UNIT1-INTRODUCTION

The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing

devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people
that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to
transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or
human-to-computer interaction.

A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor

implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that
has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low or any
other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an Internet
Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.

Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to

operate more efficiently, better understand customers to deliver
enhanced customer service, improve decision-making and increase the
value of the business.

What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected systems
that include sensors, electrical appliances, cameras, and other devices.
They are programmed so that the Internet of Things (IoT) provides
automation for the connected devices. Smart TVs, refrigerators, and
air conditioners are examples of IoT devices that we see and use
regularly. To operate these devices, we need to send commands to
them using our smartphone application. We also use various portable
IoT devices, such as smartwatches and wristbands, to monitor our
pulse, blood pressure, and walking distance. All of this is possible
thanks to the smart integration of technology and equipment to form
an IoT product.
Furthermore, thanks to advances in AI and Machine Learning, the
IoT's future potential has grown significantly. The Internet of Things'
promise is not limited to healthcare. There are numerous other IoT
implementations. This blog will discuss the Future scope of IoT in
Agriculture, healthcare, automotive, and industry. Now, let us discuss
the need for IoT.

How does IoT work?

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use
embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and communication
hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is
either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes,
these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the
information they get from one another. The devices do most of the
work without human intervention, although people can interact with
the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or
access the data.

Why is the Internet of Things (IoT) necessary?

Have you ever gone to the store and forgotten to turn off your air
conditioner, fan, or lamp and felt helpless that you couldn't return
home to turn it off? This is where the Internet of Things (IoT) enters
the picture. It will serve as a reminder for essential activities that you
often forget. You can also use the smartphone application to connect
your IoT-enabled home appliances from anywhere in the world.
The NFC (near field communication) smart ring is another fascinating
IoT product.
These rings may be used for various purposes. They are rings made
up of network connectivity, NFC chips, and sensors that allow you to
share data. You can use NFC rings to pay your bills, access your car
door with a simple swipe, and get smartphone messages. Isn't it a
fantastic idea that allows you to do anything by simply swiping the
ring?
Much of this is made possible by the IoT devices' links to Internet
servers, allowing data to be shared and exchanged. This technology
minimizes human labor and saves a significant amount of time.
Now, in this blog about the future of IoT, we'll only look at how IoT
devices function.

Working of an IoT
Smart mobile gadgets, local area networks, the Internet, cloud servers,
and user applications make up the Internet of Things. A local network
is used to link IoT devices.The information is then sent to the cloud
servers through the Internet. The cloud servers also supply the IoT
system with data or information from the end-user application.This
knowledge exchange is a two-way interaction that aids in the
operation of the IoT system.
As seen in the diagram below, an IoT structure consists of four main
components.
  IoT Devices: They are smart electronic devices with wireless
sensors that assist in data sharing over the Internet.
 Local Network: It aids in the retrieval of data from Internet-
connected computers.
 The Internet: It enables devices to communicate with consumer
apps and servers.
 Back-end Services: A remote server, user access and control,
and smartphone applications are also included.

These programs are still available to assist in exchanging streamed

data from multiple IoT devices and end-user applications.
To effectively run an IoT device, these four components must be
combined. Let's take a look at some of the IoT's future scope.
IoT Training
promise of the IoT
The promise of the IoT/IoE is that devices can now connect together
(and with people) to enable new actions – to do something they
couldn't before; like to warn you when your resting heart rate is too
high, or learn how cool you like your house and when you get home,
and adjust the temperature before you get there.
What makes the Internet of Things possible?

The main factors that have enabled the emergence of the Internet of
Things are:

1. Cheap devices – From simple sensors to fully-certified network

connectivity modules, the costs of IoT devices are low enough
for both consumers & businesses.
2. Ubiquitous connectivity – The presence of multiple wired &
wireless networks in homes & offices, and across cities, enable
these IoT devices to be cheaply & easily connected to the
Internet.
3. Cheap computing – Moore’s law has enabled computing in the
cloud & at the edge to become cheaper & cheaper, so powerful
software can be used to analyze data from these IoT devices,
and sophisticated artifical-intelligence & machine-learning-
based algorithms can manage & control them.
4. IPv6 – Unlike the IPv4 protocol, which saw its last
unassigned IP addresses allocated in 2011, the IPv6 protocol
provides enough IP addresses to accommodate all the IoT
devices that will ever be connected to the Internet.

Sensors
Sensors are everywhere. They’re in our homes and workplaces, our
shopping centers and hospitals. They’re embedded in smart phones
and an integral part of the Internet of Things (IoT). Sensors have
been around for a long time. The first thermostat was introduced in
the late 1880s and infrared sensors have been around since the late
1940s. The IoT and its counterpart, the Industrial Internet of Things
(IIoT), are bringing sensor usage to a new level.

Broadly speaking, sensors are devices that detect and respond to

changes in an environment. Inputs can come from a variety of
sources such as light, temperature, motion and pressure. Sensors
output valuable information and if they are connected to a network,
they can share data with other connected devices and management
systems.

Sensors are crucial to the operation of many of today’s businesses.

They can warn you of potential problems before they become big
problems, allowing businesses to perform predictive maintenance
and avoid costly downtime. The data from sensors can also be
analyzed for trends allowing business owners to gain insight into
crucial trends and make informed evidence-based decisions.

Sensors come in many shapes and sizes. Some are purpose-built

containing many built-in individual sensors, allowing you to
monitor and measure many sources of data. In brownfield
environments, it’s key for sensors to include digital and analog
inputs so that they can read data from legacy sensors.

There are many types of IoT sensors and an even greater number of
applications and use cases. Here are 10 of the more popular types
of IoT sensors and some of their use cases.

1. Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors measure the amount of heat energy in a
source, allowing them to detect temperature changes and convert
these changes to data. Machinery used in manufacturing often
requires environmental and device temperatures to be at specific
levels. Similarly, within agriculture, soil temperature is a key factor
for crop growth.
2. Humidity Sensors
These types of sensors measure the amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere of air or other gases. Humidity sensors are commonly
found in heating, vents and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in
both industrial and residential domains. They can be found in many
other areas including hospitals, and meteorology stations to report
and predict weather.

3. Pressure Sensors
A pressure sensor senses changes in gases and liquids. When the
pressure changes, the sensor detects these changes, and
communicates them to connected systems. Common use cases
include leak testing which can be a result of decay. Pressure
sensors are also useful in the manufacturing of water systems as it
is easy to detect fluctuations or drops in pressure.
4. Proximity Sensors
Proximity sensors are used for non-contact detection of objects
near the sensor. These types of sensors often emit electromagnetic
fields or beams of radiation such as infrared. Proximity sensors
have some interesting use cases. In retail, a proximity sensor can
detect the motion between a customer and a product in which he or
she is interested. The user can be notified of any discounts or
special offers of products located near the sensor. Proximity
sensors are also used in the parking lots of malls, stadiums and
airports to indicate parking availability. They can also be used on
the assembly lines of chemical, food and many other types of
industries.

5. Level Sensors
Level sensors are used to detect the level of substances including
liquids, powders and granular materials. Many industries including
oil manufacturing, water treatment and beverage and food
manufacturing factories use level sensors. Waste management
systems provide a common use case as level sensors can detect the
level of waste in a garbage can or dumpster.

6. Accelerometers
Accelerometers detect an object’s acceleration i.e. the rate of
change of the object’s velocity with respect to time.
Accelerometers can also detect changes to gravity. Use cases for
accelerometers include smart pedometers and monitoring driving
fleets. They can also be used as anti-theft protection alerting the
system if an object that should be stationary is moved.

7. Gyroscope
Gyroscope sensors measure the angular rate or velocity, often
defined as a measurement of speed and rotation around an axis. Use
cases include automotive, such as car navigation and electronic
stability control (anti-skid) systems. Additional use cases include
motion sensing for video games, and camera-shake detection
systems.

8. Gas Sensors
These types of sensors monitor and detect changes in air quality,
including the presence of toxic, combustible or hazardous gasses.
Industries using gas sensors include mining, oil and gas, chemical
research andmanufacturing. A common consumer use case is the
familiar carbon dioxide detectors used in many homes.
9. Infrared Sensors
These types of sensors sense characteristics in their surroundings
by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation. They can also
measure the heat emitted by objects. Infrared sensors are used in a
variety of different IoT projects including healthcare as they
simplify the monitoring of blood flow and blood pressure.
Televisions use infrared sensors to interpret the signals sent from a
remote control. Another interesting application is that of art
historians using infrared sensors to see hidden layers in paintings to
help determine whether a work of art is original or fake or has been
altered by a restoration process.

10. Optical Sensors

Optical sensors convert rays of light into electrical signals. There
are many applications and use cases for optical sensors. In the auto
industry, vehicles use optical sensors to recognize signs, obstacles,
and other things that a driver would notice when driving or parking.
Optical sensors play a big role in the development of driverless
cars. Optical sensors are very common in smart phones. For
example, ambient light sensors can extend battery life. Optical
sensors are also used in the biomedical field including breath
analysis and heart-rate monitors.
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MYTHINGS Library – a hardware independent, small-footprint
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EIoT Future Scope-

The Internet of Things (IoT) has risen to prominence as a global
technology. It has grown in popularity in a short period. Moreover,
advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning have made
IoT device automation easy. In general, AI and machine learning
programs are paired with IoT devices to provide proper automation.
As a result, the Internet of Things (IoT) has broadened its field of
application across various industries. We will address the
implementations and potential IoT scope in the healthcare,
automotive, and agriculture industries in this blog.

Scope of IoT in Healthcare

We'll look at the future of IoT in the healthcare sector in this section.
The Internet of Things has proven to be one of the most useful
technologies in the healthcare industry. It aids in the provision of
specialized healthcare to patients, doctors, and researchers. Smart
diagnosis, wearable devices for tracking health, patient engagement,
and several other services are available. Besides, IoT applications
have alleviated undue pressure on the healthcare system.
On a secure network, healthcare devices can deliver patients' health
data directly to physicians. This enables physicians to diagnose
patients in outlying areas.
The following are some of the reasons why IoT is useful in the
healthcare industry:
1. Treatments by reducing errors
There is a reduction in manual errors in diagnosing patients due to
IoT devices. As a result, patients will receive timely care. Besides,
compared to manual diagnosis, 24/7 diagnosis by gadgets provides a
clearer picture of patients' wellbeing.
2. Cost reduction in treatments
In addition to other medical costs, manual diagnosis takes time and
necessitates the use of a range of expensive equipment. In addition to
other medical costs, manual diagnosis takes time and necessitates a
range of costly equipment. Using IoT modules, we can reduce these
costs. Besides, since patients can be diagnosed at their respective
locations, hospital costs and congestion can be reduced.
3. Availability of specialists in remote locations
The Internet of Things addresses one of the healthcare industry's
major issues: the scarcity of doctors, especially specialists, in rural
areas. The care of patients in the absence of doctors is now possible
due to the Internet of Things. All that is required for the patients is
that they must wear the device.The computer would then submit all of
the real-time data about the patients' wellbeing to the appropriate
doctors for analysis.In this way, the Internet of Things' reach is
assisting the healthcare sector in providing adequate services to the
needy.
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Scope of IoT in Agriculture
Food is one of the three essential human needs. We farm to meet the
demand for food. However, as the world's population grows, the
agricultural industry is confronted with numerous challenges.
Changes in weather and the environment also have a significant effect
on the agriculture industry. The industry has turned to technology to
boost productivity to meet the growing food demand. Precision
farming, agricultural drones, and smart farming apps are all part of it.
All of this is installed on top of an Internet of Things framework.
Precision farming
Information and Communication Technology is a tool for smart
farming in agriculture. Crop fields are monitored with the aid of IoT-
based devices. Sensors are used in the technology to measure soil
moisture, humidity, and temperature. It also allows effective use of
water by using an automated irrigation system. Precision farming will
enable farmers to keep track of their crops and increase productivity.
Drones used in Agriculture
One of the best Internet of Things applications is agriculture and
farming drones. They're used to make agricultural processes more
effective. Drones are used in agriculture to plant crops, irrigate fields,
spray pesticides, and track the fields. It's easier to assess the health of
crops with the aid of drones. All of this is made possible by smart
IoT-based devices used to create agricultural drones.
Smart greenhouses
Farmers use greenhouse farming to enhance the productivity of crops.
Manual intervention is used to monitor the environmental factors that
influence crop growth in greenhouse farming. Manually regulating the
process for crop development, on the other hand, is less productive.
The Internet of Things (IoT) and technological advances have led to
the creation of IoT-based greenhouses that include sensors, climate
controls, and other devices.
These IoT devices aid in the measurement of different environmental
factors under plant requirements. Since all sensors and devices
communicate with each other through the Internet, they provide
accurate information about the environment's current state. The
devices then trigger actuators that control greenhouse heaters, fans,
windows, and lighting to match the environment.
Top Applications of IoT in the World
The most important characteristic of humans is that we can work with
each other as a team and gain knowledge from each other. What if this
was true for machines as well? What if they could interact with each
other and share information and data. That would lead to a truly
connected world! And that is the central concept of the Internet of
Things. This concept just means a connected network of various
devices that can collect data and share it with each other to obtain
meaningful insights from the data. There are various applications of
IoT in the modern world and these are so diverse that you cannot
imagine.

There are endless possibilities for having an interconnected web of

“things” that can interact with each other over the internet. IoT can be
used for all types of applications ranging from connecting all the
devices in your house to create a smart home or even connecting all
the government and civic services in a city to create a smart city! Who
knows, we may even have a smart world one day!
So let’s see all these applications of IoT in different facets and
industries of the world.

1. Smart Agriculture

Food is an integral part of life without which we cannot survive.

However, it is an unfortunate fact that a lot of food is wasted in
developed countries like America while people starve in poorer
countries like Chad, Sudan, etc. One way to feed everyone is better
agricultural practices which can be enhanced using IoT. This can be
done by first collecting data for a farm such as soil quality, sunlight
levels, seed type, rainfall density from various sources like farm
sensors, satellites, local weather stations, etc. and then using this data
with Machine Learning and IoT to create custom recommendations
for each farm that will optimize the planting procedure, irrigation
levels required, fertilizer amount, etc. All this will result in better
yield or crops with a focus on reducing world hunger in the future.
2. Smart Vehicles

Smart vehicles or self-driving cars as they can be called are pretty

dependent on IoT. These cars have a lot of features that are integrated
with each other and need to communicate such as the sensors that
handle navigation, various antennas, controls for speeding or slowing
down, etc. Here the Internet of Things technology is critical especially
in the sense that self-driving cars need to be extremely accurate and
all the parts need to communicate with each other in milliseconds on
the road. Tesla Cars are quite popular and working on their self-
driving cars. Tesla Motors’ cars use the latest advancements in
Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things. And they are quite
popular as well!!! Tesla Model 3 was the most sold plug-in electric
car in the U.S. in 2018 with a total yearly sales of around 140,000
cars.

3. Smart Home

Maybe the most famous application of IoT is in Smart Homes. After

all, who hasn’t heard about connecting all the home applications like
lighting, air conditioners, locks, thermostat, etc. into a single system
that can be controlled from your smartphone! These IoT devices are
becoming more and more popular these days because they allow you
complete freedom to personalize your home as you want. In fact,
these IoT devices are so popular that every second there are 127 new
devices connected to the internet. Some popular ones that you might
have heard have, or even have in your home, include Google Home,
Amazon Echo Plus, Philips Hue Lighting System, etc. There are also
all sorts of other inventions that you can install in your home
including Nest Smoke Alarm and Thermostat, Foobot Air Quality
Monitor, August Smart Lock, etc.

4. Smart Pollution Control

Pollution is one of the biggest problems in most of the cities in the

world. Sometimes it’s not clear if we are inhaling oxygen or smog! In
such a situation, IoT can be a big help in controlling the pollution
levels to more breathable standards. This can be done by collecting
the data related to city pollution like emissions from vehicles, pollen
levels, airflow direction, weather, traffic levels, etc using various
sensors in combination with IoT. Using this data, Machine Learning
algorithms can calculate pollution forecasts in different areas of the
city that inform city officials beforehand where the problems are
going to occur. Then they can try to control the pollution levels till
it’s much safer. An example of this is the Green Horizons
project created by IBM’s China Research Lab.

5. Smart Healthcare

There are many applications of IoT in the Healthcare Industry where

doctors can monitor patients remotely through a web of
interconnected devices and machines without needing to be in direct
contact with them. This is very useful if the patients don’t have any
serious problems or if they have any infectious diseases like COVID-
19 these days. One of the most common uses of IoT in healthcare
is using robots. These include surgical robots that can help
doctors in performing surgeries more efficiently with higher
precision and control. There are also disinfectant robots that can
clean surfaces quickly and thoroughly using high-intensity ultraviolet
light (which is pretty useful these days!) Other types of robots also
include nursing robots that can handle the monotonous tasks that
nurses have to perform for many patients day in and day out where
there is little risk to the patients.

6. Smart Cities

Cities can be made more efficient so that they require fewer resources
and are more energy-efficient. This can be done with a combination of
sensors in different capacities all over the city that can be used for
various tasks ranging from managing the traffic, controlling handling
waste management, creating smart buildings, optimizing streetlights,
etc. There are many cities in the world that are working on
incorporating IoT and becoming smarter such as Singapore, Geneva,
Zurich, Oslo, etc. One example of creating smart cities is the Smart
Nation Sensor Platform used by Singapore which is believed to be the
smartest city in the world. This platform integrates various facets of
transportation, streetlights, public safety, urban planning, etc. using
sensors in conjugation with IoT.

7. Smart Retail

There is a way to make shopping even more exciting for customers

and that’s to use the latest tech like IoT of course! Retail stores can
make use of IoT in a wide range of operations to make shopping a
much smoother experience for customers and also easier for the
employees. IoT can be used to handle the inventory, improve store
operations, reduce shoplifting and theft, and prevent long queues at
the cashiers. A prime example of this is the Amazon Go stores which
provide an IoT enabled shopping experience. These stores monitor all
their products using IoT so that customers can pick up any products
and just walk out of the store without stopping at the cashier’s queue.
The total bill amount is automatically deducted from the card
associated with the customer’s Amazon account after they leave the
store.

Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide variety of applications
and use of Internet of Things is growing so faster. Depending upon
different application areas of Internet of Things, it works accordingly
as per it has been designed/developed. But it has not a standard
defined architecture of working which is strictly followed universally.
The architecture of IoT depends upon its functionality and
implementation in different sectors. Still, there is a basic process flow
based on which IoT is built.
So. here in this article we will discuss basic fundamental architecture
of IoT i.e., 4 Stage IoT architecture.
So, from the above image it is clear that there is 4 layers are present
that can be divided as follows: Sensing Layer, Network Layer, Data
processing Layer, and Application Layer.
These are explained as following below.
1. Sensing Layer –
Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this Sensing layer. These
Sensors or Actuators accepts data(physical/environmental
parameters), processes data and emits data over network.
2. Network Layer –
Internet/Network gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are
present in this layer. DAS performs data aggregation and
conversion function (Collecting data and aggregating data then
converting analog data of sensors to digital data etc). Advanced
gateways which mainly opens up connection between Sensor
networks and Internet also performs many basic gateway
functionalities like malware protection, and filtering also some
times decision making based on inputted data and data
management services, etc.
3. Data processing Layer –
This is processing unit of IoT ecosystem. Here data is analyzed
and pre-processed before sending it to data center from where data
is accessed by software applications often termed as business
applications where data is monitored and managed and further
actions are also prepared. So here Edge IT or edge analytics comes
into picture.
4. Application Layer –
This is last layer of 4 stages of IoT architecture. Data centers or
cloud is management stage of data where data is managed and is
used by end-user applications like agriculture, health care,
aerospace, farming, defense, etc.

IoT Structure

IoT is a network of tiny innovations like the sensors which can be

attached to possibly anything available and then make them
communicate with the cloud server without any human interaction.
So, the question is how to make this happen? Well the answer is to
attach a sensor to a Raspberry Pi device about which we will be
discussing in the coming sections. Raspberry Pi device with the
installed EdgeX agent helps the users to acquire, store, process, and
take actions any kind of data from the device to the cloud server.
 Figure 1 : Communication between sensors, gateway, and cloud
server

Sensors - Tiny innovations that can be attached to anything and then

with some additional help, can be made to communicate with the
internet. Sensors play a pivotal role in the IoT infrastructure.

Gateway device - A gateway device is nothing but a piece of

hardware bridging the gap between the sensors and the IoT platform.
This guide details about a Raspberry Pi device which is integrated
with EdgeX agent to help the sensors communicate the data to the
cloud server.

EdgeX agent - A revolutionary agent by WebNMS IoT that makes

the devices IoT enabled and help them to seamlessly discover,
acquire, and process immense data smoothly.
Cloud Server - A virtual but logical server that is built, hosted and
delivered through cloud computing platform and can be accessed
remotely.

Sensors are deployed at the remote location so that they can detect
any changes in the environment and notify the user for the occurred
changes. These changes are then captured and pushed to the cloud
server. Multi-purpose EdgeX agent bridges the gap between the
sensors installed at the remote location and the cloud server. The
agent when pushed to the gateway device ensures that the
communication establishes between the sensors and the cloud server.
Sensors are made to communicate with the cloud server with the help
of the EgdeX agent that is integrated with the Raspberry pi device.
Data is collected, translated, and then transferred to the cloud server
from the sensors via the Raspberry Pi device.

BUILDING BLOCKS of IoT

Four things form basic building blocks of the IoT system –sensors,
processors, gateways, applications. Each of these nodes has to have its
own characteristics in order to form an useful IoT system.

Figure 1: Simplified block diagram of the basic building blocks of

the IoT
Sensors:
 These form the front end of the IoT devices. These are the so-
called “Things” of the system. Their main purpose is to collect
data from its surroundings (sensors) or give out data to its
surrounding (actuators).
 These have to be uniquely identifiable devices with a unique IP
address so that they can be easily identifiable over a large
network.
 These have to be active in nature which means that they should
be able to collect real-time data. These can either work on their
own (autonomous in nature) or can be made to work by the user
depending on their needs (user-controlled).
 Examples of sensors are gas sensor, water quality sensor,
moisture sensor, etc.
Processors:
 Processors are the brain of the IoT system. Their main function is
to process the data captured by the sensors and process them so
as to extract the valuable data from the enormous amount of raw
data collected. In a word, we can say that it gives intelligence to
the data.
 Processors mostly work on real-time basis and can be easily
controlled by applications. These are also responsible for
securing the data – that is performing encryption and decryption
of data.
 Embedded hardware devices, microcontroller, etc are the ones
that process the data because they have processors attached to it.
Gateways:
 Gateways are responsible for routing the processed data and send
it to proper locations for its (data) proper utilization.
 In other words, we can say that gateway helps in to and fro
communication of the data. It provides network connectivity to
the data. Network connectivity is essential for any IoT system to
communicate.
 LAN, WAN, PAN, etc are examples of network gateways.
Applications:
 Applications form another end of an IoT system. Applications
are essential for proper utilization of all the data collected.
 These cloud-based applications which are responsible for
rendering the effective meaning to the data collected.
Applications are controlled by users and are a delivery point of
particular services.
 Examples of applications are home automation apps, security
systems, industrial control hub, etc.

IoT Architecture -State of the Art

A reference model is a model that describes the main conceptual

entities and how they are related to each other, while the reference
architecture aims at describing the main functional components of a
system as well as how the system works, how the system is deployed,
what information the system processes, etc.
An ARM is useful as a tool that establishes a common language of an
M2M or IoT system.

State of the art

European Telecommunications Standards Institute M2M/oneM2M.

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in
2009 formed a Technical Committee (TC) on M2M topics aimed at
producing a set of standards for communication among machines
from an end-to-end viewpoint.
ETSI M2M high-level architecture

1.
1 ) ETSI M2M high-level architecture
M2M Device:

 An M2M device connects to the Network Domain either directly

or through an M2M Gateway
 Direct connection:
o The M2M Device is capable of performing registration,
authentication, authorization, management, and
provisioning to the Network Domain.
o Direct connection also means that the M2M device
contains the appropriate physical layer to be able to
communicate with the Access Network.
M2M Gateway:

 This is the case when the M2M device does not have the
appropriate physical layer, compatible with the Access Network
technology, and therefore it needs a network domain proxy.
 The M2M Gateway acts as a proxy for the Network Domain and
performs the procedures of authentication, authorization,
management, and provisioning. An M2M Device could connect
through multiple M2M Gateways.

M2M Area Network:

 This is typically a local area network (LAN) or a Personal Area

Network (PAN) and provides connectivity between M2M
Devices and M2M Gateways

M2M Gateway:

 The M2M Gateway contains M2M Applications and M2M

Service Capabilities.
 The M2M Gateway may also provide services to other legacy
devices that are not visible to the Network Domain.
 The device that provides connectivity for M2M Devices in an
M2M Area Network towards the Network Domain.

Access Network:

The network that allows the devices in the Device and Gateway
Domain to communicate with the Core Network.

Core Network:

 IP connectivity.
 • Service and Network control.
 • Interconnection with other networks.
 • Roaming.
M2M Service Capabilities:

 Functions use underlying Core Network functions, and their

objective is to abstract the network functions for simpler
applications.

M2M Applications:

 M2M applications (e.g. smart metering) that utilize the M2M

Service Capabilities through the open interfaces.

Network Management Functions:

 functions to manage the Access and Core Network

M2M Management Functions:

 Functions required to manage the M2M Service Capabilities on

the Network Domain while the management of an M2M Device
or Gateway is performed by specific M2M Service Capabilities.

 There are two M2M Management functions:

o M2M Service Bootstrap Function (MSBF):
 The MSBF facilitates the bootstrapping of permanent
M2M service layer security credentials in the M2M
Device or Gateway and the M2M Service
Capabilities in the Network Domain.
o M2M Authentication Server (MAS):
 safe execution environment where permanent
security credentials such as the M2M Root Key are
stored.
 Any security credentials established on the M2M
Device or Gateway are stored in a secure
environment such as a trusted platform module.