Saint Joseph College

Senior High School Department

Tunga- Tunga, Maasin City,
Southern Leyte 6600
Philippines

General Mathematics

First Semester SY: 2022- 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1|Page
Overview .............................................................................................3-4

Module Content ...................................................................................5

General Instructions .............................................................................5

Pretest...................................................................................................6-8

Lesson 1: Representations of Functions and Relations ....................... 9-27

Activity ………………………………………………………….28

What I have Learned…………………………………………….28

Assessment………………………………………………………. 28

Feedback……………………………………………………………………….29

References……………………………………………………………………...30

General Mathematics
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 Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Functions

Dear learner,

Welcome to Module 1 for General Mathematics!

In this module, the competencies expected that you will learn are found in the Module
Content. You will see how relations and functions are represented and what piece-wise
functions are. In addition, you will need critical thinking skills as you solve problems
with functions.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts:

Pre-test: This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know
about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to
skip this module.

Lesson: In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. This section
provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

Activities: This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your

understanding and skills of the topic.

What I Have Learned: This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be

filled in to process what you learned from the lesson.

Assessment: This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving
the learning competency.
You may then start this module. Try to understand every lesson of this module, learn
from the illustrative and solved examples, and do the activities. Take the challenge in
Assessment. The hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
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capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills
at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

For sure, you enjoy learning how to represent relations and functions. Do not hesitate
to ask help from your teacher if there are difficulties that you have encountered.

Good Luck!

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Module Content

In this module, you will learn to:

1. represent real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions.

General Directions
To help you attain the objectives of this module, you may try following the steps below.
1. First, read carefully each lesson on this module. Should there be times that you
need to read again parts of the lesson, go ahead!
2. Answer the Pretest before moving on to the other activities included in the
module. It is expected that some parts may be unfamiliar to you as new lessons
will be learned in this module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Do not hesitate to answer all the activities set for you. Your teacher will be glad to
answer your queries
7. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Pretest
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet.

1. It is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values.
a. relation b. domain c. function d. range

2. What is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take in a relation?
a. domain b. equation c .range d. function

3. Which of the following set of ordered pairs in NOT a function?

a. (1,2),(2,3),(3,4),(4,5)
c. (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)
b. (1,2),(1,3),(3,6),(4,8
d. (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2)
4.What is the range of the function shown by the diagram?
a. R: {3, 2, 1}
3 a
b. R: {a, b}
1 b
c. R: {3, 2, 1, a, b} 2
d. R: {all real numbers}
5. Which of the following tables represent a function?

a.
x 0 1 1 0
y 4 5 6 7

b. x -1 -1 3 0
y 0 -3 0 3

x 1 2 1 -2
y -1 -2 -2 -1 c.

d.
x 0 -1 3 2
y 3 4 5 6

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 5. Which of the following real-life relationships represent a function?
a. The rule which assigns to each person the name of his aunt.
b. The rule which assigns to each person the name of his father.
c. The rule which assigns to each cellular phone unit to its phone number.
d. The rule which assigns to each person a name of his pet.

6. Which of the following relations is NOT a function?

a. The rule which assigns a capital city to each province.
b. The rule which assigns a President to each country.
c. The rule which assigns religion to each person.
d. The rule which assigns tourist spot to each province.

7. A person is earning ₱850.00 per day as part time crew in the fastfood. Which of
the following expresses the total salary S as a function of the number n of days
that the person works?
a. 𝑆(𝑛) = 850 + 𝑛
850
b. 𝑆(𝑛) = n
c. 𝑆(𝑛) = 850𝑛
d. 𝑆(𝑛) = 850 − 𝑛

8. Which of the following relations is/are function/s?

a. x = {(1,2), (3,4), (1,7), (5,1)}
b. g = {(3,2), (2,1), (8,2), (5,7)}
c. h = {(4,1), (2,3), (2, 6), (7, 2)}
d. y = {(2,9), (3,4), (9,2), (6,7)}

For number 9 - 10 use the problem below.

Johnny was paid a fixed rate of ₱ 100 a day for working in a Computer Shop and
an additional ₱5.00 for every typing job he made.

9. How much would he pay for a 5 typing job he made for a day?
a. ₱55.00
b. ₱175.50
c. ₱125.00
d. ₱170.00

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 10. Find the fare function f(x) where x represents the number of typing job he made
for the day.
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 100 + 5𝑥
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 100 − 5𝑥
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 100𝑥
100
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = x
5𝑥

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 Lesson
1 Functions and Relations

Welcome to the first lesson of your General Mathematics. This lesson will give
you the practical application of functions in a real-life scenario including the piecewise
function. When you are in Grade 8, you already encountered relation and function. But
in this module, let’s take into a deeper sense on how this topic can be useful in our
daily life. Are you all ready?

Definition of a Relation

Relation – pairs of quantities that are related to each other

Example: The area A of a circle is related to its radius r by the formula

A=πr 2
A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a
second set of values (called the range). An ordered pair consist of an x and y ordinate.
A relation may be viewed as ordered pairs, mapping diagram, table, equations or
written sentence.

 x-values are input, independent variable, domain

 y-values are output, dependent variable, range

When a relation matches each item from one set with exactly one item from a different
set the relation is called a function.

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Definition of a Function

A function is a relationship between two variables such that each value of the first
variable is paired with exactly one value of the second variable. It is a relation where
each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range by some rule.

 The domain is the set of permitted x values.

 The range is the set of found values of y. These can be called images.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same
x-value but different y-values. Using functional notation, we can write f(x) = y, read as
“f of x is equal to y.”

Is a relation a function?

Is a relation a function?

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Focus on the x-ordinates, when given a relation.
 If the set of ordered pairs has different x-ordinate, it is a function
 If the set of ordered pairs has the same x-ordinate, it is not a function
Note: y – ordinate have no bearing in determining functions.

To further understand function, let’s study the following.

ORDERED PAIRS
Given the following ordered pairs, which relations are functions?
A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
Domain: { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
Range: { 2, 3, 4, 5 }
The set is a function because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but
different y-values.

B = {(3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}

Domain: { 3, 4, 5, 6 }
Range: { 3, 4, 5, 6, }
The set is a function because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but
different y-values.

C = {(1,0), (0, 1, (-1,0), (0,-1)}

Domain: { 1, 0, -1, 0 }

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Range: { 0, 1, 0, -1 }
The set is not a function because are ( 0,1) and ( 0,-1) are two ordered pairs have the
same x-value or domain.

D = {(a,b), (b, c), (c,d), (a,d)}

Domain: { a, b, c, a }
Range: { b, c, d, d }
The set is not a function because ( a,b) and ( a,d ) are two ordered pairs have the
same x-value or domain.

In summary, the relations A and B are functions because each element in the domain
corresponds to a unique element in the range. Meanwhile, relations C and D are not
functions because they contain ordered pairs with the same domain
[C = (0,1) and (0,-1); D = (a,b) and (a,d)].

TABLE OF VALUES
How about from the given table of values, which relation shows a function?
A.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 2 4 6 8 10 12
B.
x 4 -3 1 2 5
y -5 -2 -2 -2 0

C.
x 0 -1 4 2 -1
y 3 4 0 -1 1

That’s right! A and B are functions since all the values of x corresponds to exactly one
value of y. Unlike table C, where -1 corresponds to two values, 4 and 1.
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 MAPPING DIAGRAM

A function assigns only output to each input. The value that is put into a function is the input.
The result is the output.

A mapping diagram can be used to represent a relationship between input values and output
values. A mapping diagram represents a function if each input value is paired with only one
output value.

1. Determine whether the relationship given in the mapping diagram is a function.

Solution:

Because each input value is paired with only one output value, the relationship given in the
above mapping diagram is a function. This is an example of a One-to-One Relation.

2. Determine whether the relationship given in the mapping diagram is a function.

Solution:

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Because 2 is paired with more than one output value (both 20 and 40), the relationship given
in the above mapping diagram is not a function. This is an example of a Many-to-Many
Relation.

3. Determine whether the relationship given in the mapping diagram is a function.

Solution:

Because each input value is paired with only one output value, the relationship given in the
above mapping diagram is a function. This is an example of a Many-to-One Relation.

Note :

In the above mapping diagram, b and c have the same output value. However, b has only one
output value y and c also has only one output value y. Moreover, no input value has more
than one output value.

4. Determine whether the relationship given in the mapping diagram is a function.

Solution:

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Because the input value 3 is paired with more than one output value, the relationship given in
the above mapping diagram is not a function. This is an example of a One-to-Many Relation.

5. Determine whether the relationship given in the mapping diagram is a function.

Solution:

Because the input value "c" is not paired with any output value, the relationship given in the
above mapping diagram is not a function. Not all elements are represented.

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 GRAPH
How about if the given are graphs of relations, can you identify which are functions? Do
you still remember the vertical line test? Let’s recall.

A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by graph in the Cartesian
plane, and that a function passes the vertical line test.
A graph of a relation is a function if any vertical line drawn passing through the
graph intersects it at exactly one point.
A graph represents a function if and only of no vertical line intersects the graph in
more than one point.

Vertical Line Test

• Used to determine if a graph is a function.

• If a vertical line intersects the graph at more than one point, then the graph is
NOT a function.

Not a Function

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Function

Examples

A. Which of the following graph represent a function?

1.

The graph is a function because the vertical line

intersects only one point on the graph.

2.

The graph is not a function because the vertical line

intersects more than one point ( two points ) on the
graph.

B. Using the vertical line test, can you identify the graph/s of function?

A. C.

B. D.
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 Yes, that’s right! A and C are graphs of functions while B and D are not because
they do not pass the vertical line test.
In Mathematics, we can represent functions in different ways. It can be represented
through words, tables, mappings, equations and graphs.

EQUATIONS
An equation is a function if and only if for every value of x there is only one
corresponding value for y.
Example 1: x² + y² -6 = 0
x² + y² -6 = 0 write the original equation

x² + y² = 6 add 6 to both sides

y² = 6 - x² subtract 𝑥²

y = ±√ 6 − x ² apply the square root method.

The symbol ± in the last equation shows that for all values of 𝑥 between −2 and 2,
there are values of y, for example, if 𝑥 = 1, then 𝑦 = ± √ 6 −1² = ±√ 5.
Hence, the equation does not define y as a function of x.

Example 2: Which of the following represents a function?

(a) x + y = 10
(b) x² + 3y = 9
(c) y = √ 1− x ²
(d) x + y³ = 1
(e) |y| - x = 6

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Solutions: All are relations. All are functions except (e). Equation (e) is not function
because we can find an x-value corresponds to more than y-value (e.g. if x = 0, then y
can be 6 or -6)

REAL- LIFE SITUATIONS

Here are real-life examples of relations and functions.

1. The Relationship between Age and Height

If you took a group of people at random, you would notice a relationship between their
ages and height. This is because people get taller with time and then remain at the
same height for a while.

This is a relation because if you input a specific age and check all the people of that
age, you would get different heights.

However, if you were to take the height of a particular person over the years, the height
would be a function of age. This is because a person would have only one value of
height at any point in life.

2. Temperature and Location

A location may have varying temperatures according to the time of the day and
weather. This may repeat itself over the years as long as the conditions are similar to
those of the last time. That can be said to be a relation.

However, the temperature can also be a function of time. At any one time, there can
only be one temperature reading for a location.

3. The Number of Sodas in a Vending Machine

The number of sodas you get from a vending machine depends on how much money
you feed into the machine.

If you put the same amount twice and pick the same soda, you will get a similar
number of cans as you got in the first place.

In this case, the number is a function of the amount you feed into the machine.

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 4. An ATM Machine

If you would like to withdraw cash from your account, the amount of cash dispensed by
the machine is equal to the amount you request.

Therefore, the amount requested is the function of the amount dispersed. The machine
can never give you more or less than what you have requested.

5. Relationship between a teacher and students

A student may have different grades for different subjects. Therefore, there is a relation
between the student and his grades.

However, in a single class, the tutor assigns each student a grade depending on the
performance of that particular subject. There can never be a student with two grades in
a single subject.

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 Piecewise Functions
There are functions that requires more than one formula in order to obtain the given
output. There are instances when we need to describe situations in which a rule or
relationship changes as the input value crosses certain boundaries. In this case, we
need to apply the piecewise function.
A piecewise function defined by multiple subfunctions where each subfunctions applies
to a certain interval of the main function’s domain.
A piecewise function is a function in which more than one formula is used to define the
output. Each formula has its own domain, and the domain of the function is the union
of all these smaller domains.

We notate this idea like this

{
formula1 if x is∈domain 1
f(x ) = formula 2 if x is∈domain 2
formula 3 if x is∈domain 3
Example:

{
x +2 if x< 2
f ( x )= 2 x 2 −5 if x=2
√ x +1if x>2

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 Creating Mathematical Model from the Real-Life Situations using
PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS

Shown below are samples of graphs of piecewise function:

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 How to graph piecewise function?

Example 1:

Suggested Steps:

Solution:

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Example 2:

Suggested Steps:

Solution:

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Suggested Steps:

Solution:

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 Real-life Application of Piecewise Function

Analyze the word problems.

A. A user is charged ₱350.00 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes
150 free text messages. Messages in excess of 150 are charged ₱1.00 each.
Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the function t(m), where m is
the number of messages sent in a month.

Process and solution:

Let t(m) represent the amount paid by the consumer each month. It can be
expressed by the piecewise function.

For sending messages of not exceeding 150

{ 350 if 0<m≤ 150

𝑡(𝑚) = 350+(m−150)if m>150 In case the messages sent were more than 150

B. A certain chocolate bar costs ₱45.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than 5
pieces they will mark down the price to ₱40.00 per piece. Use a piecewise
function to represent the cost in terms of the number of chocolate bars bought.

Process and solution:

Let f(n) represent the amount paid by the consumer each month. It can be
expressed by the piecewise function.

{
For buying 5 chocolate bars or less
f ( n )= 45 n if 0< n ≤5
40 nif n>5 For buying more than 5 chocolate bars

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 Activity

QUIPPER / TO BE ANNOUNCED

What I have Learned

QUIPPER / TO BE ANNOUNCED

Assessment
QUIPPER / TO BE ANNOUNCED

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Feedback (Optional)
1. How was your learning experience with Module?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. What is/are your suggestions for the upcoming modules that will make it more
effective for your learning?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Thank you for cooperation.

Congratulations for completing the module!

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 References:

CHED. General Mathematics Teaching Guide. Quezon City: Department of

Education - Bureau of Learning Resources, 2016.

Rey Mark R. Queaño. Alternative Delivery Mode, First Edition. Department of

Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON, 2020

DANIEL S. LOBERIZ. Learning Module for General Mathematics. Sta.

Elena( Cam. Norte) College, Inc ,2020

onlinemath4all. 2022. Identifying Functions from Mapping Diagrams. [online] Available

at: <https://www.onlinemath4all.com/identifying-functions-from-mapping-
diagrams.html> [Accessed 13 August 2022].

10 Real World Examples of Functions and Relations. (2021, November 3). The Boffins
Portal. https://boffinsportal.com/10-real-world-examples-of-functions-and-relations/

For inquires and clarification

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Gmail: [email protected]

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