5x + 4 ∫0 a 2 + x 2
81. 87. dx

∫0 ( )
π −1
1 x+3
∫0 (x + 2)(x + 1)2
2
82. 1 + sin x dx 88. dx
2

1
1 x2
∫0 ∫0 x 6 + 1
83. 2 −x
x e dx 89. dx

∫0
1
7+x
∫0 1 + x + x 2 + x 3
84. dx 90. cos2 m x d x, where m is an integer.

1
e −2x
∫0 e −x + 1
85. dx

a
y
∫0 a − y
2
86. dy

11
Section 10

Questions 91 - 100

π 4
x2 + 4
∫π ∫1 x(x + 2)
2
91. x sin 2x d x 97. dx
4

π
cos x
∫0 5 − 3 sin x
a 2
dx
∫0
2
98.
92. x2 a2 − x2 d x

1
1
∫0 (4 − x 2) 32
π
dx
∫0
4
2 99.
93. sec x tan x d x

∫0
1 2

∫0
94. (x + 2) x 2 + 4x + 5 d x 100. 2 sin θ cos θ(3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ) dθ

∫1
95. x(ln x)2 d x

4
x2 + 4
∫3 x 2 − 1
96. dx

12
Chapter 2

Quick
Solutions
Questions 1 - 100
1
WAIT! 1.
2
ln | x 2 + 4 | + C

2. x2 + 4 + C

Are you sure you 3. 2 ln | x + 2 | + 3 ln | x − 2 | + C

cos4 x
should be here? 4. −
4
+C

1
5. sec2 x + C
2

x sin x
6. + +C
We strongly advise you to attempt questions in blocks of ten. 2 2
And dont check your answers until you finish the block!
7. −x cos x + sin x + C

Don’t use the solutions to give you hints; you’re only cheating x 1
8. tan 2x + ln | cos 2x | + C
yourself. Make sure you give each question your best attempt 2 4
before coming to this section (or the next) to check your answers!
1
9. x tan−1 2x − ln | 1 + 4x 2 | + C
4

x2 1
10. − ln | x 2 + 1 | + C
2 2
14
Questions 11 - 20

1 − x2
16. − +C
x
11. 2 ln | x + 4 | − ln | x + 2 | + C

12. x + 8 ln | x − 3 | − 3 ln | x − 2 | + C 1 a a2 + x2
17. − ln + +C
a x x

( 2 )
3 x+1
13. ln | x 2 + 2x + 3 | − tan−1 +C
2
1 a a2 − x2
18. − ln + +C
a x x
x3 x2 x 1
14. + + + ln | 2x − 1 | + C
6 8 8 16

1 x
19. sec−1 + C
( )
1 2x + 1
15. − 1 − x − x 2 + sin−1 +C a a
2 5
2 3
x 2 − x + 2x 2 − 2 ln ( x + 1) + C
1
20.
3

15
Questions 21 - 30

1
−1
(cos x) 2 26. − − tan−1 x + C
21. − +C x
2
tan−1 x x
27. + +C
22. x 2 − 1 + ln x + x2 − 1 + C 2 2(x 2 + 1)

tan2 x
1 28. + ln | cos x | + C
23. − +C 2
2(ln x)2
x
tan 2
( 2 )
3 1 −1
tan 3x tan 3x 29. tan +C
24. + +C 2
3 9

x 1 x
25. ln − +C 1 2 + tan 2
1−x x 30. ln x +C
4 2 − tan 2

16
Questions 31 - 40

1 36. ln | e x − 1 | + C
31. − ln | 5 + 3 cos x | + C
3

( )
15 3
37. tan−1 tan x + C
15 5

( 2 )
1 tan x
32. = tan−1 +C
2
1 5x 4−7
38. e +C
20
33. ln | sec x + tan x | + C

2 x6 x6
34. −x cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C 39. ln x − +C
6 36
1 9
35. ln | x − 1 | − 4 ln | x − 2 | + ln | x − 3 | + C 2 1
2 2 40. 2 ln | x | − 2 ln | x + 1 | + − +C
x + 1 2(x + 1)2

17
Questions 41 - 50

ex
46. (sin 2x − 2 cos 2x) + C
41. 3x ln x − 3x + C 5

42. tan−1(e x ) + c
1 2x + 1 − 5
47. ln +C
2 5 5 2x + 1 + 5
43. (5x 3 + 7x − 1) 2 + C
5

(2)
1 1 x 48. ln 2x − 1 + 2 x 2 − x + C
44. tan−1 x − tan−1 +C
3 6

49. 7 ln | x + 3 | − 2x + C

( 3 )
2 2x + 1
45. tan−1 +C
3 1 2
50. (x − 8) x 2 + 4 + C
3

18
Questions 51 - 60

56. ln | tan x − 2 | − ln | tan x − 1 | + C

51. ln(3 + sin2 x) + C
5
57. x 2 − 3x + 2 + ln 2x − 3 + 2 x 2 − 3x + 2 + C
1 1 1 2
52. ln | 1 + x | − ln | 1 − x | − tan−1 x + C
4 4 2
2 1 1
58. − cos3 x + C OR − cos 3x − cos x + C
53. −2 ln | cosec x + cot x | + C OR = ln | tan x | + C 3 6 2

1 1

( )
54. (x − 1)ln(x − 1) − x + C 1 1 1 2x − 1
2 2 59. − ln | 1 + x | + ln | 1 − x + x 2 | + tan−1 +C
3 6 3 3
55. ln | 1 − e −x | + C OR ln | e x − 1 | − x + C
x2 1 1
60. tan−1 x − x + tan−1 x + C
2 2 2

19
Questions 61 - 70

61. ln | 2x + 1 | − ln | x + 1 | + C
66. −e −x(x 2 + 2x + 2) + C

2[ ( ) ]
1 x
62. 9 sin−1 + x 9 − x2 + C 1 x2
3 67. e +C
2

1 9 68. ln | sec x + tan x | − sin x + C

63. x x 2 + 9 + ln x + x 2 + 9 + C2
2 2
1 5 1
69. sin x − sin7 x + C
1 2 3
5 7
64. (x + 9) 2 + C
3
70. x − ln | x | + ln | x − 1 | + C
tan4 x
65. +C
4

20
Questions 71 - 80

71. x ln (x + x2 − 1) − x2 − 1 + C 76. 1

5π
77.
72. 2 ln x+1+1 +C 2

π 2
16
3 (
2)
78.
73. 2− 4

1
1 8 79.
74. ln 3
2 5

1 80. 14 ln 2 − 3
75. (ln 2)2
2

21
Questions 81 - 90

3 (4)
1 5
81. ln a
86. (ln 4 − 1)
2

2π
82. 87. a(1 − ln 2)
3 3
3
88. ln +1
4
83. 2 − 5e −1
π
3 89.
84. ln 2 + π 12
2
π
90.
( 2e ) e
1+e 1 2
85. ln − +1

22
Questions 91 - 100

π 1 5 6
91. − 96. 1 + ln
4 4 2 5

a4
192 (
4π − 3 3 )
97. 3
92.
1 5
98. ln
1 3 2
93.
2
3
99.
5 5 12
94.
3 (2 2 − 1)
2
100.
3 5
95. 2(ln 2)2 − 2 ln 2 +
4

23
Chapter 3

Worked
Solutions

When reading the worked solutions provided, ask yourself:

- Was my method the most efficient one?

- Why have the solutions done what they have done?

- What would I change if I were doing this integral again?

- How should I approach this type of integral in the

future?

This is the most important part when studying for Integration.

Doing the integrals themselves does absolutely nothing.
Your studying only truly begins once you carefully examine the
worked solutions and reflect upon what you would do differently
next time.
Section 1

Questions 1 - 10
x
∫
x
∫ x2 + 4
1. dx 2. dx
x2 +4

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule

d 2 d 2
Observing that (x + 4) = 2x: Observing that (x + 4) = 2x:
dx dx
x 1
∫ 2∫
x 1 2x 1
2x(x 2 + 4)− 2 d x
∫ x2 + 4 2 ∫ x2 + 4
d x = dx dx =
x2 + 4

1 1 (x 2 + 4) 2
1

= ln | x 2 + 4 | + C, applying the reverse chain rule. = ⋅ + C, by the reverse chain rule.

2 2 1
2
Method 2: Algebraic Substitution
= x2 + 4 + C
d 2
Observing that (x + 4) = 2x, u = x 2 + 4 is a suitable choice of Method 2: Algebraic Substitution #1
dx
substitution: d 2
(x + 4) = 2x, u = x 2 + 4 is a suitable choice of
∫ u (2 )
x 1 1 Observing that
∫ x2 + 4
2
d x = du let u = x + 4 dx
du substitution:

(2 )
= 2x x 1
∫ x2 + 4 ∫
1
dx d x = u− 2 du let u = x 2 + 4
1 du
2∫ u
= 1 du
x d x = du = 2x
2 1 −1 dx
2∫
1 = u 2 du
1
= ln | u | + C x d x = du
2 1 2
= u2 + C
1
= ln | x 2 + 4 | + C = x2 + 4 + C
2

25
Method 3: Algebraic Substitution #2 = 2 sec θ + C

The goal of substitution is to eliminate difficult parts of the We then substitute back in:
integrand, thus subbing u = x 2 + 4 will also be suitable:
x x2 + 4 x2 + 4
x
x u tan θ = ⟹ sec θ =
∫ ∫
dx = du 2 2 θ
x +4
2 u let u = x2 + 4 2
2
du x = x +4+C
=
∫
= du dx x2 + 4

x d x = u du
=u+C

= x2 + 4 + C

Method 4: Trigonometric Substitution

We can make use of the identity tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ to help simplify

the integrand:
x 2 tan θ let x = 2 tan θ
∫ ∫
dx = (2 sec2 θ) dθ
x2 + 4 4 tan2 θ + 4 dx
= 2 sec2 θ
dθ
2 tan θ
∫ 2 sec θ
= (2 sec2 θ) dθ d x = 2 sec2 θ dθ

∫
= 2 tan θ sec θ dθ

∫
= − 2 (cos θ)−2 (−sin θ) dθ

2(cos θ)−1
= × (−1) + C
−1

26
 5x + 2
∫ x2 − 4 ∫
3. dx 4. sin x cos3 x d x

Method 1: Partial Fractions Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule

Observing that the denominator has two linear factors, we shall d

Observing that (cos x) = − sin x:
dx
use partial fraction decomposition.

∫ ∫
5x + 2 A B sin x cos3 x d x = − (−sin x) cos3 x d x
Let 2 = + .
x −4 x+2 x−2
cos4 x
∴ 5x + 2 = A(x − 2) + B(x + 2) =− + C, by the reverse chain rule.
4
letting x = 2: 12 = 4B ⟹ B = 3.
Method 2: Substitution
letting x = − 2: −8 = − 4A ⟹ A = 2. d
Observing that (cos x) = − sin x, u = cos x is a suitable

∫(x + 2 x − 2)
5x + 2 2 3 dx
∫ x2 − 4
Hence, d x = + dx substitution:

∫ ∫
= 2 ln | x + 2 | + 3 ln | x − 2 | + C sin x cos3 x d x = u 3(−du) let u = cos x
du
= − sin x
∫
= − u 3 du dx
sin x d x = − du
u4
=− +C
4

cos4 x
=− +C
4

27
 x
∫ ∫
5. sin x sec3 x d x 6. cos2 dx
2

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: Half Angle Identity

Sine and cosine are very related functions, so we rewrite sec x in
Dealing with powers of trigonometric functions is not too nice, so
terms of cos x.
we will use the half-angle identity to help turn the integrand into a

∫ ∫
sin x sec3 x d x = sin x (cos x)−3 d x single power:

d 1
Observing that (cos x) = − sin x As cos2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ):
dx 2
x 1
∫ ∫ 2∫
= − (−sin x)(cos x)−3 d x cos2 dx = (1 + cos x) d x
2

(cos x)−2 1
=− = (x + sin x) + C
−2 2
1 x sin x
= sec2 x + C = + +C
2 2 2
Method 2: Substitution
1 d
Note that sec x = , and that (cos x) = − sin x, hence
cos x dx
u = cos x will be a suitable substitution:

∫ ∫
sin x sec3 x d x = u −3 (−du)
let u = cos x
du
u −2 = − sin x
=− +C dx
−2
sin x d x = − du
Substituting back in:
1
= sec2 x + C
2

28
 ∫ ∫
7. x sin x d x 8. x sec2 2x d x

Method 1: Integration by Parts Method 1: Integration by Parts

Notice that the integrand is a product of two functions, this hints Notice that the integrand is a product of two functions, this hints
that integration by parts will help. that integration by parts will help.

Letting: Letting:

1
u x −cos x v u x tan 2x v
2

u′ 1 sin x v′ u′ 1 sec2 2x v′

x 1
∫ ∫ ∫ 2∫
x sin x d x = − x cos x + cos x d x x sec2 2x d x = tan 2x − tan 2x d x
2

x 1 sin 2x
2 ∫ cos 2x
= − x cos x + sin x + C = tan 2x − dx
2

d
We then note that (cos 2x) = − 2 sin 2x and we manipulate the
dx
integral such that we can apply the reverse chain rule:
x 1 (−2 sin 2x)
4 ∫ cos 2x
= tan 2x + dx
2

x 1
= tan 2x + ln | cos 2x | + C
2 4

29
 x3
∫ ∫ x2 + 1
−1
9. tan 2x d x 10. dx

Method 1: Integration by Parts Method 1: Long Division

This integral is a type of integral which doesn’t succumb to normal We observe the degree of the numerator is greater than the
integration techniques, thus we shall try integration by parts, denominator, thus the best course of action is polynomial long
where v′ = 1. division. This yields:

Letting: x3 x
= x −
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
u tan−1 2x x v
x3 1 2x
∫ x2 + 1 ∫ 2 ∫ x2 + 1
Hence, d x = x d x − dx
2
u′ 1 v′
1 + 4x 2
x2 1
2x = − ln | x 2 + 1 | + C
∫ ∫ 1 + 4x 2
tan−1 2x d x = x tan−1 2x − dx 2 2

Method 2: Algebraic Manipulation

1 8x
4 ∫ 1 + 4x 2
= x tan−1 2x − dx Our goal with the manipulation is to obtain x 2 + 1 on the numerator
so that we are able to simplify the integral:
1
= x tan−1 2x − ln | 1 + 4x 2 | + C x3 x3 + x − x
∫ x2 + 1 ∫ x2 + 1
4 dx = dx

x(x 2 + 1) x
∫ x2 + 1 ∫ x2 + 1
= d x −

1 2x
∫ 2 ∫ x2 + 1
= x dx − dx

x2 1
= − ln | x 2 + 1 | + C
2 2
30
Section 2

Questions 11 - 20
(x − 1)(x + 1)
∫ (x − 2)(x − 3)
x
∫ (x + 2)(x + 4)
11. dx 12. dx

Method 1: Partial Fractions

Method 1: Partial Fractions
The degree of the numerator is the same as the denominator, so
Observing that the denominator has two linear factors, we shall we first need to long divide. After that, our new fraction has linear
use partial fraction decomposition. factors in the denominator, so we apply partial fractions.
x A B
Let = + (x − 1)(x + 1) x2 − 1
∫ (x − 2)(x − 3) ∫ x 2 − 5x + 6
(x + 2)(x + 4) x+2 x+4 dx = dx

∴ x = A(x + 4) + B(x + 2)
x2 − 1 5x − 7
Now, 2 =1+ 2 , by long division.
letting x = − 2, 2A = − 2 ⟹ A = − 1. x − 5x + 6 x − 5x + 6
5x − 7 A B
letting x = − 4, −2B = − 4 ⟹ B = 2 Using partial fractions, let = + .
(x − 2)(x − 3) x−2 x−3
x −1 2
∴ = + ∴ A(x − 3) + B(x − 2) = 5x − 7
(x + 2)(x + 4) x+2 x+4
letting x = 3, B = 15 − 7 ⟹ B = 8.

∫(x + 4 x + 2)
x 2 1
∫ (x + 2)(x + 4)
dx = − dx
letting x = 2, −A = 3 ⟹ A = − 3
(x − 1)(x + 1) 1 1
∫ (x − 2)(x − 3) ∫ ∫ x−3 ∫ x−2
= 2 ln | x + 4 | − ln | x + 2 | + C ∴ dx = 1dx + 8 dx − 3 dx

= x + 8 ln | x − 3 | − 3 ln | x − 2 | + C

31
 2x − 1 x3
∫ x 2 + 2x + 3 ∫ 2x − 1
13. dx 14. dx

Method 1: Algebraic Manipulation Method 1: Long Division

d 2 Noticing that the degree of the numerator is greater than the
Observing that (x + 2x + 3) = 2x + 2, we shall split the
dx
degree of the denominator, we shall use long division.
numerator:
1
x3 1 1 1
∫ ( x 2 + 2x + 3 2 + (x + 1)2 )
2x − 1 2x + 2 3 = x 2 + x + + 8 , by long division.
∫ x 2 + 2x + 3
d x = − dx 2x − 1 2 4 8 2x − 1

∫[2 8 8(2x − 1) ]
We then apply the reverse chain rule to the first fraction, and the x3 1 2 1 1 1
∫ 2x − 1
∴ dx = x + x+ + dx
standard integral result to the second fraction: 4

∫(2 8)
1 2 1 1 1 2
( 2 ) 16 ∫ 2x − 1
3 x+1
2
= ln | x + 2x + 3 | − tan−1
+C = x + x+ dx + dx
2 4

x3 x2 x 1
= + + + ln | 2x − 1 | + C
6 8 8 16

32
 1+x dx
∫ ∫ x 2(1 − x 2) 12
15. dx 16.
1 − x − x2

Method 1: Algebraic Manipulation Method 1: Trigonometric Substitution

d We can use the Pythagorean Identity of 1 − sin2 θ = cos2 θ to help

Observing that (1 − x − x 2) = − 1 − 2x, we can split the
dx simplify the integral:
1 1
numerator as 1 + x = − (−2x − 1) + : dx cos θ
∫ x 2(1 − x 2) 12 ∫ sin2 θ 1 − sin2 θ
2 2 = dθ let x = sin θ
1+x 1 −2x − 1 1 1 dx
∫ 2∫ 2∫
dx = − dx + dx = cos θ
dθ
1
∫ sin2 θ
1−x− x2 1−x− x2 1−x− x2 = dθ d x = cos θ dθ

∫
For our remaining integral, we then complete the square. = cosec2θ dθ
1 1 1
2∫ 2∫
1
=− (−1 − 2x)(1 − x − x 2)− 2 d x + dx
= − cot θ + C
− (x + 2)
2
5 1
4
cos θ
=− +C
sin θ
These integrals are now all standard integrals:
We then substitute back in:
1 1
1 −1 x + 2
1
1 (1 − x − x 2) 2 x x
=− + sin +C sin θ = ⟹ cos θ = 1−x 2
2 1 2 5 1 θ
2
2
1 − x2
1 − x2
=− +C

( )
1 2x + 1 x
=− 1 − x − x 2 + sin−1 +C
2 5

33
 dx dx
∫ x a2 + x2 ∫ x a2 − x2
17. 18.

Method 1: Trigonometric Substitution Method 1: Trigonometric Substitution

We can use the Pythagorean Identity of 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ to help We can use the Pythagorean Identity of 1 − sin2 θ = cos2 θ to help
simplify the integral: simplify the integral:

a sec2 θ dx a cos θ
∫ x a2 − x2 ∫ a sin θ a 2 − a 2 sin2 θ
dx
∫ x a2 + x2 ∫ a tan θ a 2 + a 2 tan2 θ
= dθ let x = a tan θ = dθ
dx let x = a sin θ
= a sec2 θ
dθ d x = a cos θ dθ
sec θ 1
∫ a tan θ a∫
= dθ d x = a sec2 θ dθ = cosec θ dθ

1 1
a∫
= cosec θ dθ =− ln | cosec θ + cot θ | + C
a

1 By drawing a triangle, we can find cosec θ and cot θ:

=− ln | cosec θ + cot θ | + C
a x
= sin θ a
a
a x
By drawing a triangle, we can find cosec θ and cot θ:
θ
x a2 − x2
= tan θ 2
x +a 2
a x
θ
a 1 a a2 − x2
= − ln + +C
a x x
1 a a2 + x2
= − ln + +C
a x x

34
 dx x
∫ x x2 − a2 ∫
19. 20. dx
x+1

Method 1: Trigonometric Substitution Method 1: Algebraic Substitution

We can use the Pythagorean Identity of sec2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ to help We can use the substitution u = x to simplify the integrand.
simplify the integral:
x u3
∫ ∫
dx = 2 du let u = x
dx a sec θ tan θ u + 1
∫ x x2 − a2 ∫ a sec θ a 2 sec2 θ − a 2
= dθ x+1
d x = 2u du

1
a∫
= dθ let x = a sec θ u3 −1
Now, = u2 − u + 1 + , by long division
d x = a sec θ dθ u+1 u+1
1
= θ +C
∫( u + 1)
x 1
∫
a ∴ dx = 2 u2 − u + 1 − du
x+1
x
Now x = a sec θ ⟹ θ = sec−1 :
a

[3 ]
u3 u2
1 x =2 − + u − ln | u + 1 | + C
= sec−1 + C 2
a a
Now substituting back in:
2 3
x 2 − x + 2x 2 − 2 ln ( x + 1) + C
1
=
3

35
Section 3

Questions 21 - 30

cos−1 x x+1
∫ ∫
21. dx 22. d x (no longer on standard integrals)
1 − x2 x−1
Method 1: Rationalising the Numerator
Method 1: Substitution We rationalise the numerator form a quadratic on the denominator:
cos−1 x
∫ ∫
x+1 x+1 x+1
∫ ∫
d x = − u du −1 dx = × dx
1−x 2 let u = cos x x−1 x−1 x+1
du 1
=− x+1
u2
∫
dx 1 − x2 = dx
=− +C
2 x2 −1
x 1
∫ ∫
Now substituting back in: = dx + dx
x2 −1 x2 −1
(cos−1 x)2
=− +C
2 The rightmost integral used to be a standard integral, but has
Method 2: Reverse Chain Rule been removed from the formula sheet. Instead, we multiply top

d 1 and bottom by x + x 2 − 1.
Observe that (cos−1 x) = − . Hence:
( )
dx 1− x2 x+ x2 − 1

∫ x+
x2 − 1
= x2 − 1 + dx
x2 −1
( 1 − x2 )
−1
cos x 1
∫ ∫
d x = − cos−1 x − dx
1 − x2 Observe that the numerator is the derivative of the denominator:

(cos−1 x)2 ´ = x 2 − 1 + ln x + x2 − 1 + C
=− +C
2

36
 dx
∫ x(ln x)3 ∫
23. 24. sec4 3x d x

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: Trigonometric Identity and Reverse Chain Rule

d 1 We can use the Pythagorean Identity that sec2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ to

Observing that (ln x) = :
dx x make use of the reverse chain rule:
dx −3 1
∫ x(ln x)3 ∫ ∫ ∫
= (ln x) ⋅ dx sec4 3x d x = sec2 3x(1 + tan2 3x) d x
x

(ln x)−2
= +C
−2
∫ ∫
= sec2 3x d x + sec2 3x tan2 3x d x
1
=− +C
2(ln x)2
The leftmost integral is now a standard result, so we now
Method 2: Substitution
manipulate the remaining integral. Noting that
d 1 d
Observing that (ln x) = , subbing u = ln x will be suitable: (tan 3x) = 3 sec2 3x, we can apply the reverse chain rule:
dx x dx
dx
∫ x(ln x)3 ∫
1
∫ 3∫
= u −3 du let u = ln x = sec2 3x d x + (tan 3x)2(3 sec2 3x) d x
du 1
=
u −2 dx x tan 3x (tan 3x)3
=− +C = + +C
2 dx 3 9
= du
x
Now substituting back in:
1
=− +C
2(ln x)2

37
 dx dx
∫ x 2(1 − x) ∫ x 2(1 + x 2)
25. 26.

Method 1: Partial Fractions Method 1: Trigonometric Substitution

Observing that the denominator consists of several factors, we We can use the Pythagorean Identity 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ to help
can use partial fraction decomposition. simplify the integrand.
1 A B C dx sec2 θ
∫ x 2(1 + x 2) ∫ tan2 θ(1 + tan2 θ)
Let 2 = + 2+ . = dθ
x (1 − x) x x 1−x
let x = tan θ
2
∴ A x(1 − x) + B(1 − x) + Cx = 1 dx
∫
= cot2 θ dθ = sec2 θ
dθ
letting x = 1, C = 1 d x = sec2 θ dθ
∫
= (cosec2 θ − 1) dθ
letting x = 0, B = 1

∫ ∫
letting x = − 1, −2A + 2B + C = 1 ⟹ A = 1 = cosec2θ dθ − dθ

∫ x 2(1 − x) ∫ ( x x 2 1 − x )
dx 1 1 1
∴ = + + dx
= − cot θ − θ + C

1 Substituting back in:

= ln | x | − − ln | 1 − x | + C
x 1
=− − tan−1 x + C
x 1 x
= ln − +C
1−x x

38
 dx
∫ (1 + x 2)2 ∫
27. 28. tan3 x d x

Method 1: Trigonometric Substitution

Method 1: Trigonometric Identity
2 2
We can use the Pythagorean Identity 1 + tan θ = sec θ to help
We can use the Pythagorean Identity 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ to help
simplify the integrand.
simplify the integrand.
2
dx sec θ
∫ (1 + x 2)2 ∫ (1 + tan2 θ)2
= dθ let x = tan θ
∫ ∫
dx tan3 x d x = tan x(sec2 x − 1) d x
= sec2 θ
sec2 θ dθ
∫ sec4 θ
= dθ
d x = sec2 θ dθ
∫ ∫
= tan x sec2 x d x − tan x d x
∫
= cos2 θ dθ

1 sin x
2∫ ∫ ∫ cos x
= (1 + cos 2θ) dθ = tan x sec2 x d x − dx

2( 2 )
1 sin 2θ (−sin x)
∫ ∫
= θ+ +C = tan x sec2 x d x + dx
cos x
1 tan2 x
= (θ + cos θ sin θ) + C = + ln | cos x | + C, by the reverse chain rule.
2 2
By drawing a triangle, we can find cos θ and sin θ:
x
= tan θ
1
x2 + 1 x
x 1
⟹ sin θ = , cos θ = θ
x2 +1 x2 +1 1
tan−1 x x
= + +C
2 2(x 2 + 1)

39
 dx dx
∫ 5 + 3 cos x ∫ 3 + 5 cos x
29. 30.

Method 1: t-Substitution Method 1: t-Substitution

There are no obvious/nice manipulations such substitutions, so we There are no obvious/nice manipulations such substitutions, so we
will apply the t-substitution to convert the trigonometric terms into will apply the t-substitution to convert the trigonometric terms into
algebraic terms: algebraic terms:
dx 1 2
∫ 3 + 5 cos x ∫ 3 + 5 − 5t2 1 + t 2
= ⋅ dt x
let t = tan
dx 1 2 2
∫ 5 + 3 cos x ∫
= ⋅ dt x 21+t
3(1 − t 2 ) 1 + t 2 let t = tan 2
5+ 2 2 dx = dt
2 1+t 1+t 2
∫ 3 + 3t 2 + 5 − 5t 2 1 + t 2
2 = ⋅ dt 1 + t2
dx = dt
1 + t2 2 1 + t2 1 − t2
∫ 5 + 5t 2 + 3 − 3t 2 1 + t 2
= ⋅ dt cos x =
1 − t2 2 1 + t2
∫ 8 − 2t 2
cos x = = dt
1 + t2
dt
∫ 2t 2 + 8
=2
1
∫ 4 − t2
= dt
dt
∫ t2 + 4
=
From here we need to decompose the integrand into partial
1 A B
1 t fractions. Let = + .
= tan−1 + C 4 − t2 2+t 2−t
2 2

Subbing back in: ∴ A(2 − t) + B(2 + t) = 1

x 1
tan letting t = 2, 4B = 1, B =
( 2 )
1 2
= tan−1 +C 4
2
1
letting t = − 2, 4A = 1, A =
4

40
 4 ∫(2 + t 2 − t)
1 1 1
= + dt

1
= (ln | 2 + t | − ln | 2 − t | ) + C
4

1 2+t
= ln +C
4 2−t

Now subbing back in:

x
1 2 + tan 2
= ln x +C
4 2 − tan 2

41
Section 4

Questions 31 - 40
dx
∫ 1 + cos2 x
sin x
∫ 5 + 3 cos x
31. dx 32.

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule

Method 1: t-Substitution
d
Observing that (5 + 3 cos x) = − 3 sin x:
dx There are no nice substitutions, so we apply the t-substitution, but
sin x 1 −3 sin x before we do so, we need to remove any powers in order to
∫ 5 + 3 cos x 3 ∫ 5 + 3 cos x
dx = − dx
simplify the integrand:

1 1
= − ln | 5 + 3 cos x | + C, by the reverse chain rule. Applying the double result cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x):
3 2

Method 2: Substitution
dx dx
∫ 1 + cos2 x ∫ 1 + cos 2x +
= 1
u = cos x, u = 3 cos x, u = 5 + 3 cos x are all effective substitutions.
2 2

However, u = 5 + 3 cos x will simplify the integrand the most:

∫u( 3 )
sin x 1 1 2
∫ 5 + 3 cos x ∫ cos 2x + 3
dx = − du = dx
let t = tan x
let u = 5 + 3 cos x
1
du dx = dt
1 = − 3 sin x 2 dt 1 + t2
∫
=− ln | u | + C dx = ×
3 1 − t2 1 + t2 1 − t2
1 +3 cos 2x =
sin x d x = − du 1 + t2
1 + t2
1 3
=− ln | 5 + 3 cos x | + C
3

42
 2 dt dx
∫ ∫ cos2
= × 33. x x
1 − t 2 + 3 + 3t 2 1 + t2 2
− sin2 2
1 + t2

2
∫ 2t 2 + 4
= dt Method 1: Double Angle Identity

1 We observe that we can simplify the denominator using the double

∫ t +2
= 2 dt
angle identity for cosine: cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ:
dx dx
∫ cos2 ∫ cos x
=
( 2)
1 t x x
= tan−1 +C 2
− sin2 2
2

∫
= sec x d x

( 2 )
1 tan x
= tan−1 +C
2
This is now an integral we have encountered before, and the trick
Method 2: Algebraic Manipulation is to multiply the top and bottom by sec x + tan x:
sec x(sec x + tan x)
∫
We divide the top and bottom by cos2 x: = dx
sec x + tan x
dx sec2 x
∫ 1 + cos2 x ∫ sec2 x + 1
= dx
sec x tan x + sec2 x
∫
= dx
sec x + tan x
Applying the Pythagorean identity 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ:
d
sec x 2 Observe that (sec x + tan x) = sec x tan x + sec2 x, thus we apply
∫ 2 + tan2 x
= dx dx
the reverse chain rule:
d
Noting that (tan x) = sec2 x, we can apply the reverse chain rule: = ln | sec x + tan x | + C
dx

( 2 )
1 tan x
= tan−1 +C
2

43
 x2
∫ ∫ (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)
2
34. x sin x d x 35. dx

Method 1: Integration by Parts

Method 1: Partial Fractions
The integrand is a product of two factors, so we integrate by
parts. Observing that the degree of the denominator is greater than the
numerator, and that denominator has three linear factors, we shall
Letting:
u x2 −cos x v use partial fraction decomposition.

x2 A B C
u′ 2x sin x v′ Let = + +
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) x−1 x−2 x−3

∫ ∫
x 2 sin x d x = − x 2 cos x + 2 x cos x d x ∴ A(x − 2)(x − 3) + B(x − 1)(x − 3) + C(x − 1)(x − 2) = x 2

The next integral we have to deal with is another product of two letting x = 2: 0 − B + 0 = 4 ⟹ B = − 4
factors, so we integrate by parts again. 1
letting x = 1: 2A + 0 + 0 = 1 ⟹ A =
Letting: 2
u x sin x v 9
letting x = 3: 0 + 0 + 2C = 9 ⟹ C =
2
u′ 1 cos x v′
x2 1 4 9
Hence, = − + .
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) 2(x − 1) x − 2 2(x − 3)
∫ ∫
x cos x d x = x sin x − sin x d x
x2
∫ (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)
Thus: dx
= x sin x + cos x + C

∫ ( 2(x − 1) x − 2 2(x − 3) )
1 4 9
∫
Hence, x 2 sin x d x = −x 2 cos x + 2(x sin x + cos x) + C = − + dx

= − x 2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C 1 9

= ln | x − 1 | − 4 ln | x − 2 | + ln | x − 3 | + C
2 2

44
 ex dx
∫ ex − 1 ∫ 3 sin2 x + 5 cos2 x
36. dx 37.

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: t-Substitution

There are no “nice substitutions”, so we will use the t-substitution.

d x
Observing that (e − 1) = e x Before we do so, we need to remove all powers from the
dx
integrand. To do so, we need to manipulate before we apply the
ex double angle identity.
∫ ex − 1
x
d x = ln | e − 1 | + C, by the reverse chain rule.
dx dx
∫ 3 sin2 x + 5 cos2 x ∫ 3(1 − cos2 x) + 5 cos2 x
=

Method 2: Substitution
dx
∫ 3 + 2 cos2 x
=
d x
Observe that (e − 1) = e x, so u = e x − 1 will be a suitable
dx
dx
∫
=
3 + 2( )
substitution: cos 2x + 1
2
ex du
∫ ex − 1 ∫ u
d x =
let u = e x − 1 dx
∫ cos 2x + 4
=
du
= ex
dx
= ln | u | + C We are now able to carry out the t-substitution:
e x d x = du
1 dt
∫
x
= ln | e − 1 | + C = ×
1 − t2
+4 1 + t2
1 + t2
let t = tan x
1 dt
∫
= × 1
1 − t 2 + 4 + 4t 2 1 + t2 dx = dt
1 + t2
1 + t2
1 − t2
1 + t2 dt cos 2x =
∫ 3t 2 + 5 1 + t 2
= × 1 + t2

45
 1
∫ 3t 2 + 5 ∫
4−7
= dt 38. x 3e 5x dx

1 1
3 ∫ t2 +
= 5
dt
Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule
3
d
Observe that (5x 4 − 7) = 20x 3, thus we manipulate such that
3( 5)
1 3 3 dx
= tan−1 t+C
5
we can apply the reverse chain rule:
1
∫ 20 ∫
Substituting back in: x 3e 5x
4−7
dx =
4
(20x 3)e 5x −7 d x

( )
15 3
= tan−1 tan x + C 1 5x 4−7
15 5 = e +C
20
Method 2: Algebraic Manipulation
Method 2: Algebraic Substitution
We divide the top and bottom by cos2 x: d
Observing that (5x 4 − 7) = 20x 3, u = 5x 4 − 7 will be a suitable
dx sec2 x dx
∫ 3 sin2 x + 5 cos2 x ∫ 3 tan2 x + 5
= dx
substitution:

∫ ( 20 )
d
dx (
3 tan x) =
1
∫
Noting that 3 sec2 x, we manipulate such that x 3e 5x
4−7
d x = eu du let u = 5x 4 − 7
du
we can apply the reverse chain rule: = 20x 3
1 u dx
= e +C 1
1 3 sec2 x 20
3∫
= dx x3 d x = du
20
( 3 tan x) + 5
2
Substituting back in:
1 5x 4−7
= e +C
( )
1 3 20
= tan−1 tan x + C
15 5

46
 3x + 2
∫ ∫ x(x + 1)3
39. x 5 ln x d x 40. dx

Method 1: Integration by Parts Method 1: Partial Fractions

Our integrand is a product of two functions, hence we integrate by Observing that the degree of the denominator is greater than the
parts: numerator can contains linear factors, we decompose the

Letting: integrand into partial fractions.

x6
u ln x v
6 3x + 2 A B C D
Let = + + +
1 x(x + 1)3 x (x + 1) (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3
u′ x5 v′
x
∴ A(x + 1)3 + Bx(x + 1)2 + Cx(x + 1) + Dx = 3x + 2

x6 1 5
∫ 6∫
5
x ln x d x = ln x − x dx letting x = 0: A + 0 + 0 + 0 = 2 ⟹ A = 2.
6
letting x = − 1: 0 + 0 + 0 − D = − 1 ⟹ D = 1.
x6 1 x6
= ln x − ⋅ +C letting x = 1: 8A + 4B + 2C + D = 5
6 6 6
Substituting our previous values: 4B + 2C = − 12
x6 x6 letting x = 2: 27A + 18B + 6C + 2D = 8
= ln x − +C
6 36
Substituting our previous values: 18B + 6C = − 48

We then solve:

2B + C = − 6 and 3B + C = − 8 simultaneously.

Subtracting these equations:

(3B + C ) − (2B + C ) = − 8 − (−6) ⟹ B = − 2

Substituting this back in: C = − 2.

47
 3x + 2 2 2 2 1
Hence: = − − +
x(x + 1)3 x x + 1 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3

Thus:

∫ ( x x + 1 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3 )
3x + 2 2 2 2 1
∫ x(x + 1)3
d x = − − + dx

2 1
= 2 ln | x | − 2 ln | x + 1 | + − +C
x + 1 2(x + 1)2

48
Section 5

Questions 41 - 50
dx
∫ ∫ e x + e −x
41. ln(x 3) d x 42.

Method 1: Algebraic Manipulation and Reverse Chain Rule

Method 1: Integration by Parts
We multiply the top and bottom by e x:
We can simplify the integral using the log law: loga(x b) = b loga(x): dx ex
∫ e x + e −x ∫ (e x)2 + 1
= dx

∫ ∫
ln(x 3) d x = 3 ln x d x
d x
Observing (e ) = e x, this integral is now in a standard result:
dx
We then compute the integral using integration by parts.
= tan−1(e x ) + C
Letting:
Method 2: Algebraic Manipulation and Substitution
u ln x x v
After the manipulation, instead of applying the reverse chain rule,
1
u′ 1 v′ we could instead apply the substitution u = e x.
x
dx ex
∫ e x + e −x ∫ (e x)2 + 1
= dx
let u = e x

( ∫ x )
1 du du
∫ u2 + 1
= 3 x ln x − x ⋅ d x = = ex
dx

−1 e x d x = du
= tan u+C
= 3 (x ln x − x) + C
Substituting back in:
= tan−1(e x ) + c
= 3x ln x − 3x + C

49
 dx
∫ ∫ (x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4)
3
43. (5x 3 + 7x − 1) 2 ⋅ (15x 2 + 7) d x 44.

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: Partial Fractions (faster method)

d The denominator consists of two quadratic factors, so we
Observe that (5x 3 + 7x − 1) = 15x 2 + 7, hence we can apply the
dx decompose the integrand into partial fractions. While the method
reverse chain rule directly. of substitution appears to be quite slow, we can use complex
5
(5x 3 + 7x − 1) 2 numbers to speed up the process.
∫
3
(5x 3 + 7x − 1) ⋅ (15x 2 + 7) d x =
2
5
+C
1 A x + B Cx + D
2 Let = + 2
(x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4) x2 + 1 x +4
2 3 5
= (5x + 7x − 1) 2 + C
5 ∴ (A x + B)(x 2 + 4) + (Cx + D)(x 2 + 1) = 1

Method 2: Algebraic Substitution 1

letting x = i: (Ai + B)(−1 + 4) + 0 = 1 ⟹ Ai + B =
d 3
Observing that (5x 3 + 7x − 1) = 15x 2 + 7, we let
dx 1
Equating real and imaginary parts: B = , A=0
u = 5x 3 + 7x − 1 as our substitution. 3
1
∫ ∫
3 3
(5x 3 + 7x − 1) 2 ⋅ (15x 2 + 7) d x = u 2 du letting x = 2i: 0 + (2Ci + D)(−4 + 1) = 1 ⟹ 2Ci + D = −
let u = 5x 3 + 7x − 1 3
du
u2
5
= 15x 2 + 7 1
= +C dx Equating real and imaginary parts: D = − , C = 0
5 3
2 du = (15x 2 + 7) d x
1 1 1
Hence: = − .
2 5 (x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4) 3(x 2 + 1) 3(x 2 + 4)
= u2 + C
5
dx 1 dx 1 dx
∫ (x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4) 3 ∫ x2 + 1 3 ∫ x2 + 4
Thus = −
Substituting back in:
2 3
(2)
=
5
(5x + 7x − 1) 2 + C 1 1 x
5 = tan−1 x − tan−1 +C
3 6

50
Method 2: Partial Fractions 1 1 1
Hence: = − .
(x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4) 3(x 2 + 1) 3(x 2 + 4)
We decompose the integrand into partial fractions:
dx 1 dx 1 dx
∫ (x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4) 3 ∫ x2 + 1 3 ∫ x2 + 4
1 A x + B Cx + D Thus = −
Let 2 = + 2
(x + 1)(x 2 + 4) x2 + 1 x +4

(2)
1 1 x
∴ (A x + B)(x 2 + 4) + (Cx + D)(x 2 + 1) = 1 = tan−1 x − tan−1 +C
3 6
For non-4U students, we can still solve for the constants by either
equating coefficients/substituting real values. Here we choose the
method of substitution.

letting x = 0: 4B + D = 1 (1)

letting x = 1: 5A + 5B + 2C + 2D = 1 (2)

letting x = − 1: −5A + 5B − 2C + 2D = 1 (3)

letting x = 2: 16A + 8B + 10C + 5D = 1 (4)

We then solve simultaneously:

Adding equations (2) and (3): 10B + 4D = 2 (5)

1
Performing (5) −4 × (1): −6B = − 2 ⟹ B = .
3
1 4 1
Subbing B = back into (1): + D = 1 ⟹ D = − .
3 3 3

If we then sub these values of B and D into (2) and (4):

5A + 2C = 0 and 16A + 10C = 0

Solving these two new equations, we get that A = C = 0.

51
 ∫ ∫
45. (x 2 + x + 1)−1 d x 46. e x sin 2x d x

Method 1: Integration by Parts

Method 1: Completing the Square Our integrand is a product of two functions, so we apply
Observe that we have an irreducible quadratic in the denominator, integration by parts.

so we complete the square and then apply our standard integral Letting:
u sin(2x) ex v
result.
dx u′ 2 cos(2x) ex v′
∫ ∫ x2 + x + 1
2 −1
(x + x + 1) dx =

∫ ∫
e x sin 2x d x = e x sin(2x) − 2 cos(2x)e x d x
dx
∫
=
12 12
x+x+ +1− Our new integral is another product of two functions, so we apply
2 2
integration by parts again:

1 Letting:
∫
= dx
u cos(2x) ex v
( )
2

(x + 2)
2 3
1
+ 2
u′ −2 sin(2x) ex v′

[ ∫ ]
x+ 1 = e x sin(2x) − 2 e x cos(2x) + 2 e x sin(2x) d x
2 2
= tan−1 +C
3 3

∫
2 = e x sin(2x) − 2e x cos(2x) − 4 e x sin(2x) d x

Notice that we have reformed our original integral. Rearranging:

( 3 )
2 2x + 1
= tan−1 +C
∫
3 5 e x sin(2x) = e x sin(2x) − 2e x cos(2x) + C1

ex
∫ (sin 2x − 2 cos 2x) + C2
x
Thus, e sin 2x =
5
52
 1 1

∫
2 −1
47. (x + x − 1) dx 1 5 5
Hence: =− + .
x2 + x − 1 1 5 1 5
x+ 2
+ 2
x+ 2
− 2
Method 1: Partial Fractions

After some algebraic manipulations, the quadratic in our Thus:

denominator is a product of two linear factors, so we decompose 1 dx 1 dx
∫ 5∫ x+ 5∫ x+
(x 2 + x − 1)−1 d x = − +
the integrand into partial fractions. 1 5 1 5
2
+ 2 2
− 2
1
∫ ∫
(x 2 + x − 1)−1 d x = dx
(x + 2 ) −
2
1 5
1 1 5 1 1 5
4 =− ln x + + + ln x + − +C
5 2 2 5 2 2
dx
∫
=

( )( )
5 5 1 5
x+ 1
+ x+ 1
− 1 x+ 2
− 2
2 2 2 2 = ln +C
5 x+ 1
+
5
2 2
We now decompose into partial fractions.
1 A B 1 2x + 1 − 5
Let 2 = + = ln +C
x +x−1 1 5 1 5 5 2x + 1 + 5
x+ 2
+ 2
x+ 2
− 2

( 2 ) ( 2 )
1 5 1 5
∴A x+ − +B x+ + =1
2 2

1 5 1
letting x = − + : 5B = 1 ⟹ B =
2 2 5

1 5 1
letting x = − − : − 5A = 1 ⟹ A = −
2 2 5

53
 1 − 2x
∫ ∫ 3+x
1
48. (x 2 − x)− 2 d x (no longer on standard integrals) 49. dx

Method 1: Completing the Square

Method 1: Algebraic Manipulation
We complete the square for the quadratic in the denominator
Our goal is to manipulate the numerator into a multiple of the
1
∫ ∫
− 12
(x 2 − x) dx = dx denominator.
x2 −x
1 − 2x = 1 − 2(x + 3 − 3)
1
∫
= dx = 7 − 2(x + 3)
1
(x − 1)2 − 4
1 − 2x 7 − 2(x + 3)
∫ 3+x ∫
Hence: dx = dx
3+x
dx
∫
This integral is now in the form of , which was
7
∫ 3+x ∫
x2 − a2 = dx − 2 dx
previously a standard integral but is now removed with the
addition of the formula sheet. = 7 ln | x + 3 | − 2x + C

1
= ln x − + x 2 − x + C1
2

= ln 2x − 1 + 2 x 2 − x + C2

54
 ∫
1 Method 2: Algebraic Substitution #2
50. x 3(4 + x 2)− 2 d x
Another suitable substitution is u = x 2 + 4. Notice that this
removes the “most difficult” part of the integrand, which is the
Method 1: Algebraic Substitution #1
radical in the denominator.
Although a slightly less obvious substitution, observe that
x3
∫ ∫
d 3 2 − 12
x (4 + x ) dx = dx let u = x2 + 4
(4 + x 2) = 2x, and that x 3 = x × x 2. Hence we choose 4+ x2
dx
⟺ x2 = u2 − 4
2
u = 4 + x as our substitution. du x
x
∫
= ⋅ x2 d x =

(2 )
1 dx
∫ ∫
− 12 − 12 2
let u = x + 4 4 + x2 x2 + 4
x 3(4 + x 2) d x = (u − 4)u du
⟺ x2 = u − 4 x
du = dx
du
∫
1 x2 +4
2 ∫( ) du
= u
1 1
2 − 4u − 2 = 2x = (u 2 − 4) du
dx
1
x d x = du
2 (3 )
1 2 3 1
2 u3
= u 2 − 8u 2 + C = − 4u + C
3

Substituting back in: 1

= u(u 2 − 12) + C
3
1 2 3 1
= (x + 4) 2 − 4(x 2 + 4) 2 + C
3
Substituting back in:
x2 + 4 2 1
= (x + 4 − 12) + C = x 2 + 4(x 2 + 4 − 12) + C
3 3
1 2 1 2
= (x − 8) x 2 + 4 + C = (x − 8) x 2 + 4 + C
3 3

55
Method 3: Trigonometric Substitution 8
= − (cos θ)−3 + 8(cos θ)−1 + C
3
Another potential substitution is a trigonometric substitution,
utilising the identity 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ. Although not the most 8 8
efficient, it is still a perfectly valid method. = − +C
cos θ 3 cos3 θ
x3
∫ ∫
3 2 − 12
x (4 + x ) dx = dx let x = 2 tan θ
4 + x2 We then use a triangle to find the value of cos θ to substitute back
dx
= 2 sec2 θ in:
dθ x
tan θ =
8 tan3 θ d x = 2 sec2 θ dθ 2 x2 + 4
∫
= 2
(2 sec θ) dθ x
4 + 4 tan2 θ 2 θ
⟹ cos θ =
x2 + 4 2

16 tan3 θ sec2 θ
∫
= dθ Hence:
2 sec θ
x 2 + 4 8 (x 2 + 4) x 2 + 4
∫
3 2 − 12
x (4 + x ) dx = 8 ⋅ − ⋅ +C
2 3 8
∫
= 8 tan3 θ sec θ dθ
1
= 4 x 2 + 4 − (x 2 + 4) x 2 + 4 + C
3
sin3 θ
∫ cos4 θ
=8 dθ 1 2
= (x − 8) x 2 + 4 + C
3

sin θ(1 − cos2 θ)

∫
=8 dθ
cos4 θ

sin θ sin θ
∫ cos4 θ ∫ cos2 θ
=8 dθ − 8 dθ

56
Section 6

Questions 51 - 60
sin 2x Method 2: Manipulation and Substitution
∫ 3 cos2 x + 4 sin2 x
51. dx
d
Observing that (sin2 x) = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x, we can apply the
dx
Method 1: Manipulation and Reverse Chain Rule same manipulation as in Method 1, but instead apply the
d substitution u = sin2 x.
Observe that (sin2 x) = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x, and that we can
dx sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
∫ 3 cos2 x + 4 sin2 x ∫ 3(1 − sin2 x) + 4 sin2 x
2 2 d x = dx
change cos x = 1 − sin x.
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
∫ 3 cos2 x + 4 sin2 x ∫ 3(1 − sin2 x) + 4 sin2 x
2 sin x cos x
∫ 3 + sin2 x
d x = dx = dx

du
∫ 3+u
2 sin x cos x =
∫ 3 + sin2 x
= dx

= ln | 3 + u | + C

= ln | 3 + sin2 x | + C, by the reverse chain rule. Substituting back in:

Now as 3 + sin2 x > 0 for all real x, we can remove the absolute = ln | 3 + sin2 x | + C
values:
Now as 3 + sin2 x > 0 for all real x, we can remove the absolute
= ln(3 + sin2 x) + C values:

= ln(3 + sin2 x) + C

57
 1 1 1
x2
∫ 1 − x4
52. dx x2
Hence: = 4 + 4 − 22 .
(1 − x )(1 + x )
2 2 1−x 1+x x +1

Thus:
Method 1: Partial Fractions
x2 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
∫ 1 − x4 4 ∫ 1 − x 4 ∫ 1 + x 2 ∫ x2 + 1
We observe that the denominator can be factorised into linear and d x = + −
quadratic factors, which we can then decompose into partial
fractions. 1 1 1
= ln | 1 + x | − ln | 1 − x | − tan−1 x + C
4 4 2
x2 x2
∫ 1 − x4 ∫ (1 − x 2)(1 + x 2)
dx = dx

x2
∫ (1 − x)(1 + x)(1 + x 2)
= dx

x2 A B Cx + D
Let = + +
(1 − x 2)(1 + x 2) 1−x 1+x x2 + 1
∴ x 2 = A(1 + x)(x 2 + 1) + B(1 − x)(x 2 + 1) + (Cx + D)(1 − x 2)

letting x = i: −1 = 0 + 0 + 2Ci + 2D
1
Equating real and imaginary parts: D = − , C = 0.
2
1
letting x = 1: 1 = 4A ⟹ A =
4
1
letting x = − 1: 1 = 0 + 4B ⟹ B =
4

58
 dx
∫ sin x cos x
Method 2: Algebraic Manipulation
53.
If we divide the top and bottom by cos2 x:

dx sec2 x
∫ sin x cos x ∫ tan x
Method 1: Double Angle Formula = dx
We use the double angle for sine: sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x to simplify
d
the integral: Note that (tan x) = sec2 x, so we apply the reverse chain rule:
dx
dx 2
∫ sin x cos x ∫ 2 sin x cos x
= dx = ln | tan x | + C

2 dx
∫ sin 2x
=

∫
= 2 cosec x d x

The integral of cosec x is another difficult one, but the

manipulation we use is to multiply the top and bottom by
cosec x + cot x.

(cosec x + cot x)cosec x

∫
=2 dx
cosec x + cot x

d
Observe that (cosec x + cot x) = − cosec x cot x − cosec2 x, so we
dx
can apply the reverse chain rule.

= − 2 ln | cosec x + cot x | + C

59
 dx
∫ ∫ ex − 1
54. ln x − 1 dx 55.

Method 1: Integration by Parts

Method 1: Algebraic Manipulation
We make use of the log law loga(x b) = b loga(x), and then much
We divide the top and bottom of the integrand by e x:
∫
like how we evaluate ln x d x, we integrate by parts.
dx e −x
∫ e x − 1 ∫ 1 − e −x
= dx
1
∫ 2∫
ln x − 1 dx = ln(x − 1) d x
d
Observe (1 − e −x ) = e −x, thus we apply the reverse chain rule.
Letting: dx
u ln(x − 1) x v

1 = ln | 1 − e −x | + C
u′ 1 v′
x−1 Method 2: Substitution and Partial Fractions

2( ∫x−1 )
1 x The best substitution here is u = e x, in order to eliminate the “most
= x ln(x − 1) − dx
difficult” part of the integrand.
To evaluate the new integral, we will use an algebraic manipulation: dx 1
∫ e x − 1 ∫ u(u − 1)
= du let u = e x
1 1 x−1+1
2∫ x−1
= x ln(x − 1) − dx du
= ex
2 dx
Our denominator now consists of two
1
2 ∫( x − 1)
1 1 1 linear factors, so we decompose the d x = du
= x ln(x − 1) − 1+ dx u
2
integrand into partial fractions
1 1 1
= x ln(x − 1) − x − ln | x − 1 | + C 1 A B
2 2 2 Let = + .
u(u − 1) u u−1
As x is restricted to x − 1 > 0 due to the domain of the integrand,
∴ A(u − 1) + Bu = 1
we can omit the absolute value of the logarithm:
1 1
= (x − 1)ln(x − 1) − x + C letting u = 1: B = 1 and letting u = 0: A = − 1
2 2

60
 1 1 1 sec2 x
∫ tan2 x − 3 tan x + 2
Hence: =− + . 56. dx
u(u − 1) u u−1

Thus: Method 1: Substitution and Partial Fractions

d
dx du du (tan x) = sec2 x, thus we choose u = tan x as our
∫ ex − 1 ∫ u − 1 ∫ u
Note that
= − dx
substitution.
= ln | u − 1 | − ln | u | + C sec2 x du
∫ tan2 x − 3 tan x + 2 ∫ u 2 − 3u + 2
d x =
Substituting back in:
du
∫ (u − 2)(u − 1)
= ln | e x − 1 | − ln | e x | + C =

= ln | e x − 1 | − x + C
Our denominator now consists of two linear factors, so we
decompose the integrand into partial fractions.

While this result appears different from the one obtained in Method 1 A B
Let = + .
(u − 2)(u − 1) u−2 u−1
1, note that these two forms are equivalent when suitable log laws
are applied. ∴ A(u − 1) + B(u − 2) = 1

letting u = 1: −B = 1 ⟹ B = − 1

letting u = 2: A = 1
1 1 1
Hence: = − .
(u − 2)(u − 1) u−2 u−1

sec2 x du du
∫ tan2 x − 3 tan x + 2 ∫ u−2 ∫ u−1
Thus: d x = −

= ln | u − 2 | − ln | u − 1 | + C

Substituting back in:

= ln | tan x − 2 | − ln | tan x − 1 | + C
61
 x+1
∫ (x 2 − 3x + 2) 12 ∫
57. d x (no longer on standard integrals) 58. sin 2x cos x d x

Method 1: Double Angle Identity

Method 1: Algebraic Manipulation and Reverse Chain Rule
We apply the double angle formula for sine: sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x.
Our goal is to manipulate the numerator into a multiple of the
d 2
∫ ∫
derivative of the denominator. As (x − 3x + 2) = 2x − 3, we sin 2x cos x d x = 2 sin x cos2 x d x
dx
1 3
manipulate x + 1 as so: x + 1 = (2x − 3) + + 1. d
2 2 We now observe that (cos x) = − sin x, so we apply the reverse
dx
1 5
x+1 (2x − 3) + chain rule: (alternatively you can make a substitution u = cos x)
∫ (x 2 − 3x + 2) 12 ∫
2 2
dx = dx
x 2 − 3x + 2 2
=− cos3 x + C
3
1 2x − 3 5 dx
2∫ 2∫
= dx +
Method 2: Product to Sums
x 2 − 3x + 2 x 2 − 3x + 2
Our integrand consists of a product of trigonometric functions, so
We apply the reverse chain rule to the leftmost integral, and
we use the product to sum identity:
complete the square for the rightmost integral. 1
sin A cos B = [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)], setting A = 2x and B = x.
5 dx 2
2∫
= x 2 − 3x + 2 +

(x − 2)
2
1
∫ 2∫
3 1
− 4 sin 2x cos x d x = (sin 3x + sin x) d x

1 1
5 3 =− cos 3x − cos x + C
= x 2 − 3x + 2 + ln x − + x 2 − 3x + 2 + C1 6 2
2 2

5
= x 2 − 3x + 2 + ln 2x − 3 + 2 x 2 − 3x + 2 + C2
2

62
 x x 1 dx 1 x+1
∫ 1 + x3 ∫ 1 + x3 3 ∫ 1 + x 3 ∫ 1 − x + x2
59. dx Thus: d x = − + dx

In order to simplify the right integral, our goal is to express the

Method 1: Partial Fractions
numerator is a multiple of the derivative of the denominator.
We can factorise the denominator into a quadratic and linear 1 3
We do so through: x + 1 = (2x − 1) + .
factor, allowing us to decompose the integrand into partial 2 2
fractions.
Hence:
x x x 1 dx 1 2x − 1 1 dx
∫ 1 + x3 ∫ (1 + x)(1 − x + x 2) ∫ 1 + x3 3 ∫ 1 + x 6 ∫ 1 − x + x2 2 ∫ 1 − x + x2
d x = dx d x = − + d x + dx

We then complete the square for the right most integral.

x A Bx + C
Now, let = + 1 1 1 2x − 1 1 1
3∫ 1+x 6 ∫ 1 − x + x2 2∫
(1 + x)(1 − x + x 2) 1 + x 1 − x + x2 =− dx + d x + dx
( 2)
2
1 3
x − + 4
∴ A(1 − x + x 2) + (Bx + C )(1 + x) = x

1 1 1 1 2 x − 12
letting x = − 1: 3A = − 1 ⟹ A = − 2
= − ln | 1 + x | + ln | 1 − x + x | + ⋅ tan −1
+C
3 3 6 2 3 3
2
1
letting x = 0: A + C = 0 ⟹ C =
3

( 3 )
1 1 1 2x − 1
=− ln | 1 + x | + ln | 1 − x + x 2 | + tan−1 +C
1 3 6 3
letting x = 1: A + 2B + 2C = 1 ⟹ B =
3
x 1 x+1
Hence: = − +
(1 + x)(1 − x + x 2) 3(1 + x) 3(1 − x + x 2)

63
 ∫
60. x tan−1 x d x

Method 1: Integration by Parts

Our integrand is a product of two functions, hence we apply

integration by parts.

Letting: 1 2
u tan−1 x x v
2
1
u′ x v′
1 + x2

x2 1 x2
∫ 2 ∫ 1 + x2
−1 −1
x tan x dx = tan x − dx
2

2 ∫ ( 1 + x2 1 + x2 )
x2 −1 1 x2 + 1 1
= tan x − − dx
2

2 ∫( 1 + x2 )
x2 1 1
= tan−1 x − 1− dx
2

x2 1 1
= tan−1 x − x + tan−1 x + C
2 2 2

64
Section 7

Questions 61 - 70

∫ ∫
1
61. (1 + 3x + 2x 2)−1 d x 62. (9 − x 2) 2 d x

Method 1: Partial Fractions Method 1: Trigonometric Substitution

Our denominator can be factorised into two linear factors, so we We make use of the Pythagorean identity 1 − sin2 θ = cos2 θ in
decompose the integrand into partial fractions.
order to simplify the integral.
1
∫ ∫ (2x + 1)(x + 1)
(1 + 3x + 2x 2)−1 d x = dx
∫ ∫
1
(9 − x 2) 2 d x = 9 − 9 sin2 θ(3 cos θ) dθ let x = 3 sin θ
dx
1 A B = 3 cos θ
Let = + . dθ
∫
(2x + 1)(x + 1) 2x + 1 x + 1 = 9 cos2 θ(3 cos θ) dθ
d x = 3 cos θ dθ
∴ A(x + 1) + B(2x + 1) = 1

∫
= 9 cos2 θ dθ
letting x = − 1: −B = 1 ⟹ B = − 1
1 1
letting x = − : A = 1 ⟹ A = 2 9
2∫
2 2 = (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
1 2 1
Hence: = −

2( )
(2x + 1)(x + 1) 2x + 1 x + 1 9 1
= θ + sin 2θ + C
2
2 dx
∫ ∫ 2x + 1 ∫ x+1
Thus: (1 + 3x + 2x 2)−1 d x = dx −
9 9
= θ + sin θ cos θ + C
= ln | 2x + 1 | − ln | x + 1 | + C 2 2

65
 ∫
We then substitute back in: 63.
1
(9 + x 2) 2 d x
x
= sin θ 3
3 x Method 1: Trigonometric Substitution
θ
9 − x2 We can make use of the Pythagorean identity 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ to
⟹ cos θ = 2
3 9−x
help simplify the integral.

∫ ∫
9 x 9 x 9 − x2 1
(9 + x 2) 2 d x = 9 + 9 tan2 θ(3 sec2 θ) dθ let x = 3 tan θ
= sin−1 + ⋅ ⋅ +C
2 3 2 3 3 dx
= 3 sec2 θ
dθ
∫
= 9 sec2 θ(3 sec2 θ) dθ
2[ ( ) ]
1 x
= 9 sin−1 + x 9 − x2 + C d x = 3 sec2 θ dθ
3

∫
= 9 sec3 θ dθ

This integral we evaluate using integration by parts.

Letting:
u sec θ tan θ v

u′ sec θ tan θ sec2 θ v′

∫ ∫
sec3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ − sec θ tan2 θ dθ

∫
= sec θ tan θ − sec θ(sec2 θ − 1) dθ

∫ ∫
= sec θ tan θ − sec3 θ dθ + sec θ dθ

∫
2 sec3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C

66
 ∫
Hence: 64.
1
x(9 + x 2) 2 d x
9 9
∫
1
(9 + x 2) d x = sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ | + C
2
2 2
Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule
Substituting back in:
d 2
Observe that (x + 9) = 2x, hence we can apply the reverse
dx
x
= tan θ x2 + 9 chain rule.
3 x
θ 1
∫ 2∫
x2 + 9
1 1
3 x(9 + x 2) 2 d x = (2x)(x 2 + 9) 2 d x
⟹ sec θ =
3
3
1 (x 2 + 9) 2
= ⋅ +C
9 x2 + 9 x 9 x2 + 9 x 2 3
2
= ⋅ ⋅ + ln + + C1
2 3 3 2 3 3
1 2 3
= (x + 9) 2 + C
3
1 2 9 x + x2 + 9
= x x + 9 + ln + C1
2 2 3

1 9
= x x 2 + 9 + ln x + x 2 + 9 + C2
2 2

67
 ∫ ∫
65. sec2 x tan3 x d x 66. x 2e −x d x

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: Integration by Parts

d Our integrand is a product of two functions, so we integrate by

Observe that (tan x) = sec2 x, hence we can immediately apply
dx parts. Letting:
the reverse chain rule.
u x2 −e −x v
tan4 x
∫
2 3
sec x tan x d x = +C
4
u′ 2x e −x v′

∫ ∫
x 2e −x d x = − x 2e −x + 2 xe −x d x

Our new integral is again a product of two functions, so we

integrate by parts again. Letting:

u x −e −x v

u′ 1 e −x v′

[ ∫ ]
= − x 2e −x + 2 −xe −x + e −x d x

= − x 2e −x − 2xe −x − 2e −x + C

= − e −x(x 2 + 2x + 2) + C

68
 ∫ ∫
2
67. xe x d x 68. sin x tan x d x

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: Pythagorean Identity

d 2 sin x
Observe that (x ) = 2x, so we can manipulate in order to apply We rewrite tan x = and then apply the Pythagorean identity
dx cos x
the reverse chain rule. sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1.
1 sin2 x
∫ 2∫ ∫ ∫ cos x
x2 2
xe dx = (2x)e x d x sin x tan x d x = dx

1 x2
= e +C
2 1 − cos2 x
∫ cos x
= dx

∫
= (sec x − cos x) d x

= ln | sec x + tan x | − sin x + C

69
 x3 + 1
∫ ∫ x3 − x
4 3
69. sin x cos x d x 70. dx

Method 1: Pythagorean Identity and Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: Partial Fractions
d We use an algebraic manipulation in order to simplify the integrand
We observe that (sin x) = cos x, and that the power of cos x is
dx
before we decompose into partial fractions.
2 2
odd, so if we use the Pythagorean identity cos x = 1 − sin x, we
x3 + 1 x3 − x + x + 1
∫ x3 − x ∫
will be in a good position to apply the reverse chain rule. dx = dx
x3 − x

∫ ∫
sin4 x cos3 x d x = sin4 x(1 − sin2 x)cos x d x
∫( x(x 2 − 1) )
x+1
= 1+ dx

∫( x(x − 1) )
1
∫ ∫
= sin4 x cos x d x − sin6 x cos x d x = 1+ dx

1 A B
1 1 Now, let = + .
= sin5 x − sin7 x + C, x(x − 1) x x−1
5 7
∴ 1 = A(x − 1) + Bx
by the reverse chain rule.
letting x = 1: B = 1

letting x = 0: A = − 1
1 1 1
Therefore =− + .
x(x − 1) x x−1

∫( x x − 1)
x3 + 1 1 1
∫ x3 − x
Hence, d x = 1 − + dx

= x − ln | x | + ln | x − 1 | + C

70
Section 8

Questions 71 - 80
dx
∫
ln (x + x2 − 1) d x ∫ (x + 1) 12 + (x + 1)
71. 72.

Method 1: Integration by Parts Method 1: Algebraic Substitution

∫
Much like how we evaluate ln x d x, we will integrate by parts. There are no obvious substitutions, instead we replace the “most
difficult” part of the integrand, which in this case is x + 1.
Letting:
u ln (x + x2 − 1) x v dx 2u
∫ (x + 1) 12 + (x + 1) ∫ u + u2
= du
1 let u = x+1
u′ 1 v′
x2 − 1 du 1
=
du dx 2 x+1
∫ u+1
=2
x
ln (x + x 2 − 1 ) d x = x ln (x + x2 − 1) −
∫ ∫
dx d x = 2u du
x2 − 1
= 2 ln | u + 1 | + C
We manipulate such that we can apply the reverse chain rule:
1 Substituting back in:
= x ln (x + x − 1) −
2∫
1
2
(2x)(x 2 − 1)− 2 d x
= 2 ln x+1+1 +C
= x ln (x + x2 − 1) − x2 − 1 + C

71
 4
x Method 2: Algebraic Substitution
∫0
73. dx
x+4 While we could substitute u = x + 4, u = x + 4 will be a much
better substitution.
Method 1: Algebraic Manipulation 4 2 2 let u = x+4
x u2 − 4
∫0 ∫2
dx = (2u du) ⟺ x = u2 − 4
Our goal is to rewrite the numerator in terms of x + 4. x+4 u
du 1
4
x 4
x+4−4 =
∫0 ∫0
dx = dx 2 2 dx 2 x+4
∫2
x+4 x+4 =2 (u 2 − 4) du
d x = 2u du
4 when x = 0, u = 2
∫0 ( )
4

[3 ]
2 2
= x+4− dx 1 3
x+4 =2 u − 4u when x = 4, u = 2 2
2

[3 ]
4
2

[( 3 ) (3 )]
3
= (x + 4) 2 − 8 x + 4 16 8
0
=2 2−8 2 − −8

(3 ) (3 )
2 3 2 3

( 3 )
= ⋅ 82 − 8 8 − ⋅ 42 − 8 4 16 8
=2 − 2
3
32 2 16
16
3 (
2)
= − 16 2 − + 16
3 3 = 2−

32 16 2
= −
3 3
16
3 (
= 2− 2)

72
 2
dx Method 2: Algebraic Substitution
∫1 x(1 + x 2)
74.
A far more obscure substitution, but one that is very succinct is
1
Method 1: Partial Fractions the substitution u = .
x
1
Our denominator consists of a linear and quadratic factor, so we let u =

∫1 x(1 + x 2) ∫1 1 + 1 ( u 2 )
1
2
dx 2 u 1 x
use partial fractions. = − du
du 1
u 2 = −
We decompose into partial fractions. dx x2
1 A Bx + C 1
u3 1 1
∫1 u + 1 u
Let = + 2 . = ⋅ 2 du d x = − du
x(1 + x 2) x x +1 2 u 2
2

∴ 1 = A(x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C )x when x = 1, u = 1

1
u 1
∫ 1 u2 + 1
letting x = 0: A = 1 = du when x = 2, u =
2
2
letting x = i: 1 = (Bi + C )i ⟹ − B + Ci = 1
Manipulating such that we can apply the reverse chain rule:
Equating real and imaginary parts: B = − 1 and C = 0.
1 1 2u
2 ∫ 1 u2 + 1
1 1 x = du
Therefore = −
x(x 2 + 1) x x2 + 1 2

∫1 x(1 + x 2) ∫1 ( x x 2 + 1 )
2 2
dx 1 x 1
2[ ]1
1
Hence = − dx = ln | u 2
+ 1 |
2

[ ]
2

2( 4)
1 1 5
= ln | x | − ln | x 2 + 1 | = ln 2 − ln
2 1

( ) ( )
1 1 1 8
= ln 2 −
ln 5 − 0 − ln 2 = ln
2 2 2 5
3 1
= ln 2 − ln 5
2 2
1 8
= ln
2 5

73
 2 1
ln x
∫1 x ∫0
75. dx 76. cos−1 x d x

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: Integration by Parts

d 1 This integral we deal with by integrating by parts, where v′ = 1.

Observe (ln x) = , thus we apply the reverse chain rule.
dx x
Letting:

[2 ]
2 2
ln x 1
∫1 x
dx = (ln x)2 u cos−1 x x v
1
1
u′ − 1 v′
1 1 − x2
= (ln 2)2 − 0
2
1 1
x
x d x = [x cos x] +
1

∫0 ∫0
−1 −1
1 cos dx
= (ln 2)2 0 1− x2
2

We then manipulate such that we can apply the reverse chain rule:

1 1 (−2x)
= [x cos x] −
1

2 ∫0 1 − x 2
−1
dx
0

= [x cos x] − [ 1 − x ]
1 1
−1 2
0 0

= (0 − 0) − (0 − 1)

=1

74
 π
2
x+1 dx
∫1 ∫0 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x
2
77. dx 78.
−2 + 3x − x 2

Method 1: Algebraic Manipulation Method 1: t-Substitution

Our goal is to manipulate the numerator and express it in terms of Before we apply the t-substitution, we need to simplify. We do so
the derivative of the bottom. using the Pythagorean identity and double angle formula.
1 5 π
a
As x + 1 = − (−2x + 3) + : dx dx
∫0 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x a→ π2 − ∫0 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x
2

2 2 = lim dx
2
x+1 1 2 2x 5 dx
∫1 2 ∫1 2∫
dx = − + a
dx
∫0 1 + 1 (1 − cos 2x)
−2 + 3x − x 2 −2 + 3x − x2 −2 + 3x − x2 = limπ − dx
a→ 2
2
We apply the reverse chain rule to the left most integral, and
a
dx
∫0 3 − cos 2x
complete the square to the right most integral. = 2 limπ −
a→ 2
5 1
= − [ −2 + 3x − x ] +
2

2∫
2
dx
− (x − 32 )
1 2
1 Now we are able to apply the t-substitution.
4
1
tan a

∫0
1 + t2
2 = 2 limπ − dt let t = tan x
− 1 − t2
2

x− 3 a→ 2 3 1
5 2
1+t
dx = dt
= − (0 − 0) + sin−1 1 + t2
2 1
tan a
1
∫0
2
1 = 2 limπ − dt when x = 0, t = 0
a→ 2 2 + 4t 2
when x = a, t = tan a
5
= [sin (2x − 3)]
2
−1 tan a
1
∫0
2 1 = limπ − dt
a→ 2 1 + 2t 2
5
(sin 1 − sin (−1))
−1 −1
= tan a

[ ]
1
tan−1 ( 2t)
2
= limπ −
5π
a→ 2 2 0
=
2

75
 1
limπ − tan−1 ( 2 tan a)
1

∫0
= 79. x 1 − x2 d x
2 a→ 2

π− π−
Now as a → , 2 tan a → + ∞, hence tan−1 ( 2 tan a) → .
2 2 Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule
1 π d
= ⋅ Observe that (1 − x 2) = − 2x, so we manipulate such that we
2 2 dx
can apply the reverse chain rule.
π 2
= 1
4 1 1
∫0 2 ∫0
2
x 1 − x dx = − (−2x) 1 − x 2 d x
Method 2: Algebraic Manipulation
π
1 2
⋅ [(1 − x 2) 2 ]
a 1
dx dx
∫0 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x a→ π2 − ∫0 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x
2 3
= lim dx =−
2 3 0

1
We divide the top and bottom by cos2 x. = − (0 − 1)
3
a
sec2 x
a→ 2 ∫0 1 + 2 tan2 x
= limπ − dx 1
=
3
a
1 2 sec2 x
2 ∫0 1 +
= limπ − dx
( )
a→ 2 2
2 tan x

[ ]
a
1
= limπ − tan−1 ( 2 tan x)
a→ 2 2 0

1
= limπ − tan−1 ( 2 tan a)
2 a→ 2

π 2
= (by the same argument above)
4
76
 4

∫2
80. x ln x d x

Method 1: Integration by Parts

Our integrand is a product of two integrals, so we apply integration

by parts. Letting:

1 2
u ln x x v
2
1
u′ x v′
x

[2 ]
4 4
1 2 1 4
∫2 ∫2
x ln x d x = x ln x − x dx
2
2

( 2 ) 2[2]
16 4 1 x2
= ln 4 − ln 2 −
2
2

1
= (16 ln 2 − 2 ln 2) − (8 − 2)
2

= 14 ln 2 − 3

77
Section 9

Questions 81 - 90
2 Hence:
dx
∫1 x 2 + 5x + 4
81.

∫1 x 2 + 5x + 4 ∫1 ( 3(x + 4) 3(x + 1) )
2 2
dx 1 1
= − + dx

Method 1: Partial Fractions

1
[ln | x + 1 | − ln | x + 4 | ]1
2
=
Factorising the denominator into two linear factors, we then 3
decompose the integrand into partial fractions. 1
= [(ln 3 − ln 2) − (ln 6 − ln 5)]
2 2 3
dx dx
∫1 x 2 + 5x + 4 ∫1 (x + 4)(x + 1)
=

3 (2 × 6)
1 3×5
= ln

1 A B
3 (4)
Let = + . 1 5
(x + 4)(x + 1) x+4 x+1 = ln

∴ A(x + 1) + B(x + 4) = 1
1
letting x = − 1: 3B = 1 ⟹ B =
3
1
letting x = − 4: −3A = 1 ⟹ A = −
3
1 1 1
Therefore =− + .
(x + 4)(x + 1) 3(x + 4) 3(x + 1)

78
 ∫0 ( )
π −1 1
2 1

( 3 )
82. 1 + sin x dx 4 2t + 1
2 = tan−1
3
0

Method 1: t-Substitution

3( 3)
4 1
= tan−1 3 − tan−1
There are no immediate substitutions or manipulations, and our
integrand contains a single trigonometric function, hence we apply

( 6)
4 π π
the t-substitution. = −
3 3
π π
1 2
∫0 ∫0 2 + sin x
2 2
(1 + sin x)−1 d x = dx 2π
2 =
3 3
1
2 2
∫0 2 +
= × dt
2t 1 + t2
1 + t2

1
dt
∫0 1 + t + t 2
=2

We then complete the square for the quadratic in the denominator:

1
2
∫0
= dt
+ (t + 12 )
2
3
4

1
1
4 t+ 2
= tan−1
3 3
2
0

79
 1 1
7+x
∫0 ∫0 1 + x + x 2 + x 3
2 −x dx
83. x e dx 84.

Method 1: Integration by Parts

Method 1: Partial Fractions
Our integrand is a product of two functions, so we apply
Factorising the denominator into a linear and quadratic factor, we
integration by parts. Letting:
then decompose the integrand into partial fractions.
1 1
x2 −e −x 7+x 7+x
∫0 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 ∫0 (x + 1)(x 2 + 1)
u v
d x = dx

u′ 2x e −x v′
7+x A Bx + C
Now, let = + .
1 1 (x + 1)(x 2 + 1) x+1 x2 + 1
∫0 [−x e ]0 ∫0
2 −x 2 −x 1
x e dx = +2 xe −x d x
∴ A(x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C )(x + 1) = 7 + x
Our new integrand is again a product of two functions, so we letting x = − 1: 2A = 6 ⟹ A = 3
integrate by parts again. Letting:
letting x = 0: A + C = 7 ⟹ C = 4
u x −e −x v letting x = 1: 2A + 2B + 2C = 8 ⟹ B = − 3
7+x 3 −3x + 4
u′ 1 e −x v′ Therefore = +
(x + 1)(x 2 + 1) x+1 x2 + 1

∫0 ( x + 1 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 )
1 1
7+x 3 3x 4
∫0 1 + x + x 2 + x 3
1 Hence: d x = − + dx
[ ]
= [− x e ] + 2 [ − xe ] + e −x d x
1 1

∫
2 −x −x
0 0 0

[ ]
1
3
= 3 ln | x + 1 | − ln | x 2 + 1 | + 4 tan−1 x
= [− x 2e −x − 2xe −x − 2e −x]
1
2 0
0
3
= − [e (x + 2x + 2)]
1
−x 2 = ln 2 + π
0
2

= 2 − 5e −1

80
 1
e −2x 1 1 1 1
∫0 e −x + 1
85. dx Therefore: = − + +
u 2(1 + u) u u2 u + 1

∫1 ( u u 2 u + 1 )
1 e
e −2x 1 1 1
∫0 e −x + 1
Hence: d x = − + + du
Method 1: Substitution and Partial Fractions

[ ]
There are no immediate substitutions/manipulations, so a good e
1
= −ln u − + ln | 1 + u |
substitution to try would be u = e x. u 1
1 e
e −2x u −2
∫0 e + 1 ∫1 u + 1
e
dx = ⋅ u −1 du
[ u]
1+u 1
−x −1 let u = e x = ln −
u
dx 1
e
u −3 = ex
∫1 u −1 + 1
= du du

( e)
1 1+e 1
d x = du = ln − − (ln 2 − 1)
e u e
du
∫1 u 3 + u 2
= when x = 0, u = 1

( 2e ) e
1+e 1
when x = 1, u = e = ln − +1
e
du
∫1 u 2(1 + u)
=

Our denominator consists of a linear and quadratic factor, so we

decompose into partial fractions.
1 A B C
Let = + + .
u 2(1 + u) u u2 u + 1

∴ 1 = Au(u + 1) + B(u + 1) + Cu 2

letting u = 0: B = 1

letting u = − 1: C = 1

letting u = 1: 1 = 2A + 2B + C ⟹ A = − 1
81
 a a
y (a − x)2
∫0 a − y ∫0 a 2 + x 2
2
86. dy 87. dx

Method 1: Algebraic Manipulation Method 1: Algebraic Manipulation

Our goal is to express the numerator in terms of the denominator. Expanding the numerator, we can manipulate the integral such

As y = − (a − y) + a: that we can easily apply the reverse chain rule.

a a 2
a a a
(a − x)2 a − 2a x + x 2
∫0 a 2 + x 2 ∫0
y a−y a
∫0 a − y ∫0 a − y ∫0 a − y
2
dy = −
2
dy +
2
dy dx = dx
a2 + x2

a a

1 dy − [a ln | a − y | ]
∫0
2 2

∫0 ( a2 + x2 )
=− a
2a x
0 = 1− dx
a a

= − [y] − [a ln | a − y | ]
2 2

0 0
= [x − a ln | a 2 + x 2 | ]
a

( )
a a 0
=− − a ln − ln | a |
2 2

= (a − a ln | 2a 2 | ) − (0 − a ln | a 2 | )
(2)
a
a
= − − a ln
2 a 2a 2
= a − a ln
a2

(2)
a 1
=− − a ln
2
a = a(1 − ln 2)
= − + a ln 2
2
a
= (ln 4 − 1)
2

82
 1 1
x+3 x2
∫0 (x + 2)(x + 1)2 ∫0 x 6 + 1
88. dx 89. dx

Method 1: Partial Fractions Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule

Our denominator consists of a linear and quadratic factor, so we d 3

Observe that (x ) = 3x 2, thus we can manipulate such that we
dx
decompose the integrand into partial fractions.
can apply the reverse chain rule.
x+3 A B C
Let = + + . 1
(x + 2)(x + 1)2 x + 2 x + 1 (x + 1)2 x2 1 1 3x 2
∫0 x 6 + 1 3 ∫0 (x 3)2 + 1
dx = dx
∴ A(x + 1)2 + B(x + 1)(x + 2) + C(x + 2) = x + 3
1
3[ ]0
1
−1 3
letting x = − 1: C = 2 = tan (x )

letting x = − 2: A = 1
3 (4 )
1 π
= −0
letting x = 0: A + 2B + 2C = 3 ⟹ B = − 1
x+3 1 1 2 π
Therefore = − + =
(x + 2)(x + 1)2 x + 2 x + 1 (x + 1)2 12

∫0 ( x + 2 x + 1 (x + 1)2 )
1 1
x+3 1 1 2
∫0 (x + 2)(x + 1)2
Hence: d x = − + dx

[ x + 1 ]0
1
2
= ln | x + 2 | − ln | x + 1 | −

= (ln 3 − ln 2 − 1) − (ln 2 − 0 − 2)

3
= ln +1
4

83
 π

∫0
90. cos2 m x d x, where m is an integer.

Method 1: Half Angle Formula

We aim to simplify the integral by reducing the power of cos(m x).

1
We do so by applying the half angle formula cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x).
2
π
1 π
∫0 2 ∫0
2
cos m x d x = (1 + cos 2m x) d x

2[ 2m ]0
π
1 sin 2m x
= x−

2( )
1 1
= π− sin(2mπ) − 0
2m

Now the sine of any integer multiple of π is zero, hence:

π
π
∫0
cos2 m x d x =
2

84
Section 10

Questions 91 - 100
π a

∫0
2

∫π
2
91. x sin 2x d x 92. x2 a2 − x2 d x
4

Method 1: Integration by Parts

Method 1: Trigonometric Substitution
Our integrand is a product of two functions, hence we integrate by We can use the Pythagorean identity 1 − sin2 θ = cos2 θ to help
parts. Letting: simplify the integral.
1
u x − cos 2x v
2 let x = a sin θ when x = 0, θ = 0
u′ 1 sin 2x v′
dx π
= a cos θ when x = a, θ =
dθ 6
π d x = a cos θ dθ
[ 2 ]π 2 ∫π
π π
1 1 2
∫π
2 2
x sin 2x d x = − x cos 2x + cos 2x d x
4 4 4 a π

∫0 ∫0
2 6
x2 a2 − x2 d x = (a sin θ)2 a 2 − a 2 sin2 θ(a cos θ) dθ
π

[ 2 ]π
1 1 2
= − x cos 2x + sin 2x
4 π

∫0
6
4
= a4 sin2 θ cos2 θ dθ

(4 ) ( 4)
π π
= +0 − 0−
We then use the double and half angle formula to help simplify the
π 1 integral.
= −
4 4

85
 π π
a4 6
4 ∫0 ∫0
4
= (2 sin θ cos θ)2 dθ 93. sec2 x tan x d x

π
a4 6 2
4 ∫0
= sin 2θ dθ
Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule

π d
a4 6 Observe that (tan x) = sec2 x, hence we can immediately apply
8 ∫0
= (1 − cos 4θ) dθ dx
the reverse chain rule.
π

8 [ ]
a4 1 6 π

[2 ]
π
= θ − sin 4θ 1
∫0
4 4
2 2
4 sec x tan x d x = tan x
0
0

8 (6 4 3 )
a4 π 1 2π
(2 )
= − sin −0 1
= −0

8 (6 8 )
a4 π 3 1
= − =
2

a4
192 (
= 4π − 3 3 )

86
 1 2

∫0 ∫1
94. 2
(x + 2) x + 4x + 5 d x 95. x(ln x)2 d x

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: Integration by Parts

d 2 Our integrand is a product of two functions, hence we integrate by

Observe that (x + 4x) = 2x + 4, hence we manipulate such
dx parts. Letting:
that we can apply the reverse chain rule.
x2
1
1 1 u (ln x)2 v
∫0 2 ∫0
2
(x + 2) x + 4x + 5 d x = (2x + 4) x 2 + 4x + 5 d x 2
2 ln x
u′ x v′
x
1 2
= ⋅ [(x + 4x + 5) ]
3
1
2 2
2 3 2
0 2 2

[2 ] ∫1
x2
∫1
2 2
x(ln x) d x = (ln x) − x ln x d x
1
3( )
3 3
= 10 2 − 52 1

1 Our new integrand is again a product of two functions, hence we

= (10 10 − 5 5 )
3 integrate by parts again. Letting:

5 5
(2 2 − 1)
x2
= u ln x v
3 2
1
u′ x v′
x

] ([ 2 ]
2
1 2
[2 )
x2 1 2
∫1
2
= (ln x) − x ln x − x dx
1
2
1

87
 [2 4 ]1
2 4
2
1 2 1 1 x2 + 4
∫1 ∫3 x 2 − 1
2
x(ln x) d x = x (ln x)2 − x 2 ln x − x 2 96. dx
2

[2 4 ] ( 4)
1 1 1 1 Method 1: Partial Fractions
= ⋅ 4(ln 2)2 − ⋅ 4 ln 2 − ⋅ 4 − 0 − 0 −
2 We simplify by rewriting the numerator in terms of the
denominator, and then decomposing into partial fractions.
2 3
= 2(ln 2) − 2 ln 2 + 4 4
4
∫3 ( x 2 − 1 x 2 − 1 )
x2 + 4 x2 − 1 5
∫3 x 2 − 1
d x = + dx

1 A B
Now, let = + .
x2 − 1 x+1 x−1

∴ A(x − 1) + B(x + 1) = 1
1
letting x = 1: 2B = 1 ⟹ B =
2
1
letting x = − 1: −2A = 1 ⟹ A = −
2
1 1 1
Therefore = − +
x2 − 1 2(x + 1) 2(x − 1)

∫3 ( 2(x + 1) 2(x − 1) )
4 4
x2 + 4 1 1
∫3 x 2 − 1
Hence: d x = 1 − + dx

[ ]
4
1 1
= x − ln | x + 1 | + ln | x − 1 |
2 2 3

( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
= 4− ln 5 + ln 3 − 3 − ln 4 + ln 2
2 2 2 2
5 6
=1+ ln
2 5
88
 4
x2 + 4 Hence:
∫1 x(x + 2)
97. dx

∫1 ( x x + 2)
4 4
x2 + 4 2 4
∫1 x(x + 2)
dx = 1+ − dx

Method 1: Partial Fractions

= [x + 2 ln | x | − 4 ln | x + 2 | ]
4

We first simplify by expressing the numerator in terms of the 1

denominator x 2 + 2x: = (4 + 2 ln 4 − 4 ln 6) − (1 + 0 − 4 ln 3)
4 4 2
x2 + 4 x + 2x − 2x + 4
∫1 x(x + 2) ∫1
dx = dx
( 64 )
42 × 34
x(x + 2) = 3 + ln

∫1 ( x(x + 2) )
4
2x − 4
= 1− dx = 3 + ln 1

=3

We then decompose the integrand into partial fractions.

2x − 4 A B
Let = +
x(x + 2) x x+2

∴ A(x + 2) + Bx = 2x − 4

letting x = 0: 2A = − 4 ⟹ A = − 2

letting x = − 2: −2B = − 8 ⟹ B = 4
2x − 4 2 4
Therefore =− +
x(x + 2) x x+2

89
 π 1
cos x 1
∫0 5 − 3 sin x ∫0 (4 − x 2) 32
2
98. dx 99. dx

Method 1: Reverse Chain Rule Method 1: Trigonometric Substitution

d We can make use of the Pythagorean identity 1 − sin2 θ = cos2 θ to
Observe that (5 − 3 sin x) = − 3 cos x, hence we manipulate
dx
help simplify the integrand:
such that we can apply the reverse chain rule. π
1
1 2 cos θ
∫0 (4 − x 2) 32 ∫0 (4 − 4 sin2 θ) 32
6
π
cos x 1
π
−3 cos x dx = dθ let x = 2 sin θ
∫0 5 − 3 sin x 3 ∫0 5 − 3 sin x
2 2
dx = − dx dx
= 2 cos θ
π dθ
2 cos θ
∫0 8 cos3 θ
6
π

[ 3 ]
1 2 = dθ d x = 2 cos θ dθ
= − ln | 5 − 3 sin x |
0 when x = 0, θ = 0
1
π
π
∫
6
= sec2 θ dθ when x = 1, θ =
4 0 6
1
=− (ln 2 − ln 5) 1
π

= [tan θ]
3 6

4 0

1 5
4( 3 )
= ln 1 1
3 2 = −0

3
=
12

90
 π

∫0
2
100. 2 sin θ cos θ(3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ) dθ

Method 1: Double/Triple Angle Identity and Product to Sums

We simplify the integrand by recognising that:

sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ and sin(3θ) = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ

π π

∫0 ∫0
2 2
2 sin θ cos θ(3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ) dθ = sin 2θ sin 3θ dθ

Our integrand is now a product of two trigonometric functions, so

we apply the product to sum identities.

cos(A − B) − cos(A + B) = 2 sin A sin B

1
⟹ sin A sin B = [cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)]
2

Letting A = 3θ and B = 2θ in our identity above:

π π
1 2
∫0 2 ∫0
2
2 sin θ cos θ(3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ) dθ = (cos θ − cos 5θ) dθ

2[ ]
1 1 2
= sin θ − sin 5θ
5 0

2( 5)
1 1
= 1−

2
=
5
91