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Control Valve

The document discusses control valves and their characteristics. It explains that control valves regulate fluid flow through variable resistance, with the resistance and flow changed by a process controller signal. Control valves consist of an actuator and a valve body/trim. The trim contains a plug and seat that the actuator stem moves to change flow resistance. Common valve types are single-seated and double-seated valves. Valve sizing uses flow equations, and valve characteristics describe the relationship between flow rate, stem position, and pressures.

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110 views11 pages

Control Valve

The document discusses control valves and their characteristics. It explains that control valves regulate fluid flow through variable resistance, with the resistance and flow changed by a process controller signal. Control valves consist of an actuator and a valve body/trim. The trim contains a plug and seat that the actuator stem moves to change flow resistance. Common valve types are single-seated and double-seated valves. Valve sizing uses flow equations, and valve characteristics describe the relationship between flow rate, stem position, and pressures.

Uploaded by

700rcch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTROL VALVE AND ITS

CHARACTERISTICS
INTRODUCTION :

 One of the basic components of any control system is the final control
element. The most common type of final control element in chemical
processing is the pneumatic control valve.
 Control valve regulates the flow of fluids.
 It also includes the variable- speed pump and the electric power controller.
 The control valve is essentially a variable resistance to the flow of a fluid in
which the resistance, and therefore the flow, can be changed by a signal from
a process controller.
CONSTRUCTION:

 The control valve consists of: an actuator and a valve.


 The valve itself is divided into the body and the trim.
 The body consists of a housing for mounting the actuator and connections for
attachment of the valve to a supply line and a delivery line.
 The trim ( is enclosed within the body) consists of a plug, a valve seat and
valve stem.
 The actuator moves the valve stem as the pressure on a spring- loaded
diaphragm changes.
 The stem moves a plug in a valve seat to change the resistance to flow
through the valve.
 For most actuators, the motion of the stem is proportional to the pressure
applied on the diaphragm.
TYPES OF VALVES:
1. Single- seated control valves
. 2. Double- seated control valves
1. Single seated control valve:
a) Air to Close valve
. b) Air to open valve
Single seated control valve means ‘the valve
contains one plug with one seating surface.
• For a single seated valve, the plug must
open against the full pressure drop across the
valve.
a) Air to close valve—
An increase in signal pressure above the
diaphragm exerts a force on the diaphragm
and black plate, which causes the stem to
move down; this causes the cross sectional
area for the flow between the plug and seat
to decrease, thereby reducing or throttling
the flow.
b) Air to open valve—

 In this type of valve , the


pressure is applied to the
underside of the diaphragm.
 In this case, an increase in
pressure to the valve raises the
stem.
2. Double seated valve —
 In double seated valve, two
plugs are attached to the
valve stem, and each one
has a seat.
 If the pressure drop is large,
larger or more expensive
actuator will be needed. To
overcome it, this type of
valve is considered.
 The flow pattern through the
valve is designed so that :
• pressure drop across the
seat at point A ( in figure)
tends to open the plug,
• pressure drop across the
seat at point B tends to close
the plug.
Valve Sizing:
 To specify the valve size in terms of its capacity, following equation is used:
VALVE CHARACTERISTICS:
 The relation between the flow through the valve and the valve stem position (or
lift) is called the valve characteristics.
 Generally, the flow through a control valve for a specific fluid at a given
temperature can be expressed as:
q= f1 (L,p⁰,p1)
where, q= volumetric flow rate,
L= valve stem position or lift
p0= upstream pressure,
p1= downstream pressure
. For fixed values of p0 and p¹ , inherent valve characteristics is given by:
q=f2(L)
But for convenience ,
let f =q/q(max). and x= L/L(max)
Now, f(L/Lmax) =f(x)= q/qmax
Types of valve characteristics:

1. Linear control valve


2. Equal percentage valve
3. Square root or quick opening valve.

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