CAD DEFINITION

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer software to

assist with the design, layout, and technical documentation of
products. CAD enables engineers to generate two-dimensional (2D)
or three-dimensional (3D) models of an object or system of objects
and view those models under a variety of different parameters to
simulate and test real-world product conditions.
CAD (computer-aided design) is the use of computer-based software
to aid in design processes. CAD software is frequently used by
different types of engineers and designers. CAD software can be
used to create two-dimensional (2-D) drawings or three-dimensional
(3-D) models.
CAD is often used in tandem with digitized manufacturing
processes. CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided
manufacturing) is software used to design products such as
electronic circuit boards in computers and other devices.
Computer-aided design is used in a wide variety of professions.
CAD software is used heavily within various architecture, arts and
engineering projects. CAD use cases are specific to industry and job
functions. Professions that use CAD tools include, but are not
limited to:
• Architects
• Engineers
• City planners
• Graphic designers
• Animation illustrators
• Drafters
• Fashion designers
• Interior designers
• Exterior designers
• Game designers
• Product designers
• Industrial designers
• Manufacturers
 GEOMETRIC MODELING, WIREFRAME, SURFACE AND

SOLID MODELING
Geometric Modeling is the computer/software-generated mathematical representation of an
object’s geometry. It includes both graphical and non-graphical information. This information is
stored in a database and displayed as a picture. It is then possible to edit and analyze the model
in different ways.

As curves are easy to manipulate and bend as per application, geometric modeling uses curves
extensively to construct surfaces. The formation of curves can be achieved by - a set of points,
analytic functions, or other curves/functions.

The mathematical representation of an object can be displayed on a computer and used for the
generation of drawings, which go on for analysis and eventual manufacturing of the object. In
general, there are three conventional steps to creating a geometric model:

• They create key geometric elements using commands like points, lines, and circles.
• Applying Transformations on the geometric elements using commands like rotation,
achieve scaling, and other related transformations functions.
• Construct the geometric model using various commands that integrate the geometric
model's elements to form the desired shape.

Representation of Geometric Models

There are two basic types of geometric models: a two-dimensional model, which is used for
technical drawing, and a three-dimensional model, which is used for computer-aided design and
manufacturing.

• Two-Dimensional or 2D: It projects a two-dimensional view and is used for flat objects.
• Three-Dimensional or 3D: This representation permits complete three-dimensional
viewing of the model with intricate geometry. The leading process of geometric modeling
in 3D is Solid modeling.

Constructing a geometric model in CAD involves using a 3D computer program to describe

geometric relationships and the physical extent of a component. The models may also contain
material properties and other attributes of the element, such as the mass of the component. Many
CAD programs can calculate a component's mass properties and evaluate its other physical
properties. These capabilities may be crucial for flexible and adaptive manufacturing lines.

There are two main types of representations in geometric modeling. The classical presentation of
geometric objects consists of geometric pointsets defined by boundaries. On the other hand,
modern geometric modeling uses parametric families of pointsets. Parametric families are
defined using geometric operation graphs, features, and constraints. In both cases, a user
interacts with an example object from the family. It may also be a surface, a volume, or a solid.
In addition to these models, geometric modeling can incorporate other design and manufacturing
aspects. Computer- aided engineering, or CAE, is the central component of the manufacturing
process. With the help of geometric modeling applications, key elements can be created,
transformed, and integrated into the desired shape. In addition to this, CAD applications can also
incorporate complex mathematical operations.
Types of Geometric Modelings
Depending upon the representations of objects, geometric modeling system can be classified into
three categories, which are:

Solid modeling
Solid modeling also known as volume modeling, this is the most widely used method, providing
a complete description of solid modeling. Solid modeling tools allow you to build many sides of
an object at once. Solid models make multiple sides at once, reducing the ambiguity in surface
modeling.

Surface modeling
Surface modeling is another popular method. This type of modeling represents the object by its
surface and is used to describe the object with a clear view of manufacturing. This method uses
surface geometry to create objects with complex forms. From this clear point of view, surface
modeling cannot be used to develop an internal surface of any model. Surface modeling uses
Bezier and B-spines. Surface modeling is better for design engineers as it organizes the edges
that define polygonal surfaces.

Wireframe modeling
It is a simple modeling system used to represent the object with the help of lines only. Hence, it
is also known as Line model representation. However, wireframe modeling is not enough to
express complex solids; therefore, it is used to describe only wiring systems. Wireframe
geometric modeling is a good option for small-scale companies, where intricate surface details
are essential for product design.
Requirements for Geometric Modeling
The various requirements of geometric modeling are as follows:

• The cross-section, hidden lines, and dimensions are needed for Graphical Visualization.
• Interchangeable manufacturing tolerance analysis is required while inspecting parts.
• There should also be properties and geometrical evaluations in Area, Volume, and property
evaluation in Weight, Density, etc.
• Need for Finite element analysis and Kinematic analysis.
• Parts classification, planning, etc., in manufacturing.
• Geometric models are beneficial in applications where the algorithm aims to predict a set of
variables in a complex environment.
 CAD STANDARDS
DEFINITION:
CAD Standards are a set of guidelines for the way Computer-aided
drafting (CAD), or (CADD) Computer Aided Design and Drawing,
drawings should appear, to improve productivity and interchange of
CAD documents between different offices and CAD programs,
especially in architecture and engineering.
GRAPHICS KERNEL SYSTEM (GKS)

The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was the first ISO standard for
computer graphics in low-level, established in 1977. GKS offers a
group of drawing aspects for 2D vector graphics appropriate for
mapping and related duties. The calls are defined to be moveable
across various programming languages, graphics hardware, so that
applications noted to use GKS will be willingly portable to different
devices and platforms.

The following documents are representing GKS standards:

· The language bindings are called in ISO 8651 standard.
· ANSI X3.124 (1985) is part of ANSI standard
· ISO/IEC 7942 noted in ISO standard, first part of 1985 and
two to four parts of 1997-99.
· ISO 8805 and ISO 8806.
The main uses of the GKS standard are:

· To give for portability of application graphics programs.

· To assist in the learning of graphics systems by application

programmers.

· To offer strategy for manufacturers in relating practical

graphics capabilities.

The GKS consists of three basic parts:

i) A casual exhibition of the substances of the standard which

contains such things as how text is placed, how polygonal
zones are to be filled, and so onward.

ii) An official of the descriptive material in (i), by way of

conceptual the ideas into separate functional explanations.
These functional descriptions have such data as descriptions
of input and output parameters, specific descriptions of the
result of every function should have references into
the descriptive material in (i), and a description of fault
situation. The functional descriptions in this division are
language autonomous.

iii) Language bindings are an execution of the abstract functions

explained in (ii). in a explicit computer language such as C.
 PHIGS
PHIGS (programmer's hierarchical interactive graphics system) is
intended to support high function workstations and their related
CAD'CAM applications. The significant extensions it offers beyond
GKS-3D. are in supporting segmentation used to display graphics
and the dynamic ability to modify segment contents and
relationships. PHIGS operates at the same level as GKS (interface
A).

DXF
DXF, Drawing Interchange Format, or Drawing Exchange Format, is
a tagged data representation of AutoCAD drawing file. Each element
in the file has a prefix integer number called a group code. This
group code actually represents the element that follows and
indicates the meaning of a data element for a given object type. DXF
makes it possible to represent almost all user-specified information
in a drawing file.

DXF file format was developed by Autodesk as CAD data file format
for data interoperability between AutoCAD and other applications.
Thus, data can be imported from other formats to DXF to AutoCAD
as per the DXF file format interoperability specifications.

Brief History

The history of DXF file format dates back to 1982 when it was
introduced as part of AutoCAD 1.0. Initial versions of AutoCAD only
support ASCII file format of DXF. With the release 10 of AutoCAD
(and above) in 1988, support for both ASCII as well as binary DXF
file format was introduced in AutoCAD. In the earlier stages,
Autodesk didn’t share any file format specifications and due to this,
correct imports of DXF files was not easy. However, Autodesk now
publishes the DXF specifications and available to general public.

File Format Specifications

DXF file format uses the group code and value pairs to arrange the
contents into sections. Each section is composed of records where
each record consists of a group code and data item. Each group
code and value are on their own line in the DXF file. Each section
starts with a group code 0 followed by the string, SECTION. This is
followed by a group code 2 and a string indicating the name of the
section (for example, SECTION1). Each section is composed of
group codes and values that define its elements. A section ends
with a 0 followed by the string ENDSEC.

DXF file format considers objects different from entities. Objects

have no graphical representation here but entities have it. Thus,
entries in DXF are referred to have as graphical objects while
objects objects are referred to as non-graphical objects. The BLOCK
and ENTITIES sections of DXF file contain Entities and the use of
group codes in these two sections is identical. End of an entity is
indicated by the next 0 group, which begins the next entity or
indicates the end of the section.
 CAM

DEFINITION:

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software and computer-controlled

machinery to automate a manufacturing process.

Based on that definition, you need three components for a CAM system to function:

• Software that tells a machine how to make a product by generating toolpaths.

• Machinery that can turn raw material into a finished product.
• Post Processing converts toolpaths into a language machines can understand.

GROUP TECHNOLOGY

• Definition of Group Technology:

• GT can be defined as “It is the realization that many
problems are similar, and that by grouping similar
problems, a single solution can be found to a set of
problems thus saving time and effort”
• What is Group Technology
• The basic approach enables all aspects of manufacturing, from
design, through estimating and planning, to production, to be
rationalised. It forms the basis for the development of
computer-aided procedures and flexible automation.
• Group technology is a manufacturing philosophy or principle
whose basic concept is to identify and bring together related or
similar parts and processes, to take advantage of the
similarities which exist, during all stages of design and
manufacture.
• If parts can be classified into families, and machines arranged
into groups, then the handling of parts during manufacture
can be easily done by robot.
• It must be understood that there exists relationship between
finished products and the parts from which they are made.
While assemblies may bear little relation to each other, the
subassemblies from which they are constructed will exhibit
 some like features. By exploiting the similarities which exist
among such a population of parts, group technology sets out to
reduce the time and cost of manufacture.
• The main theme is thus to identify somehow from the large
variety of parts those families which require similar
manufacturing operations. Cells are created to manufacture
defined types and size ranges of parts.

•
Advantages of Group Technology:
The advantages of group technology are:

• (i) Better lead times result in fast response and more reliable
delivery.
• (ii) Material handling is reduced considerably.
• (iii) Robots can be easily used for material handling.
• (iv) Better space utilisation.
• (v) Smaller variety of tools, jigs and fixtures.
• (vi) Improved quality and less scrap.
• (vii) Output is improved due to improved resource utilisation.
 • (viii) Work in progress and finished stock levels are reduced.
• (ix) Simplified estimating, accounting and work management.
• (x) Improved plant replacement decisions.
• (xi) Improved job satisfaction, morale and communication.
• (xii) Reduced product design variety.
• Disadvantages of Group Technology:
• The disadvantages of group technology are:
• (i) Additional cost of implementation of this system.
• (ii) Rate of change in product range and mix.
• (iii) Difficulties with out-of-cell operations.
• (iv) Coexistence with non-cellular systems.
• Uses of Group Technology:
• Survey of product and use of group technology:
• Group technology technique can be conveniently followed using
a classification system. In any assembly, a variety of parts
exist. These varieties of parts can be-segregated in three broad
areas, viz.
• (i) Standard and proprietary parts (like nuts, bolts, screws,
keys, washers, etc.)
• (ii) Similar parts (like shafts, gears, bearings, levers, etc.)
• (iii) Product specific parts (like gear box, bed, saddle, etc.)
• It may be noted that the group technology is not concerned
with categories (i) and (iii) but relates to category (ii). The aim
thus is to group the range of parts under category (ii) in some
way, for the purpose of manufacture.
• Several types of classification systems have been devised and
one has to carefully consider the system based on his needs.
An organisation with a wide range of products needs a complex
detailed system but same is not good for the one dealing with
limited range. Provision should always be made for future
likely growth and classification system chosen must keep this
requirement in view.

PART FAMILY:

Part Family is nothing but a similar kind of properties like size,

geometry etc.. this is also considered the process of manufacturing
if there is a similar sequence in producing a product or similar
steps are used in it. then they all are made into a member of there
part family. Even there is some common points in between them,
they have a difference at the time of manufacturing. This process
helps to identify the same products which are manufacturing with
related dimensions, manufacturing process etc. and helps to
improves the production rate through this identification process.
Different methods of part family formation:
There are three types of methods they are
• Visual Inspection
• Production Flow Analysis
• Coding System
Visual Inspection:
This type of method is used to form a group with the help of
physical parts. this type of arrangement gives less accuracy and
less effective work. this is not an advanced one.
Production flow analysis:
The method used in production flow analysis is the procedure of
routes sheets of a product. by this, the part family gets identified by
this analysis of roots sheet, the grouping is done.
Coding system:
This type of method used nowadays this is an advanced type, but it
takes more time than any other type but many of them prefer this
type of system.
 COMPUTER-AIDED PROCESS PLANNING (CAPP):

Computer-aided process planning: Computer Aided Process

Planning is a process, that is done by using the computer.
Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is nothing but to produce
a design that needed for manufacturing like instruction,
specifications etc.

This used to give a complete information to manufacture a product.

To perform this operation it should be well coordinate with
CAD/CAM. this is an important technique used in the
manufacturing industry.

This is widely used due to the quick response and more flexibility in
manufacturing firms. This used to set standard timings in operation
and helps in improving process planning.

TYPES OF CAPP

1. Retrieval type of CAPP system.

2. Generative CAPP system.

1. Retrieval type:

• In Retrieval type, manufactured parts are used to divided into

part families, this is done by manufacturing characteristics.
after this, we used to store the plane about to establish a
standard process plan for each part family. This plan can be
retrieved at any time to use for the same family. after this, we
need to give a code number to it by this CAPP program used to
find the required family matrix and compress it. in this
modification is done when there is a same code number in the
file is founders and make it to the new design by retrieving
from operation sequence and standard machining routing. By
using a process plan format, the paper document is prepared.
2. Generative type:
• This used to create the plan for process depend on logical
procedure and geometric data. this does not use retrieving or
any other type that stored in the database.
• In this type for making a sequence planning it does not require
human assistance. This is used for solving complex problems
and it has the high number of programmers in it to operate
this it required high skilled persons.
• In this there are different types of stages, the first stage is this
used to store technical knowledge and logic in process
planning.
• The second stage it required developments in the description
like computer compatibility, CAD, group technology etc..
• The third stage is used to solve complex problems by using
logic etc.
 CNC

DEFINITION

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining is a manufacturing

process in which pre-programmed computer software dictates the
movement of factory tools and machinery. The process can be used
to control a range of complex machinery, from grinders and lathes
to mills and CNC routers. With CNC machining, three-dimensional
cutting tasks can be accomplished in a single set of prompts.

Components of a CNC machining system

A Computer Numerical Control (CNC) system offers advanced pro-

combinational skill and technology that is controlled and managed
through a coded alpha-numeric system. At its base, a CNC system
consists of five components with functionality that is blended into a
synchronous system. Computer programmed data is then used to
control and run the operations of a CNC system. Every specialist of
CNC machine parts in Toronto understands the components and
their essence in making the machining process a success.
Input devices
With a CNC system being controlled and managed through a
specialty system, it is necessary to have an effective way of
coordinating the pre-programmed data with the designed system.
These input devices include flash disks, compact discs, and other
modern data transfer components.
The Machining Component
This is a high accuracy system that allows for the machining of the
end products. It also encapsulates the cutting spindles and the
systems controlling the machining parts. As a critical component of
the CNC machine parts in Toronto, the processing component
responds to the pre-programmed (coded) computer aided control
logic.
Machine Control Unit
At the heart of the CNC system is a high value logic control panel
consisting of the data processing unit (DPU) and a control loop unit
(CLU). The DPU component allows for effective reception and
decoding of the programs. Once decoded into machine language,
the interpolator resting on the DPU calculates the exact positions of
the cutting spindles. Once interpreted, the decoded data is relayed
to the CLU as electrical signals. The machining parts of the device
then initiates a motion in respect of the relayed signals.
Driving system
Another critical component of a CNC machine is the driving system
that responds to the pre-programmed instructions by allowing for
the cutting of the end products into shape and design. In its most
simple form, the driving system consists of several control motors
whose rotation determines the movement of the cutting spindle.
Feedback device
For a CNC system to operate effectively, there is need to relay
feedback about the various processes during and after every
process is completed. The feedback devices include linear
transducers and direct position scales and encoders.
For further details on the specialty component and accessories of
your CNC machine, visit RWD Tool.

ATC
AUTOMATIC TOOL CHANGER

An automatic tool changer (ATC) is used in computerized

numerical control (CNC) machine tools to improve the production
and tool carrying capacity of the machine. ATCs change tools
rapidly, reducing non-productive time. They are generally used to
improve the capacity of the machines to work with a number of
tools. They are also used to change worn out or broken tools.
After receiving the tool change command, the tool to be changed will
assume a fixed position known as the "tool change position". The
ATC arm comes to this position and picks up the tool. The arm
swivels between the machine turret and the magazine. It will have
one gripper on each of the two sides. Each gripper can rotate 90°, to
deliver tools to the front face of the turret. One will pick up the old
tool from the turret and the other will pick up the new tool from the
magazine. It then rotates 180° and places the tools into their
needed position.
 CNC EDM
ELECTRO DISCHARGE MACHINING:
Electrical Discharge machining is the process of metal removal from the work surface
due to an erosion of metal caused by electric spark discharge between the two electrodes
tool (cathode) and the work (Anode).

Parts of Electro Discharge Machining:

An Electro Discharge Machine consists of:

• DC pulse Generator
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• Tool
• Die electric fluid
• Pump
• Filter
• Servo Controlled Feed
• Fixtures
• Table

1. DC Pulse Generator:
This is a power source for the machining operation. DC power is supplied.

2. Voltmeter:
We know that the voltmeter measures the voltage. Here in this device the same for use.

3. Ammeter:
It measures or checks the flow of the current. If Ammeter is not connected we might not see or
check current is flowing or not.

4. Tool:
A tool is connected to negative sources of power whereas the workpiece is connected to positive
sources. from the filter, the fluid comes to the tool for the operation.

When Power supply will increase, between tools workpiece the spark generates and then
machining starts.

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5. Die electric fluid:

It has a property like insulation and we know what insulation means?

Insulation means no current flows from one to another.

The Die electric fluid will be ionized in the form of ion which will help between the tool and
workpiece again when power supply stops the fluid comes to its initial position.

6. Pump:
The pump is connected there for sending the fluid to the filter. This works like flowing the fluid
from one source to another one.

7. Filter:
As the name indicates the filter, is used to filtrate the different particles like:

In this device, if there is dust particles presence the filter will remove that particle and then it
will send to the tool for the operation.

8. Servo controlled feed:

The constant feed will be supplied by the servo for the operation.

9. Fixture:
To hold the table.

10. Table:
To hold the workpiece.

Working Principle of Electrical Discharge Machining:

It consists of an electric power supply, the dielectric medium, the tool, workpiece, and servo
control.

The workpiece is connected to the positive terminal and the tool is connected to a negative
terminal of the DC power supply.

An air gap of 0.005 to 0.05 mm is maintained between the tool and the work.

The die electric fluid which is non-conductor of electricity is forced under pressure through the
gap.

When a DC power is supplied, the fluid in the gap gets ionized and produces a spark between
the tool and workpiece, causing a local rise in temperature at about 1000 degrees Celsius,
when melts the metal in a small area of the workpiece and vaporizes.
The DC supply generates a pulse between 40 to 3000 V and the frequency of spark at the rate
of 10000 sparks per second can be achieved.

The electric and magnetic fields on heated metal cause a compressive force which removes the
metal from the work surface.

The die electric fluid acts as a coolant carry the cooled metal from the work surface.

The die electric fluid acts as a coolant carries the eroded metal particles which are filtered
regularly and supplied back to the tank.

A servomechanism is used to feed the tool continues to maintain a constant gap between two
electrodes.

The accuracy of about 0.005 mm can be achieved in this process.

1. A pulse generator (DC). 2 Workpiece. 3 Fixture. 4 dielectric

fluid. 5 Pump. 6 Filter. 7 Tool holder. 8 Spark. 9 Tool.

CNC Part Programming

CNC part programming involves a series of coded instructions that
are required to produce a part. The program controls the machine
tool movements and controls auxiliary functions including spindle,
coolant, and rotation. The instructions may include numbers,
letters, and symbols arranged in functional format blocks.

CNC part programming uses a program input device such as a

keyboard, diskette drivers, pouched tase reader or serial ports
among others. The program describes work that should be done on
a part in the format required by CNC software.
 Programming is the point at which all the machining data is
compiled and translated so that the control system can understand
and implement the instructions.

Machining data can be employed as;

• Machine sequence process, from tool start up to cutting depth, and

tool path among others.
• Cutting conditions, feed rate, spindle speed, coolant, among others.
• Selection of cutting tools

CNC COORDINATE SYSTEM:

A coordinate system is a method for identifying the location of a

point on the earth. Most coordinate systems use two numbers, a
coordinate, to identify the location of a point. Each of these
numbers indicates the distance between the point and some fixed
reference point, called the origin.

There are three types of coordinate systems that are commonly

used: Cartesian coordinate system, polar coordinate system,
and spherical coordinate system. The Cartesian coordinate
system is the most commonly used coordinate system. It uses a
coordinate plane with two perpendicular axes, x and y, to locate
points.

Nearly all CNC machine uses a Cartesian coordinate system

based on an X, Y, and Z-axis. This system allows a machine to
move in a specific direction along a specific plane. Reduce the
Cartesian system to its basics, and you have a familiar number line.
One point on the line gets designated as the Origin
THERE ARE THREE COMMONLY USED COORDINATE SYSTEMS:

CARTESIAN,

CYLINDRICAL

SPHERICAL.
 TYPES OF MOTION CONTROL

Motion control is mainly divided into two directions, one is

motion control, which is usually used in the field of automatic
machinery. The other is process control, which is usually used in
the chemical industry. Motion control is a kind of servo system
which originated in the early days. based on the control of the
motor, it can control the angular displacement, torque, speed
and other physical changes of the object. This guide briefly
introduces the motion control methods of CNC machines.

What Is Motion Control

Motion control exists in many automatic devices, such as
robotics, CNC machines and kinematics, among which motion
control in kinematics is usually simpler. Motion control is an
important part of industrial robots and CNC machines, but in
these cases, it is more complex than when it is used with special
machines that are usually simpler in kinematics. The latter is
commonly referred to as universal motion control.
The basic design of the motion control system will include a
motion controller to generate a group of points, including closing
a position, a driver or amplifier to convert the control signal of
the motion controller into high-power current, an actuator, one
or more feedback sensors and digital control machine tool
components to convert the motion of the actuator into the
required motion.
The CNC machine uses programmable commands to make it
easier to input motion to the CNC machine, rather than using a
crank or other conventional machine tools. Almost all CNC
machines can have programmable motion types (whether fast,
linear or circular), amount of motion, feedback rate and axis to
move.
Motion control is a relatively simple function in any CNC
machine. It is an accurate, consistent and automatic control
system. CNC machines require two or more directional modes,
which are called axes. There are two common types of axes,
called linear axes and rotational axes. The motion control of the
linear axis type is driven along a straight path, while the rotation
axis type is driven along a circular path.
Application Of Motion Control
Motion control is mainly used in packaging, textile, assembly
industry, printing and semiconductor production. The hardware
of motion control machine is usually composed of drive system,
motor, computer, PLC or programmable logic controller running
program and amplifier.

Basic Motion Types Of CNC Machine

Rapid motion
Rapid motion is a type of control mode used to command the
CNC machine to operate at its fastest speed. It is used to
minimize the non production time in the processing cycle.
Common uses of fast motion include positioning and moving
tools to and from the cutting position, moving to remove clamps
and other obstacles, and any non cutting motion that is usually
during the program. Most CNC machines use G00 as the
command to start fast movement. In G00 command, the end
point of motion is given.

Straight line motion

This type of motion allows the programmer to command perfect
linear motion, as discussed earlier when we discussed linear
interpolation. This joint type also allows the programmer to
specify the motion rate (feed rate) to be used during the motion.
Linear motion can be used at any time when linear cutting
motion is required, including drilling, turning straight diameter,
end face or taper, and milling straight surfaces.

Circular motion
This type of motion makes the CNC machine move in the form of
a circular path. As discussed earlier when we introduced circular
interpolation, this joint type is used to generate radius during
machining.
Two G codes are used for circular motion. G02 is usually used to
specify clockwise movement, while G03 is used to specify
counterclockwise movement. To evaluate which to use, the
operator only needs to view the motion from the same angle as
the NC machine. For example, if you perform a circular motion in
the XY direction on the machining center, you can view the
motion from the favorable position of the spindle. If you are
moving in a circle in the XZ direction at the turning center, you
can view the movement from above the spindle.

This article mainly introduces that there are three types of

motion control modes of CNC machines. Through the article, we
can learn that there are three types of control modes: fast
motion, linear motion and circular motion. In addition, the paper
also introduces that the hardware of motion control machine is
usually composed of drive system, motor, computer, PLC or
programmable logic controller running program and amplifier.

CNC INTERPOLATION

In the CNC technology, the term interpolation describes the

calculation of outlines (for programming) or traversing ranges
(during execution of the program) from single points.

The operation of producing the required shape based on this

information is termed interpolation, and the corresponding software
algorithm in CNC is the interpolator. The interpolator coordinates
the motion along the machine axes, which are separately driven, to
generate the required machining path.

INTERPOLATION TYPES
 CNC G AND M CODES

G codes direct the machine's motion and function, while M codes

direct the operations outside movements. The G code activates the
CNC machine while the M code activates the machine's
programmable logic

G-codes, also called preparatory codes, are any word in a CNC

program that begins with the letter G. Generally it is a code telling
the machine tool what type of action to perform, such as: Rapid
movement (transport the tool as quickly as possible in between
cuts)
 CANNED CYCLES
A canned cycle is a combination of machine movements that
perform machining operation like drilling, milling, boring and
tapping. This cycle simplifies the program by using a single block
with a G-code to specify the machining operations usually specified
in several blocks. This cycle is also called as fixed cycle.
A canned cycle is a way of conveniently performing
repetitive CNC machine operations. Canned cycles automate certain
machining functions such as drilling, boring, threading, pocketing,
etc.
Canned cycles are so called because they allow a concise way to
program a machine to produce a feature of a part. A canned cycle is
also known as a fixed cycle. A canned cycle is usually permanently
stored as a pre-program in the machine's controller and cannot be
altered by the user.