MATHEMATICS

Class 10th (KPK)

Unit # 6 Basic Statistics

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Unit # 6

UNIT # 6
BASIC STATISTICS
Ex # 6.1 Ex # 6.1
Frequency Solution:
The number of times a value appears on a set of 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑋 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
data is called frequency. X Tally Marks Frequency (f)
Data 6 9
It can be defined as a systematic record of a 7 10
8 8
particular quantity. Data is a collection of facts
9 4
and figures to be used for a specific purpose.
10 8
Ungrouped data 11 1
The set of raw data is called ungrouped data.
Grouped data Construction of Continuous Frequency Table
The data represented in the form of frequency Find Range: Deduct lowest value from highest
distribution is called grouped data. value (𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛
Frequency Distribution Determine the number of groups (k). The groups
The frequency distribution table is a statistical between 5 to 15 groups.
method to organize and simplify a large set data The groups depend upon the range. Larger the
into smaller groups. Range, more are the numbers of groups.
The main purpose of the grouped frequency table Determine the width (h) by dividing the Range by
is to find out how often each value occurred number of groups.
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
within each group of the entire data. ℎ=
𝑘
Construction of Frequency Table
There are wo types of grouped data. Decide the upper and lower group data. All the
Discrete frequency data groups should be formed accordingly.
Continuous frequency data Create the columns titled such as Groups, Tally
Construction of Discrete Frequency Table Marks, Frequency etc.
Steps Insert the data in the table.
Find the minimum and maximum value in the Important Concepts
data and write in values in the variable column Class Limit
from minimum to maximum. The selected number which shows the start and
Record the values by using tally marks (vertical end of a class is called class limit. The start is
bars “|”) lower limit and the end is called upper class limit.
Count the tally and write down in frequency Mid – point/ Class Mark
column. The midpoint of any class is known as mid – point.
Example # 1 Note:
In a shoe store 40 customers bought shoes For each class, the two limits may be fixed such
with the following shoe size. that the midpoint of each class falls on an integer
6, 6, 7, 6, 8, 7, 7, 8, 6, 10, 6, 8, 8, 10, 7, 9, 7, 10, rather than a fraction.
6, 10, 10, 9, 7, 9, 6, 10, 10, 7, 11, 8, 8, 7, 6, 6, 8,
The formula to find the mid – point is
9, 7, 8, 7, 9. Construct a frequency table
Lower Limit + Upper Limit
𝑀𝑖𝑑 − 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
2
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.1 Ex # 6.1
Class Width
Let we take the 7 groups
The difference between two consecutive lower-
Now
class or upper-class limits is called class width. 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
It is also found by dividing the range by the 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ =
number of groups formed. It is denoted by h. 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
Formula 35
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ =
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 7
ℎ= 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 5
𝑘
Groups Class Heights (cm) Frequency
Boundaries (f)
Class Boundaries
139 − 144 138.5 − 144.5 140, 140 2
Following is the formula to find the Class
145 − 150 144.5 − 150.5 146, 150, 149, 4
Boundaries (C.B) 145
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
151 − 156 151.1 − 156.5 155, 155, 153, 4
2
153
The value from the above formula, it must be
157 − 162 156.5 − 162.5 158, 158, 159, 7
subtracted from the lower limits and added to 160, 162, 162,
the upper limits of every class 162
Example 163 − 168 162.5 − 168.5 163, 163, 165, 5
In this example, Class Boundaries are 165, 166
calculated like 169 − 174 168.5 − 174.5 170, 170, 171, 7
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 171, 172, 173,
2 174
5−4 1 175 − 180 174.5 − 180.5 175 1
= = 0.5
2 2 Example # 3
Now 0.5 is subtracted from the lower limit and
Construct a frequency table of the weights (kg) of 30
added to the upper limit of each class.
students are the following data by using 5 as a class interval.
Class Limits Class Boundaries Find the class boundaries and class marks also.
1−4 0.5 − 4 − 5 25, 30, 40, 21, 24, 25, 36, 30, 45, 50, 22, 25, 36, 46, 35, 38, 40,
5−8 4.5 − 8.5 28, 34, 45, 42, 46, 38, 48, 28, 29, 31, 33, 30, 26
9 − 12 8.5 − 12.5 Solution:
13 − 16 12.5 − 16.5 Groups Tally Frequency Class Class
17 − 20 16.5 − 20.5
Marks (f) Boundaries marks
Example # 2 21 − 25 |||| | 6 20.5 − 25.5 23
The heights of 30 students of 10th class in cm
26 − 30 |||| || 7 25.5 − 30.5 28
are as follows. Construct group frequency.
31 − 35 |||| 4 30.5 − 35.5 33
162, 165, 170, 170, 162, 159, 162, 163, 175,
36 − 40 |||| | 6 35.5 − 40.5 38
166, 171, 174, 155, 160, 173, 140, 145, 140,
146, 150, 172, 158, 155, 163, 165, 171, 153, 41 − 45 ||| 3 40.5 − 45.5 43
158, 149, 153 46 − 50 | | | | 4 45.5 − 50.5 48
Solution: Histogram
Minimum value = 140 A histogram is a vertical bar graph with no space between the
Maximum value = 175 bars. The area of each bar is proportional to the frequency it
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 represents.
Advantage
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 175 − 140
A histogram has advantages over the other methods that it can
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 35 used to represent data with both equal and unequal class
intervals.
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.1 Ex # 6.1
Note Example # 5
We have to make the class boundaries to avoid gaps Draw a histogram for the following data.
between the bars. Class 𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟒 𝟓𝟓 𝟕𝟎 𝟖𝟎 𝟗𝟎
limits − 𝟑𝟗 − 𝟒𝟑 − 𝟓𝟒 − 𝟔𝟗 − 𝟕𝟗 − 𝟖𝟗 − 𝟗𝟗
Steps F 10 12 44 75 40 30 10
Class Boundaries or values of variable should be taken Solution:
along X – axis. Histogram with unequal class intervals.
Frequencies should be taken along Y – axis. The class intervals are not equal. In constructing the
histogram, we must ensure that the area of rectangle are
The height/ area of the bar/ rectangle measures the proportional to class frequencies, as the frequency in a
frequency. histogram is represented b the area of each rectangle.
Example # 4 Class Class Class Frequency 𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒅
Construct a Histogram from the following table. limits Boundaries intervals 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
(h) 𝒇
Class 20 30 40 50 60 𝒉
limits − 29 − 39 − 49 − 59 − 69 30 29.5 10 10 1
F 1 2 3 2 1 − 39 − 39.5
Solution: 40 39.5 4 12 3
To draw a histogram class boundaries are marked − 43 − 43.5
along X – axis and frequencies of each class are 44 43.5 11 44 4
marked along Y – axis. − 54 − 54.5
Class limits Frequency Class Boundaries 55 54.5 15 75 5
20 − 29 1 19.5 − 29.5 − 69 − 69.5
30 − 39 2 29.5 − 39.5 70 69.5 10 40 4
40 − 49 3 39.5 − 49.5 − 79 − 79.5
50 − 59 2 59.5 − 59.5 80 79.5 10 30 3
60 − 69 1 59.5 − 69.5 − 89 − 89.5
90 89.5 10 10 1
− 99 − 99.5
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.1
Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is drawn by joining all the midpoints at the top of each rectangle. The midpoints at
both ends are joined to the horizontal axis to accommodate the end points of the polygon.
We can draw the frequency polygon of a distribution without first drawing the histogram.
Frequency polygon are specially useful to compare two sets of data.
Example # 6
Draw a frequency polygon for the following frequency distribution.
Class 20 − 29 30 − 39 40 − 49 50 − 59 60 − 69 70 − 79 80 − 89
limits
Frequency 1 3 4 5 4 2 1
Solution:
Class limits Frequency Class Boundaries Class Marks (Mid – Point)X
20 − 29 1 19.5 − 29.5 24.5
30 − 39 3 29.5 − 39.5 34.5
40 − 49 4 39.5 − 49.5 44.5
50 − 59 5 59.5 − 59.5 54.5
60 − 69 4 59.5 − 69.5 64.5
70 − 79 2 69.5 − 79.5 74.5
80 − 89 1 79.5 − 89.5 84.5
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Unit # 6

Ex # 6.1
Page # 175
Q1: Construct a frequency distribution of the marks of 30 students during a quiz with 100 points by
taking 10 as the class interval. Indicate the class boundaries and class marks.
40, 60, 65, 70, 35, 50, 56, 74, 72, 49, 85, 76, 82, 83, 68, 90, 67, 66, 58, 46, 74, 88, 76, 69, 57, 63, 66, 47, 82,
90
Solution:
Minimum value = 35
Maximum value = 90
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 90 − 35
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 55
As Class Interval is 10.
Now
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 =
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
55
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 =
10
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 = 5.5 ≅ 6
Class limits Class Class marks Tally Marks Frequency
Boundaries
35 − 44 34.5 − 44.5 40, 35 || 2
45 − 54 44.5 − 54.5 50, 49, 46, 47 |||| 4
60, 56, 58, 57, ||||
55 − 64 54.5 − 64.5 5
63
65, 70, 74, 72,
65 − 74 64.5 − 74.5 67, 66, 74, 66, |||| |||| 10
68, 69
76, 82, 83, 76,
75 − 84 74.5 − 84.5 |||| 5
82
85 − 94 84.5 − 94.5 85, 90, 88, 90 |||| 4
∑ 𝑓 = 30
Q2: Following are mistakes made by a group of students of class 10th in a test of easy writing. Using an
appropriate size of class interval, make a frequency distribution and also indicate the number of class
intervals.
4, 7, 12, 9, 21, 16, 3, 19, 17, 24, 14, 15, 8, 13, 11, 16, 15, 6, 5, 8, 11, 20, 18, 22, 6
Solution:
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 3
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 24
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 24 − 3
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 21
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 3
24 − 3 21
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = =
3 3
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 7
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.1
Class Interval Mistakes Frequency
3−5 4, 3, 5 3
6−8 7, 8, 6, 8, 6 5
9 − 11 9, 11, 11 3
12 − 14 12, 14, 13 3
15 − 17 16, 17, 15, 16, 15 5
18 − 20 19, 20, 18 3
22 − 24 21, 24, 22 3
∑ 𝒇 = 𝟐𝟓

Q3: Draw a Histogram for the following data.

Class 20 − 24 25 − 29 30 − 34 35 − 39 40 − 44 45 − 49 50 − 54
Limit
Frequency 1 3 4 5 4 2 1
Solution:
Class Interval Frequency Class Boundaries
20 − 24 1 19.5 − 24.5
25 − 29 3 24.5 − 29.5
30 − 34 4 29.5 − 34.5
35 − 39 5 34.5 − 39.5
40 − 44 4 39.5 − 44.5
45 − 49 2 44.5 − 49.5
50 − 54 1 49.5 − 54.5

Q4: The following data give the weights in (kg) of the students in the 10th class.
25, 30, 32, 29, 24, 40, 36, 37, 28, 27, 41, 42, 35, 39, 31, 32, 34, 42, 40, 43, 36, 26, 22, 23, 42, 39, 35, 41, 39,
29
Prepare a frequency distribution using a suitable class interval.
Draw histogram and frequency polygon.
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.1
Solution:
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 22
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 43
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 43 − 22
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 21
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 5
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 21
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = =
5 5
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 4.2 ≅ 4
Class limits Class Boundaries Mid-point Weights Frequency
20 − 24 19.5 − 24.5 22 24, 22, 23 3
25 − 29 24.5 − 29.5 27 25, 29, 28, 27, 26, 29 6
30 − 34 29.5 − 34.5 32 30, 32, 31, 32, 34, 35 6
35 − 39 34.5 − 39.5 37 36, 37, 35, 39, 36, 39, 7
39
40 − 44 39.5 − 44.5 42 40, 41, 42, 42, 40, 43, 8
42, 41
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.1 Ex # 6.2
Q5: A teacher asked students about their time Solution:
spent on homework completion. Following set Cumulative frequency table
of data as obtained. X F Method of finding C.F
4, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 5, 2, 2, 3, 1, C.F
3 1 1 1
3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 2, 6, 2
4 2 1+2=3 3
Construct a frequency table and draw
5 3 3+3=6 6
histogram showing the results. 6 4 4 + 6 = 10 10
Solution: 7 5 5 + 10 = 15 15
Class Class 8 6 6 + 15 = 21 21
Tally f
Limits Boundaries 9 7 7 + 21 = 28 28
1, 1, 1, 1, 10 4 4 + 28 = 32 32
1, 1, 2, 2, 11 3 3 + 32 = 35 35
1−2 0.5 − 2.5 15
2, 2, 2, 2, 12 8 8 + 35 = 43 43
2, 2, 2
3, 3, 3, 3, Example # 8
3−4 2.5 − 4.5 3, 3, 4, 4, 11 The consumption of petrol of 1000CC cars of a
4, 4, 4, 4 particular brand was surveyed. Construct a
5−6 4.5 − 6.5 5, 5, 6, 6 4 cumulative frequency distribution.
Distance 10 13 16 19 22
km − 12 − 15 − 18 − 21 − 24
F 16 20 36 21 7
Solution:
Cumulative frequency distribution
Mileage Class Upper F C.F
Boundaries Class
Boundaries
10-12 9.5-12.5 12.5 16 16
13-15 12.5-15.5 15.5 20 36
16-18 15.5-18.5 18.5 36 72
19-21 18.5-21.5 21.5 21 93
Ex # 6.2 22-24 21.5-24.5 24.5 7 100
Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Frequency Polygon
A cumulative frequency table provides A polygon in which cumulative frequencies are
information about the sum of a variable against used for ploting the curve is called cumulative
the other values. frequency polygon. The curve is also called an
When the same data is presented on a graph Ogive.
paper the freehand curve formed is called an Example # 9
Ogive. Marks of students are given during first pre –
Example # 7 Board exam of mathematics
Find the cumulative frequency table. 25, 30, 27, 28, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 45, 50, 44, 29,
X 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26, 36, 31, 43, 46, 52, 53, 51, 42, 37, 27, 33, 46,
F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 3 8 44, 34, 51, 54
By taking suitable class interval, prepare a
frequency distribution, draw ogive.
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.2 Ex # 6.2
Solution: Cumulative frequency polygon
Class limits Class Boundaries F C.F
25 − 29 24.5 − 29.5 6 6
30 − 34 29.5 − 34.5 4 10
35 − 39 34.5 − 39.5 4 14
40 − 44 39.5 − 44.5 7 21
45 − 49 44.5 − 49.5 3 24
50 − 54 49.5 − 54.5 6 30

Q2: Make cumulative frequency table for the

following data.
Age 20– 25– 30– 35– 40– 45– 50– 55–
24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59
No. 1 2 16 10 22 20 15 14
Solution:
Age Class Upper f C.f
Boundaries Class
Boundaries
20–24 19.5–24.5 24.5 1 1
25–29 24.5–29.5 29.5 2 3
Ex # 6.2 30–34 29.5–34.5
35–39 34.5–39.5
34.5
39.5
16
10
19
29
Pages # 132 40–44 39.5–44.5 44.5 22 51
Q1: The following data give the wages (in Rs.) of 45–49 44.5–49.5 49.5 20 71
workers. 50–54 49.5–54.5 54.5 15 86
60,75,80,85,90,84,70,73,76,84,95,100,150,66, 55–59 54.5–59.5 59.5 14 100
58,90,98,120,77,90. By taking 10 as a class Q3: In a city during the first week of August rainfall recorded is as
interval, prepare. follows. Construct a cumulative frequency graph
Cumulative frequency distribution. Day Sun Mon Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat
Cumulative frequency polygon. Rainfall 70 40 30 35 50 55 80
Solution: in ml
Cumulative frequency polygon Solution:
Class Class Wages f C.f Day Rainfall Cumulative
Intervals Boundaries in ml frequency
55-64 54.5-64.5 60, 58 2 2 Sunday 70 70
Monday 40 70+40=110
65-74 64.5-74.5 66, 70, 3 5
Tuesday 30 110+30=140
73
Wednesday 35 140+35=175
75-84 74.5-84.5 76, 77, 6 11 Thursday 50 175+50=225
75, 80, Friday 55 225+50=280
84, 84 Saturday 80 280+80=360
85-94 84.5-94.5 85, 90, 4 15
90, 90
95-104 94.5-104.5 95, 100, 3 18
98
105-114 104.5-114.5 0 18
115-124 114.5-124.5 120 1 19
125-134 124.5-134.5 0 19
135-144 134.5-144.5 0 19
145-154 144.5-154.5 150 1 20
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.2 Ex # 6.2
Q4: Draw less than and more than cumulative
frequency polygon for the given data. Q5: Determine from the data of Q4, the following
Marks Number of Students Marks Class Upper f C.f
40 − 49 1 Boundaries Class
50 − 59 2 Boundaries
60 − 69 3 40 − 49 39.5 − 49.5 49.5 1 1
70 − 79 4 50 − 59 49.5 − 59.5 59.5 2 3
80 − 89 5 60 − 69 59.5 − 69.5 69.5 3 6
90 − 99 6 70 − 79 69.5 − 79.5 79.5 4 10
80 − 89 79.5 − 89.5 89.5 5 15
Solution: 90 − 99 89.5 − 99.5 99.5 6 21
Marks Class Upper f C.f
Boundaries Class (i) Number of students who obtained more than
Boundaries 50 marks
40 − 49 39.5 − 49.5 49.5 1 1 The students who obtained more than 50 marks
50 − 59 49.5 − 59.5 59.5 2 3 are 20.
60 − 69 59.5 − 69.5 69.5 3 6 Explanation
70 − 79 69.5 − 79.5 79.5 4 10 The students who obtained more than 50 marks
80 − 89 79.5 − 89.5 89.5 5 15 are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
90 − 99 89.5 − 99.5 99.5 6 21 Now add the number of students which are 20.
(ii) Number of students who obtained less than 70
marks
The students who obtained less than 70 marks are 6
Explanation
The students who obtained less than 70 marks
are 1, 2, 3
Now add the number of students which are 6
(iii) Number of students who secured marks
between 50 and 70
The students who secured marks between 50 and
70
Explanation
The students who secured marks between 50 and
70 are 2, 3
Now add the number of students which are 5
(iv) Class interval of all classes
Class interval of all classes is 10.
(v) Lower class boundary of 5th class
Lower class boundary of 5th class is 79.5
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.2 Ex # 6.3
Q6 Construct an Ogive for the following table. Arithmetic Mean for Ungroup Data
Salary Groups Workers Arithmetic Mean is calculated by adding all
4000-5000 3 values of the data divided by the number of items
5001-6000 5 (values).
6001-7000 12 Denoted by Arithmetic Mean or A.M or Mean or
7001-8000 9 𝑋
8001-9000 5 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
Arithmetic Mean =
9001-10000 4 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
10001-11000 2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
𝑋=
Solution: 𝑛
Salary Class Boundaries F C. OR
Groups f ∑𝑋
Arithmetic Mean =
4000-5000 3999.5-5000.5 3 3 𝑛
5001-6000 5000.5-6000.5 5 8 ∑ = 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎 (𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
6001-7000 6000.5-7000.5 12 20 𝑛 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎.
7001-8000 7000.5-8000.5 9 29 By Short – cut Method
8001-9000 8000.5-9000.5 5 34
∑𝐷
9001-10000 9000.5-10000.5 4 38 𝑋=𝑎+
10001-11000 10000.5-11000.5 2 40 𝑛
Where
𝑎 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛/ 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝐷 = 𝑋 − 𝑎 (Deviation from provisional mean)
Exp # 10(i) Find A.M of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Solution:
∑𝑋
𝑋=
𝑛
2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10
𝑋=
9
54
𝑋= =6
9
Exp10(ii) Find A.M of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
by shortcut method.
Ex # 6.3 Solution:
Let assumed mean=2
Measure of central Tendency
X 𝐷 =𝑋−𝑎
Central Tendency of a data is the representation
2 2−2=0
the whole data or the stage at which the largest
3 3−2=1
number of item tends to concentrate and so it is 4 4−2=2
called central tendency. Central Tendency or 5 5−2=3
Averages are also sometimes called measures of 6 6−2=4
location, because they locate the centre of a 7 7−2=5
distribution. 8 8−2=6
Types of Centra Tendency Averages 9 9−2=7
(i) Arithmetic Mean (A.M) 10 10 − 2 = 8
(ii) Median ∑ 𝑋 = 54 ∑ 𝐷 = 36
(iii Mode ∑𝐷
X=𝑎+
(iv Geometric Mean (G.M) 𝑛
Put the values
(v) Harmonic Mean (H.M) 36
(iv X=2+
Quartiles 9
X=2+4=6
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.3 Ex # 6.3
Arithmetic Mean for Group Data As we have
∑ 𝑓𝑋
∑ 𝑓𝑋 X=
𝑋= ∑𝑓
∑𝑓 Put the values
Arithmetic Mean for Group Data by Short cut 8968
Method X=
∑ 𝑓𝐷 85
𝑋=𝑎+ X = 105.5
∑𝑓
Example # 11 Example # 12(ii)
In a coaching class of 13 students, a test conducted, The price of 2kw generators are given below along
and marks obtained are 10, 12, 12, 14, 9, 18, 9, 13, frequencies. Find mean by Direct method.
16, 9, 17, 16, 14. Make frequency table and find Price 90- 95- 100- 105- 110- 115- 120-
arithmetic mean. 94 99 104 109 114 119 124
Solution: f 4 11 15 24 18 9 3
X f fX Solution:
9 3 27 By Short cut Method
10 1 10 Let assumed mean=92
12 2 24 Class F Mid 𝐷 =𝑋−𝑎 FD
interval point
13 1 13
(X)
14 2 28 90 − 94 4 92 92 − 92 = 0 0
16 2 32 95 − 99 11 97 97 − 92 = 5 55
17 1 17 100 − 104 15 102 102 − 92 = 10 150
18 1 18 105 − 109 24 107 107 − 92 = 15 360
∑ 𝑓 = 13 ∑ 𝑓𝑋 = 169 110 − 114 18 112 112 − 92 = 20 360
115 − 119 9 117 117 − 92 = 25 225
As we have 120 − 124 3 122 122 − 92 = 30 90
∑ 𝑓𝑋 ∑𝑓 = ∑ 𝑓𝐷 =
X= 85 1240
∑𝑓
Put the values ∑ 𝑓𝐷
𝑋=𝑎+
169 ∑𝑓
X= 1240
13 𝑋 = 92 +
X = 13 85
𝑋 = 92 + 14.58
Example # 12(i)
The price of 2kw generators are given below along 𝑋 = 106.58
frequencies. Find mean by Direct method. Median
Price 90- 95- 100- 105- 110- 115- 120- Median is a value which is in the center of
94 99 104 109 114 119 124
observation when all the observations are
f 4 11 15 24 18 9 3
Solution: arranged in ascending or descending order. i.e.
By Direct Method Median divide the data in two equal parts.
Class F Mid point fX Median for Ungroup Data
interval (X) First the data should be ascending or descending
90 − 94 4 92 368 order.
95 − 99 11 97 1067 For Odd number of quantities
100 − 104 15 102 1530 𝑛+1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
105 − 109 24 107 2568 2
110 − 114 18 112 2016 Where n is number of quantities
115 − 119 9 117 1053 For Even number of quantities
120 − 124 3 122 366 1 𝑛 𝑛+2
∑ 𝑓𝑋 = 8968
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( 𝑡ℎ + 𝑡ℎ) 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
∑ 𝑓 = 85 2 2 2
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.3 Ex # 6.3
Example # 13 Median for Group data (Discrete Data)
Find the median for 2, 4, 5, 6, 3 Make the cumulative frequency column.
Solution: Find out the median value in cumulative frequency
𝑛
2, 4, 5, 6, 3 column by ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
First arrange the data. Where n is cumulative frequency
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Example # 15
As number of quantities=5 The following are the marks obtained by 35
So n=odd number students in a test..
As we have X 10 12 15 20 25 30
𝑛+1 F 1 10 5 13 2 4
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Solution:
2 Here n=35
5+1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 So n=odd number
2 Now
6 𝑛+1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2 2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 3𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 35 + 1
So 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 4 36
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Example # 14 2
The following is the daily pocket money in 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 18𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑆𝑒𝑒 18 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
rupees for children of a family 10, 20, 15, 30.
So
Calculate Median. 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 20
Solution: Example # 16: Find median marks from
10, 20, 15, 30 Marks 10 20 22 25
First arrange the data. No. of students 0 2 4 6
10, 15, 20, 30 Solution:
As number of quantities=4 X f C.f
So n=Even number 10 0 0
20 2 2
As we have
22 4 6
1 𝑛 𝑛+2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( 𝑡ℎ + 𝑡ℎ) 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 25 6 12
2 2 2 Here n=12
1 4 4+2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( 𝑡ℎ + 𝑡ℎ) 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 So n=Even number
2 2 2 Now
1 𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = (2𝑛𝑑 + 3𝑟𝑑)𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2 2
So 12
1 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = (15 + 20)
2 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 6 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
1 𝑆𝑒𝑒 6 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = (35)
2 So
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 17.5 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 22
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.3 Ex # 6.3
Example # 17 Example # 18
Find Median of the following distribution From the following sizes of kids trousers, find
Wages 60- 70- 80- 90- 100- the model size 25, 30, 31, 25, 35, 25
69 79 89 99 109 Solution:
Labour 4 6 8 10 15
As the most repeated value is 25
So
Mode=25
Solution: Example # 19
Wages Class Boundaries f C.f The following data shows the weights of the
60 − 69 59.5 − 69.5 4 4 students. Find the model weight.
70 − 79 69.5 − 79.5 6 10 Weight 40 42 50 51 55
Students 10 8 3 2 1
80 − 89 79.5 − 89.5 8 18
Solution:
90 − 99 89.5 − 99.5 10 28 Weight 40 42 50 51 55
100 − 109 99.5 − 109.5 5 33 Students 10 8 3 2 1
As the highest frequency is 10
First we find median class So the weight of highest frequency is 40
Here n=33 Thus
Now Mode=40
𝑛 Mode of Group Data (Continuous Data)
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓0
33 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓0 ) + (𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 )
2 Or
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 16.5 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓0
𝑆𝑒𝑒 16.5 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
2𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓0 − 𝑓1
Now L=Lower Class boundary of model class
ℎ 𝑛 h=width of class interval
Median = 𝐿 + ( − 𝐶)
𝑓 2 𝑓𝑚 = 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Here 𝑓0 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐿 = 79.5 𝑓1 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
ℎ = 10 Calculate Mode from the following.
𝑓=8 Marks 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20
𝐶 = 10 Student 3 5 4 6 2
𝑛 = 33 Solution:
Put the values Marks No. of Students
10 33 0−4 3
Median = 79.5 + ( − 10) 4−8 5
8 2
Median = 79.5 + 1.25(16.5 − 10) 8 − 12 4
12 − 16 6
Median = 79.5 + 1.25(6.5)
16 − 20 2
Median = 79.5 + 8.125
As the highest frequency is 6
Median = 87.625 Thus 12 − 16 Model Class
Mode for ungroup data As we have
The value that appears more times in a data is 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓0
called mode 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
(𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓0 ) + (𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 )
Or Here
The most repeated or frequent value in a data. 𝑙 = 12
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15
Unit # 6
Ex # 6.3 Ex # 6.3
𝑓𝑚 = 6 Example # 22
𝑓0 = 4 Calculate the Geometric Mean for
𝑓1 = 2 Marks 0 − 20 20 − 40 40 − 60 60 − 80
Students 3 4 10 11
ℎ=4
Solution:
Put the values
Marks f X log 𝑋 𝑓 log 𝑋
6−4
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 12 + ×4 0 − 20 3 10 1 3
(6 − 4) + (6 − 2) 20 − 40 4 30 1.4771 5.9084
2 40 − 60 10 50 1.6989 16.989
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 12 + ×4
2+4 60 − 80 11 70 1.8450 20.295
2 ∑ 𝑓 = 28 ∑ 𝑓 log 𝑋 =
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 12 + × 4
6 46.1924
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 12 + 0.33 × 4 ∑ 𝑓 log 𝑋
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 12 + 1.32 ∑𝑓
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 13.32 Put the values
Geometric Mean (G.M) 46.1924
Geometric Mean is the 𝑛𝑡ℎ positive root of 𝑛 𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
28
values. 𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1.697)
Geometric Mean of Ungrouped Data 𝐺. 𝑀 = 44.64
1
Geometric Mean = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log ( ∑ log 𝑋) Harmonic Mean of ungroup data
𝑛 Harmonic Mean is the reciprocal of the
Example # 21 Arithmetic Mean of the reciprocal values.
𝑛
Find Geometric Mean of the marks 60, 65, 𝐻. 𝑀 =
70, 80, 85, 90, 75 1 1 1 1
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
Solution: 𝑛
X LogX 𝐻. 𝑀 =
1
60 1.7781 ∑( )
𝑥
65 1.8129
70 1.8450 Example # 23
75 1.8750 Find Harmonic mean of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
80 1.9030 Solution:
85 1.9294 5, 6, 8, 9, 10
90 1.9542 As we have
∑ 𝐷 =13.0976 5
1 𝐻. 𝑀 =
Geometric Mean = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log ( ∑ log 𝑋) 1 1 1 1 1
𝑛 + + + +
5 6 8 9 10
1 5
Geometric Mean = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log ( (13.0976)) 𝐻. 𝑀 =
7 0.2 + 0.16 + 0.125 + 0.11 + 0.1
Geometric Mean = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log(1.8711) 5
𝐻. 𝑀 =
Geometric Mean = 74.32 0.695
𝐻. 𝑀 = 7.194
Geometric Mean of Group data Harmonic Mean of Group Data
∑ 𝑓 log 𝑋 ∑𝑓
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝐻. 𝑀 =
∑𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 𝑓
+ + + ⋯+ 𝑛
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
∑𝑓
𝐻. 𝑀 =
𝑓
∑( )
𝑥
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16
Unit # 6
Ex # 6.3 Ex # 6.3
Example # 24 As we have
Find Harmonic mean for ∑ 𝑥𝑤
𝑋𝑤 =
Classes 0-6 6-12 12-18 18- 24-30 ∑𝑤
24 505
𝑋𝑤 =
f 1 2 5 4 6 7
Solution: 𝑋𝑤 = 72.14
Classes f X f/X Moving Average
0−6 1 3 0.33 It is succession of averages derived from the
6 − 12 2 9 0.22 successive segments of series of values. It
12 − 18 5 15 0.33 continuously recomputed as new data becomes
18 − 24 4 21 0.19 available. If progresses by dropping the earliest
value and adding the latest value.
24 − 30 6 27 0.22
𝑓 Example # 26
∑ 𝑓 = 18 ∑ = 1.29
𝑋 During first week of May, daily temperatures
∑𝑓 were recorded as given in the table. Calculate
𝐻. 𝑀 = 3 – day moving average temperature.
𝑓
∑( ) Days Temperature
𝑋
Put the values Saturday 40
18 Sunday 37
𝐻. 𝑀 = Monday 36
1.29
Tuesday 38
𝐻. 𝑀 = 13.95
Wednesday 37
Weight mean for ungroup data Thursday 41
The numerical values which show the relative Friday 39
importance of different items are called weights Solution:
and the average of different items having Days Temperature 3 – day Moving
different weights is called weighted mean. Average
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 … 𝑥𝑛 are different values of items Saturday 40 …
Sunday 37 40 + 37 + 36
having weights 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 … 𝑤𝑛 then Weighted
3
Mean is: = 37.67
𝑥1 𝑤1 + 𝑥2 𝑤2 + 𝑥3 𝑤3 … 𝑥𝑛 𝑤𝑛 Monday 36 37 + 36 + 38
𝑋𝑤 =
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛 3
∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑤𝑖 ∑ 𝑥𝑤 = 37
𝑋𝑤 = = Tuesday 38 36 + 38 + 37
∑ 𝑤𝑖 ∑𝑤
Example # 25 3
The marks obtained by a student in Maths, = 37
Wednesday 37 38 + 37 + 41
English, Urdu and Statistics were 70, 60, 80,
65 respectively. Find the average if weights of 3
2, 1, 3, 1 are assigned to the marks. = 38.67
Thursday 41 37 + 41 + 39
Solution:
𝑥 𝑤 𝑥𝑤 3
= 39
70 2 140
60 1 60
Friday 39 …
80 3 240
65 1 65
∑𝑤 = 7 ∑ 𝑤 = 505
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17
Unit # 6
Ex # 6.3 Ex # 6.3
Example # 27 Example # 28
Find median graphically from the following Find mode graphically from the following
frequency distribution. frequency distribution.
Classes 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- Classes 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50-
14 19 24 29 34 39 24 29 34 39 44 49 54
F 1 5 7 2 6 4 F 1 4 8 11 15 9 2
Solution: Solution:
Classes Class Boundaries f C.f Classes Class Boundaries f
10-14 9.5-14.5 1 1 20-24 19.5-24.5 1
15-19 14.5-19.5 5 6 25-29 24.5-29.5 4
20-24 19.5-24.5 7 13 30-34 29.5-34.5 8
25-29 24.5-29.5 2 15 35-39 34.5-39.5 11
30-34 29.5-34.5 6 21 40-44 39.5-44.5 15
35-39 34.5-39.5 4 25 45-49 44.5-49.5 9
𝑛 50-54 49.5-54.5 2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
25
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 12.5𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Find 𝑸𝟏 and 𝑸𝟐 from the following

distribution.
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
f 3 5 9 3 2
Solution:
Marks f C.f
So
0-10 3 3
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 24.5
10-20 5 8
Quartiles
𝑛 20-30 9 17
1𝑠𝑡 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 30-40 3 20
4
2𝑛 40-50 2 22
2𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
4 𝑛
𝑛
2𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑄1 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2 4
3𝑛 22
3𝑟𝑑 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑄1 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
4 4
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑄1 = 5.5 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
3𝑛
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑄3 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
4
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.3 Ex # 6.3
3(22) Q2: Weights of students of 10th grade are 45, 30,
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑄3 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 25, 36, 42, 27, 31, 43, 49, 50. Calculate mean
4
66 by Short cut Method
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑄3 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Solution:
4
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑄3 = 16.5 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Let assumed mean=25
X 𝑫=𝑿−𝒂
45 45 − 25 = 20
30 30 − 25 = 5
25 25 − 25 = 0
36 36 − 25 = 11
42 42 − 25 = 17
27 27 − 25 = 2
31 31 − 25 = 6
43 43 − 25 = 18
49 49 − 25 = 24
50 50 − 25 = 25
∑ 𝑋 = 378 ∑ 𝐷 = 128
∑𝐷
X=𝑎+
𝑛
Put the values
128
X = 25 +
10
X = 25 + 12.8
X = 37.8
Q3: Using an assumed mean, find the mean of
following numbers 1242, 1248, 1252, 1244,
Ex # 6.3 1249
Page # 152 Solution:
Let assumed mean=1242
Q1: The following are weights (in kg) of students of
X D=X-a
10th grade are 45, 30, 25, 36, 42, 27, 31, 43, 49, 1242 1242-1242=0
50. Calculate mean of the weights. 1248 1248-1242=6
Solution: 1252 1252-1242=10
Let 1244 1244-1242=2
X=45, 30, 25, 36, 42, 27, 31, 43, 49, 50 1249 1249-1242=7
As we have ∑ 𝐷 = 25
∑𝑋 ∑𝐷
Mean = X=𝑎+
𝑛 𝑛
45 + 30 + 25 + 36 + 42 + 27 + 31 + 43 + 49 + 50
Put the values
Mean = 25
10
X = 1242 +
378 5
Mean =
10 X = 1242 + 5
37.8 X = 1247
Mean =
10
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.3 Ex # 6.3
Q4: Find the mean marks obtained by students of So
9th class in maths. 7500 + 7500
Score 0– 16 – 32 – 48 – 64 – 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
2
15 31 47 63 75 1500
F 0 10 40 70 45 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
2
Solution: 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 7500
Score f 𝑋 fX
𝐿+𝑈 Q6: Find the Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean,
= Median and Mode of the following data 58,
2
0 – 15 0 7.5 0 59, 60,62, 64, 64, 65, 67, 67, 68, 70, 71, 71, 7, 73
16 – 10 23.5 235 Solution:
31 X Log x
32 – 40 39.5 1580 58 1.7634
47 59 1.7709
48 – 70 55.5 3885 60 1.7782
63 62 1.7924
64 – 45 69.5 3127.5 64 1.8062
75 64 1.8062
∑𝑓 = ∑ 𝑓𝑋 = 65 1.8129
165 8827.5 67 1.8261
As we have 67 1.8261
∑ 𝑓𝑋 68 1.8325
X= 70 1.8451
∑𝑓
71 1.8513
Put the values 71 1.8513
8827.5 71 1.8513
X=
165 73 1.8633
X = 53.5 ∑ 𝑋 = 990 ∑ log 𝑋 = 27.2770
Q5: Find the median of Heights of boys in inches
(i) 64, 65, 65, 66, 66, 67 ∑𝑋
Arithmetic Mean =
Solution: 𝑛
64, 65, 65, 66, 66, 67 990
Arithmetic Mean =
As n=6 15
So Arithmetic Mean = 66
65 + 66 Geometric Mean
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 1
2 Geometric Mean = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log ( ∑ log 𝑋)
131 𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 1
2 Geometric Mean = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log ( (27.2770))
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 65.5 15
Q5: Find the median of Salaries of 8 workers of a Geometric Mean = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log(1.8185)
(ii) factory 7000, 6600, 8000, 4500, 7500, 11000, Geometric Mean = 65.83
9000, 7500 Median
Solution: As n=15
7000, 6600, 4500, 7500, 11000, 9000, 7500 Hence central exact value is median.
First arrange the data in ascending order So
4500, 6600, 7000, 7500, 7500, 8000, 9000, 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 67
11000 Mode
As n=8 As mode is the most repeated value in a data
So
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 71
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.3 Ex # 6.3
Q7: A set of data contains the values of 148, 145, Median
160, 157, 156, 160. Show that Wages f Class C.f
Mode>Median>Mean Boundaries
Solution: 112 – 116 3 111.5 – 116.5 3 C
148, 145, 160, 157, 156, 160 117 – 121 20 f 116.5– 121.5 23
To Show 122 – 126 11 121.5 – 126.5 34
Mode>Median>Mean 127 – 131 4 126.5 – 131.5 38
Now 132 – 136 5 131.5 – 136.5 43 n
∑𝑋 𝑛
Mean = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑛 2
148 + 145 + 160 + 157 + 156 + 160 43
Mean = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
6 2
926 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 21.5 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Mean =
6 Now
Mean = 154.33 ℎ 𝑛
Median 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + ( − 𝐶)
𝑓 2
First arrange the data in ascending order 𝑙 = 116.5
145, 148, 156, 157, 160, 160 ℎ=5
As n=6 𝐶=3
So Put the values
156 + 157 5 43
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 116.5 + ( − 3)
2 20 2
313 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 116.5 + 0.25(21.5 − 3)
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
2 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 116.5 + 0.25(18.5)
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 156.5
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 116.5 + 4.625
Mode
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 121.125
As mode is the most repeated value in a data
Mode
So
Wages f Class Boundaries
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 160
112 – 116 3 𝑓0 111.5 – 116.5
Thus
117 – 121 20 𝑓𝑚 116.5– 121.5
Mode>Median>Mean
Q8: From the following distribution 122 – 126 11 𝑓1 121.5 – 126.5
Wages 112 117 122 127 132 127 – 131 4 126.5 – 131.5
– – – – – 132 – 136 5 131.5 – 136.5
116 121 126 131 136 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓0
Workers 3 20 11 4 5 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
(i) (𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓0 ) + (𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 )
Construct a frequency table 𝑙 = 116.5
(ii) Find class boundaries for each group
(iii) Calculate Median, Mode, Harmonic Mean ℎ=5
and Geometric Mean 𝑓𝑚 = 20
Solution: 𝑓0 = 3
Wages f Class Boundaries 𝑓1 = 11
112 – 116 3 111.5 – 116.5 Put the values
117 – 121 20 116.5– 121.5 20 − 3
122 – 126 11 121.5 – 126.5 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 116.5 + ×5
(20 − 3) + (20 − 11)
127 – 131 4 126.5 – 131.5 17
132 – 136 5 131.5 – 136.5 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 116.5 + ×5
17 + 9
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.3 Ex # 6.3
85 Q9: Find Median, Q1, Q3 and mode Graphically
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 116.5 +
17 + 9 Classes 10 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 –
85 14 19 24 29 34
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 116.5 + F 1 3 7 12 2
26
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 116.5 + 3.27 Solution:
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 119.77 Classes Boundaries F C.f
10 − 14 9.5 − 14.5 1 1
Harmonic Mean 15 − 19 14.5 − 19.5 3 4
Wages f X f/X 20 − 24 19.5 − 24.5 7 11
25 − 29 24.5 − 29.5 12 23
112 – 116 3 114 0.026
30 − 34 29.5 − 34.5 2 25
117 – 121 20 119 0.168 Median
122 – 126 11 124 0.089 𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
127 – 131 4 129 0.031 2
132 – 136 5 134 0.037 25
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
∑ 𝑓 = 43 𝑓
∑ = 0.351 2
𝑋 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 12.5 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
∑𝑓 Quartile
𝐻. 𝑀 =
𝑓 𝑛
∑( ) 𝑄1 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑋 4
Put the values 25
43 𝑄1 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐻. 𝑀 = 4
0.351 𝑄1 = 8.25 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐻. 𝑀 = 122.5 And Also
Geometric Mean 3𝑛
𝑄3 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Wages f X log 𝑋 𝑓 log 𝑋 4
112 – 3 114 2.0569 6.1707 3(25)
𝑄3 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
116 4
117 – 20 119 2.0775 41.5500 75
𝑄3 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
121 4
𝑄3 = 18.75 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
122 – 11 124 2.0934 23.0274
126
127 – 4 129 2.1106 8.424
131
132 – 5 134 2.1271 10.6355
136
∑𝑓 = ∑ 𝑓 log 𝑋 =
43 89.8260
1
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( × ∑ 𝑓 log 𝑋)
∑𝑓
Put the values
1
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( × 89.8260)
43
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(2.0890)
𝐺. 𝑀 = 122.7374
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.4 Ex # 6.4
Measure of Dispresion Exp32
Disprssion is the scatterdness of values from its Calculate the range from the given data.
central value (Average) Classes 5 10 15 20 25
Types of Measure of Dispresion are: − 9 − 14 − 19 − 24 − 29
Range F 10 15 12 21 3
Solution:
Standard Deviation
Classes Boundaries Frequency
Variance 5−9 4.5 − 9.5 10
Range 10 − 14 9.5 − 14.5 15
The range is the difference between the smallest 15 − 19 14.5 − 19.5 12
observation and the largest observation. 20 − 24 19.5 − 24.5 21
Formula 25 − 29 24.5 − 29.5 3
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 = 4.5
Note: 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 = 29.5
Range is very rarely used as it does not tell us 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =?
about the observation in between the largest and 𝐴𝑠 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
smallest values.
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 29.5 − 4.5
Example # 30 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 25
What is the range of the data 209, 260, 270, Example # 33
311, 311 The number of grams in various candy bars are
Solution: listed below.
𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 311 Find the mean, median, mode, and range. Round
to the nearest tenth if necessary. Then selected
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 209
the appropriate measure of central tendency or
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =? range to describe the data. Justify your answer.
𝐴𝑠 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, 13, 24
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Solution:
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 311 − 209 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, 13, 24
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 102 Mean
9 + 8 + 9 + 8 + 9 + 13 + 24
Example # 31: Following are the names and 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
heights of mountains in Karakoram. Find the 7
80
range of heights. 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
K–2 8611 m 7
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 11.43
Gasherbrum I 8068 m Median
Broad 8047 m First arrange the data
Gasherbrum II 8035 m 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 13, 24
Gasherbrum III 7952 m As number of quantities=7
Gasherbrum IV 7925 m So n=odd number
Rakaposhi 7788 m As we have
Solution: 𝑛+1
𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 8611 𝑚 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 7788 𝑚 7+1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =? 2
𝐴𝑠 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 8
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 8611 − 7788 So
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 823 𝑚 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 9
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23
Unit # 6
Ex # 6.4 Ex # 6.4
Range Solution:
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 X 𝑋2
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 24 − 8 6 36
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 16 8 64
The appropriate measure of central tendency or 10 100
range to describe the data is median or mode. The 12 144
mean is affected by the highest value 24 gram 14 196
Standard Deviation ∑𝑋 = 50 ∑𝑋 2 = 540
It is the positive square root of the average of
squared deviations measured from Arithmetic
∑𝑋 2 ∑𝑋 2
Mean (A.M). Variance = −( )
Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data n n
2
Put the values
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋) 540 50 2
Standard Deviation = √ Variance = −( )
n 5 5
OR Variance = 108 − (10)2
∑𝑋 2 ∑𝑋 2 Variance = 108 − 100
Standard Deviation = √ −( ) Variance = 8
n n
Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation for Grouped Data
(Discrete and Continuous data) ∑𝑋 2 ∑𝑋 2
2
Standard Deviation = √ −( )
∑𝑓(𝑋 − 𝑋) n n
Standard Deviation = √ Put the values
∑𝑓
OR 540 50 2
Standard Deviation = √ −( )
∑𝑓𝑋 2 ∑𝑓𝑋 2 5 5
Standard Deviation = √ −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓 Standard Deviation = √108 − (10)2
Variance Standard Deviation = √108 − 100
Variance is the square of standard deviation.
Variance is usually denoted by the symbol “S”. Standard Deviation = √8
Variance for Ungrouped Data Standard Deviation = 2.83
2
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋) Example # 35
2
Variance = 𝑆 = Find Standard Deviation and Variance
n
OR Rotten 0- 4- 8- 12- 16- 20-
Eggs 4 8 12 16 20 24
∑𝑋 2 ∑𝑋 2
Variance = 𝑆 2 = −( ) Crates 5 10 15 20 6 4
n n Solution:
Defective f X 𝑓𝑋 𝑓𝑋 2
Variance for Grouped Data (Discrete and 0-4 5 2 10 20
Continuous data)
2 4-8 10 6 60 360
2
∑𝑓(𝑋 − 𝑋) 8-12 15 10 150 1500
Variance = 𝑆 =
∑𝑓 12-16 20 14 280 3920
OR 16-20 6 18 108 1944
2
∑𝑓𝑋 2 ∑𝑓𝑋 2 20-24 4 22 88 1936
Variance = 𝑆 = −( ) ∑𝑓 = ∑ 𝑓𝑋 = ∑ 𝑓𝑋 2 =
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
Example # 34 60 696 9680
Find variance and standard deviation of 6, 8,
10, 12, 14
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.4 Ex # 6.4
Variance Average
∑𝑓𝑋 2 ∑𝑓𝑋 2 ∑𝑋
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = −( ) Average =
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓 𝑛
92.65
9680 696 2 Average =
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = −( ) 12
60 60 Average = 7.72
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 161.33 − (11.6)2
Median
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 161.33 − 134.56
As n=12
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 26.77
So
Standard Deviation 8.01 + 8.02
Standard Deviation = √variance 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
2
Standard Deviation = √26.77 16.03
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
Standard Deviation = 5.17 2
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 8.015
Ex # 6.4
Standard Deviation
Q1: Find the range of 11, 13, 15, 21, 19, 23
Solution: ∑𝑋 2 ∑𝑋 2
11, 13, 15, 21, 19, 23 Standard Deviation = √ −( )
n n
Maximum = 23
Minimum = 11 Put the values
Range = Maximum − Minimum 750.6667 92.65 2
Range = 23 − 11 Standard Deviation = √ −( )
12 12
Range = 12
Standard Deviation = √62.5556 − (7.7208)2
Q2: A bank branch manager interested in waiting
times of customers carried out a survey. A Standard Deviation = √62.5556 − 59.6107
random sample of 12 customers is selected Standard Deviation = √2.9449
and yielded following 5.90, 9.66, 5.79, 8.02, Standard Deviation = 1.7160
8.73, 8.01, 10.49, 8.35, 6.68, 5.64, 5.47, 9.91 Q3: Calculate the Range, Variance, and Standard
Solution: Deviation for discrete data
5.90, 9.66, 5.79, 8.02, 8.73, 8.01, 10.49, 8.35,
X 5 10 11 13 15
6.68, 5.64, 5.47, 9.91
f 2 3 4 1 5
First arrange the data
Solution:
5.47, 5.64, 5.79, 5.90, 6.68, 8.01, 8.02, 8.35,
8.73, 9.66, 9.91, 10.49 𝑋 𝑓 𝑓𝑋 𝑓𝑋 2
X 𝑿𝟐 5 2 10 50
10 3 30 300
5.47 29.9209
11 4 44 484
5.64 31.8096
13 1 13 169
5.79 33.5241
15 5 75 1125
5.90 34.81 ∑𝑓 = 15 ∑𝑓𝑋 = 172 ∑𝑓𝑋 2 = 2128
6.68 44.6224 Range
8.01 64.1601 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 5
8.02 64.3204 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 15
8.35 69.7225
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =?
8.73 76.2129
𝐴𝑠 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
9.66 93.3156
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 15 − 5
9.91 98.2081
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 10
10.49 110.0401
∑𝑋 = 92.65 ∑𝑋 2 = 750.6667
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.4 Ex # 6.4
Variance Variance
∑𝑓𝑋 2 ∑𝑓𝑋 2 ∑𝑋 2 ∑𝑋 2
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = −( ) Variance = −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓 n n
2128 172 2 Put the values
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = −( ) 514 70 2
15 15 Variance = −( )
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 141.87 − (11.47)2 10 10
(7)2
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 141.87 − 131.56 Variance = 51.4 −
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 10.31 Variance = 51.4 − 49
Standard Deviation Variance = 2.4
Section B
∑𝑓𝑋 2 ∑𝑓𝑋 2 X 𝑋2
Standard Deviation = √ −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓 6 36
10 100
2128 172 2 6 36
Standard Deviation = √ −( )
15 15 4 16
2 4
Standard Deviation = √141.87 − (11.47)2
8 64
Standard Deviation = √141.87 − 131.56 10 100
Standard Deviation = √10.31 6 36
Standard Deviation = 3.21 9 81
9 81
Q4: The following table shows the marks obtained ∑𝑋 = 70 ∑𝑋 2 = 554
by 10 students of two sections of 10th class. Arithmetic Mean
Sec 7 9 6 9 4 7 5 8 8 7 ∑𝑋
A 𝑋=
𝑛
Sec 6 10 6 4 2 8 10 6 9 9 70
B 𝑋=
10
Solution:
𝑋=7
Section A
X 𝑋2 Variance
7 49 ∑𝑋 2 ∑𝑋 2
Variance = −( )
9 81 n n
6 36 Put the values
9 81 554 70 2
4 16 Variance = −( )
10 10
7 49 Variance = 55.4 − (7)2
5 25
Variance = 55.4 − 49
8 64
8 64 Variance = 6.4
7 49 Q5: Following are the marks (out of 75) of eight
∑𝑋 = 70 ∑𝑋 2 = 514 students in two subjects.
Arithmetic Mean Student A B C D E F G H
∑𝑋 Maths 54 63 59 45 52 35 61 68
𝑋= Physics 52 55 57 51 56 58 50 59
𝑛
70 Compare the standard deviation of the marks
𝑋= and tell that in which subject students are
10
more consistent.
𝑋=7
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Unit # 6
Ex # 6.4 Ex # 6.4
Solution: 𝑋 = 54.75
Maths Standard Deviation
X 𝑋2
54 2916 ∑𝑋 2 ∑𝑋 2
Standard Deviation = √ −( )
63 3969 n n
59 3481 Put the values
45 2025
52 2704 24060 438 2
Standard Deviation = √ −( )
35 1225 8 8
61 3721 Standard Deviation = √3007.5 − (54.75)2
68 4624
∑𝑋 = 437 ∑𝑋 2 = 24665 Standard Deviation = √3007.5 − 2997.6
Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation = √9.94
∑𝑋 Standard Deviation = 3.15
𝑋=
𝑛 Q6: The following is the distribution for the
437 number of defective bulbs in 30 cartons
𝑋= (Packs). Find variance and standard deviation
8
𝑋 = 54.625 of defective bulbs.
Defective 0 – 2– 4–6 6–8 8–
Standard Deviation
2 4 10
∑𝑋 2 ∑𝑋 2 Packs 1 3 15 10 2
Standard Deviation = √ −( ) Solution:
n n
Defective f X 𝑓𝑋 𝑓𝑋 2
Put the values 0–2 1 1 1 1
24665 437 2 2–4 3 3 9 27
Standard Deviation = √ −( ) 4–6 15 5 75 375
8 8 6–8 10 7 70 490
Standard Deviation = √3083.125 − (54.625)2 8 – 10 2 9 18 162
𝑓 𝑓𝑋 𝑓𝑋 2
Standard Deviation = √3083.125 − 2983.891
= 31 = 173 = 1055
Standard Deviation = √99.234 Variance
Standard Deviation = 9.962 ∑𝑓𝑋 2 ∑𝑓𝑋 2
Physics 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
X 𝑋2
52 2704 1055 173 2
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = −( )
55 3025 31 31
57 3249 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 34.03 − (5.58)2
51 2601 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 34.03 − 31.14
56 3136 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2.89
58 3364 Standard Deviation
50 2500 Standard Deviation = √variance
59 3481 Standard Deviation = √2.89
∑𝑋 = 438 ∑𝑋 2 = 24060 Standard Deviation = 1.7
Arithmetic Mean
∑𝑋
𝑋=
𝑛
438
𝑋=
8