Apprecia(on of Mathema(cs

“Mathema)cs is the alphabet with which God has wri5en the universe” – Galileo Galilei

Mathema)cs
: study of numbers and arithme)c opera)ons
: study of pa5erns and structures
: fundamental to the physical and biological sciences, engineering, and informa)on technology
: useful way to think about nature and our world
: tool to quan)fy, organize and control our world, predict phenomena and make life easier for us

Role of Mathema)cs in our World

: mathema)cs has become one of the most powerful tools in understanding the world around us, playing a
crucial role in advancing technology, science, industry, and everyday life
: helps organize pa5erns and regulari)es in our world
: helps predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in the world
: helps control nature and occurrences in the world for our own ends
: has numerous applica)ons in the world making it indispensable

Pa3erns and Numbers in Nature

Fibonacci Sequence
: formula,

Fibonacci Sequence in Plants

: many plants exhibit pa5erns based on the Fibonacci Sequence
: each number is the sum of the two preceding ones (0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13, …)
: this sequence is seen in the arrangement of leaves, petals, and seeds
: maximizing space efficiency for growth and reproduc)on

Spirals in Shells
: many seashells, such as nau)lus shells, display logarithmic spirals
: these spirals adhere to specific mathema)cal ra)os, known as the
“Golden Ra)o” or “PHI”
: resul)ng in aesthe)cally pleasing and efficient structures

Hexagonal Honeycomb
: bees construct honeycombs with hexagonal cells
: shape requires the least amount of was while maximizing storage space
and structural stability
: demonstra)ng balance between efficiency and strength

Symmetry in Animals
: many animals exhibit symmetrical body pa5erns, influenced by
mathema)cal principles of reflec)on and rota)on
: examples, bu5erfly wings and the bilateral symmetry of animals like humans
Fractal Pa5erns
: fractals are self-replica)ng geometric pa5erns found in natural forma)ons
: Example, coastlines, mountains, clouds, and trees
: exhibit similar structures at different scales, reflec)ng the inherent
mathema)cal principles of recursion and self-similarity

Ocean Waves and Harmonics

:ocean waves exhibit regular pa5erns and frequencies that can be describes
using mathema)cal concepts, like waves equa)ons and harmonics

Pa3erns

Pa5er
: arrangement, observers an)cipate what is next
: shows what come before

Types of Pa5ers
: Logic Pa5erns
- Seen in ap)tude tests
- First to be observes
- Classifying things
- Example, characteris)cs of various objects
- :another deals with order

: Number Pa5erns
- Pa5erns of numbers Example:
- Seen in ap)tude tests 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, … (Find the 9th term)
- CALCULATE:
1+2+3+...n for n=1,2,3,...6
2+4+6+...2n for n=1,2,3...6
1+3+5+...(2n-1) for n=1,2,3...6

: Geometric Pa5erns
- Mo)f or design that depicts abstract shapes
- Respects like wallpaper
- Visual pa5erns are observed in nature and in art
- Pa5ern does not need to repeat, as long as it provides a way “organizing” the artwork

: Word Pa5erns
- Found in language Example:
- Morphological rules on pluralizing nouns or Knife: Knive Life: Live Wife:
conjuga)ng verbs for tense, metric rule of poetry
Mathema(cal Language and Symbols

Mathema)cal Expression
: analogues of an English noun
: correct arrangement of mathema)cal symbols
: used to present a mathema)cal object of interest
: does not state a complete thought
: it does not make sense to ask if an expression is true or false

Mathema)cal Sentence
: analogue of an English sentence
: correct arrangement of mathema)cal symbols that states a complete thought
: it makes sense to ask about the truth of a sentence

English Conven)ons
: capitalize first le5er of proper nouns
: indent first sentence of paragraphs
: separate enumerated words with comma

Mathema)cs Conven)ons
: defines words and phrases (to avoid ambiguity)
: enclose the elements of a sent with {}
: use mathema)cal symbols instead of their counterpart words
: " = for all
: $ = there exists Quiz:
: ® = implies
: expression are given in simplest term
: n is non-nega)ve integer

Open Sentence
: example
- The cat is black
- This sentence is false
- x=1
- x–1=0

Problem Solving and Reasoning

Problem
: a statement requiring a solu)on, usually by means of mathema)cal opera)on/geometric construc)on
: method – answer = solu)on
Problem Solving
: a process – an ongoing ac)vity, we take what we know to discover what we don’t know

Three Basic Func)ons

: seeking informa)on
: genera)ng new knowledge
: making decisions

Mathema)cal Reasoning
: analyze problem situa)ons and construct logical argument to jus)fy the process or hypothesis
: to create both conceptual founda)ons and connec)ons, in order to be able to process the informa)on

Induc)ve Reasoning
: general conclusion – specific examples
: example,
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ?
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ?

: example,
Premise 1: Passed all grade 11 subjects.
Premise 2: Passed all grade 12 subjects.

Conclusion: Therefore, passed all the SHS subjects.

: conjecture
- conclusion formed by using induc)ve reasoning, since it may or may not be correct
- example,
Pick a number. Mul)ply the number by 8, add to the product, divide the sum by 2, and
subtract 3.

- The conjecture is that given the procedures, a number is four )mes the original number
-
: using induc)ve reasoning to solve an applica)on
- The period of a pendulum is the )me it takes for the pendulum to swing from leq to right and back
to its original posi)on

LENGTH OF PENDULUM IN UNITS PERIOD OF PENDULUM IN HEARTBEATS

1 1
4 2
9 3
16 4
25 5
36 6

- The period of pendulum in heartbeats are the square root of length of pendulum in units

: counterexamples
- statement is a true statement provided that is true in all cases
- if you can find one case for which a statement is not true, (counterexample)
- that statement is a false statement
 - example,
Every number that is mul)ple of 10 is divisible by 4.
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200

= With this example, we have seen that not all mul)ples of 10 are divisible by 4. So we call
110 as a Counterexample

- example,
For all numbers x:
• |x|>0
Let x=0. Then l0l = 0

= Thus “for all numbers x, lxl>0” is a false statement

Deduc)ve Reasoning
: process of reaching a conclusion by applying general assump)ons, procedure, or princples
: example,
= If a number is divisible by 2, then it must be even
= 12 is divisible by 2
= Therefore, 12 is an even number

: example,
= 1: All Philippine currencies are produced by the BSP
= 2. The student has Philippine money currency in his pocket
= Conclusion: Therefore, the student’s money is produced by the BSP

: example,
= Pick a number. Mul)ply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract
3.
= Let n represent the original number
8n
8n + 6
!"#$
%
= 4𝑛 + 3
4n + 3 – 3 = 4n

= We started with n and ended with 4n. the procedure given in this example produces a number
that is four )mes the original number.

Determine What Type of Reasoning

1. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every other year. Last year the tree did not
produce plums, so this year the tree will produce plums.
= INDUCTIVE REASONING

2. All home improvements cost more than the es)mate. The contractor es)mated that my home
improvement will cost 35,000. Thus, my home improvement will cost more than 35,000.
= DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Problem Solving Strategies

Polya’s Four – Step Problem Solving Strategy

1. Understand the Problem
2. Devise a plan
3. Carry out the plan
4. Reveal the solu)on (method + answer)

: example,
Mr. Postman wishes to walk along the streets from point A to point B. How many direct routes can
he take?

Solu)on: Answer: 35

: example,
Determine the digit 100 places to right of the decimal point in the decimal representa)on of 7/27.

Decimal Point: 0.259259259…

Solu)on:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
------------------------ ---------------------------------
2592592592 9 2 5 9 2 5 9 2

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
--------------------------------------- Answer: 2
5 9 2 5 9 2 5 9 2 5
Strategy: Elimina(ng Possibili(es

: example,
Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a different occupa)on (editor, banker,
chef, or den)st). From the flowing clues, determine the occupa)on of each neighbor.

1. Maria gets home from work aqer the banker but before the den)st. (X1)
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not the editor. (X2)
3. The den)st and Sarah leave for work at the same )me. (X3)
4. The banker lives next door to Brian. (X4)

Editor Banker Chef Den)st

Sean X1 / X1 X1
Maria / X2 X2 X2
Sarah X3 X3 / X3
Brian X4 X4 X4 /