MEEN211101046

Assignment No 2

Precsion Engineering And Metrology

Course Instructor: Engr. Syed Muhammad

Institute of Mechanical And Manufacturing Engineering

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Question:
Write down the definition (introduction) working principle(how it works) and industrial
applications of any 10 instrument which we have studied earlier in course work?

There are some Measuring Instruments:

1. Strain Gauge

Definition:

A strain gauge is a device used to measure strain (deformation) in an object subjected to force or
stress. It works on the principle of the electrical resistance change in response to mechanical
deformation.

Working Principle:

When subjected to strain, the electrical resistance of the gauge changes. This change is
proportional to the strain experienced by the object, allowing for precise measurements.

Industrial Applications:

Utilized in mechanical engineering for stress analysis in structures, material testing to measure
mechanical properties, and in load cells for force measurement in machinery.

2. Dynamometer

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Definition:

A dynamometer is an instrument used to measure torque, force, or power exerted by an engine,

Working Principle:

It operates by resisting the force generated by the engine or motor under test, measuring this
resistance to determine the torque or power output.

Industrial Applications:

Commonly used in automotive industries for engine performance testing, in manufacturing for
tool testing, and in research labs for studying mechanical systems.

3. Vernier Caliper
Definition:
A vernier caliper is a precise measuring instrument used to measure linear dimensions such as
length, diameter, or thickness.

Working Principle:
It consists of a main scale and a sliding vernier scale. The vernier scale allows for precise
measurements by reading the aligned markings between the two scales.

Industrial Applications:

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Utilized in mechanical workshops, manufacturing, and quality control for precise dimensional
measurements of mechanical components.

4. Pressure Gauge
Definition:
A pressure gauge is an instrument used to measure the pressure exerted by gases or liquids in
mechanical systems.

Working Principle:
It operates by converting pressure into a mechanical movement, which is then displayed on a dial
or digital display to indicate the pressure.

Industrial Applications:
Commonly used in hydraulic systems, HVAC systems, and in various mechanical equipment to
monitor and control pressure levels.

5. Tachometer
Definition:
A tachometer is a device used to measure the rotational speed or angular velocity of a rotating
object, such as an engine or motor.

Working Principle:
It detects the number of revolutions per minute (RPM) of the rotating object, displaying the
speed in RPM or angular velocity.

Industrial Applications:
Utilized in automotive industries for measuring engine RPM, in machinery for monitoring
rotating equipment, and in research for studying rotational speeds.

6. Accelerometer

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Definition:
An accelerometer is a sensor used to measure acceleration forces experienced by an object,
whether due to motion, vibration, or gravity.

Working Principle:
It detects changes in velocity and translates them into electrical signals, indicating the magnitude
and direction of acceleration.

Industrial Applications:
Applied in mechanical systems for vibration analysis, in automotive industries for crash testing,
and in aerospace for monitoring aircraft performance.

7. Flowmeter
Definition:
A flowmeter is an instrument used to measure the rate of flow (volume or mass) of a liquid or
gas moving through a pipeline or system.

Working Principle:
Various types of flowmeters exist, using principles like differential pressure, electromagnetic
induction, ultrasonic waves, or thermal properties to measure flow rates.

Industrial Applications:
Used in industries such as oil and gas, chemical processing, and water management for
monitoring and controlling fluid flow.

8. CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine)

Working Principle:
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It uses a probe to touch various points on the object's surface, measuring the coordinates of these
points to create a detailed 3D model of the object.

Industrial Applications:
Applied in manufacturing industries for quality control, reverse engineering, and dimensional
inspection of mechanical components.

9. Load Cell
Definition:
A load cell is a transducer used to convert force or weight into an electrical signal, measuring the
force applied to it.

Working Principle:
It deforms under the applied force, producing an electrical signal proportional to the force
exerted.

Industrial Applications:
Utilized in various mechanical systems for force measurements in testing machines, industrial
scales, and material testing equipment.

10. Viscometer
Definition:
A viscometer is a device used to measure the viscosity or flow resistance of fluids, indicating the
fluid's internal friction.

Working Principle:
It measures the time taken for a fluid to flow through a capillary tube or between two surfaces
under controlled conditions, determining its viscosity.

Industrial Applications:

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Applied in industries such as petroleum, pharmaceuticals, and food processing for quality control
and formulation adjustments based on viscosity measurements.

Conclusion:
The adaptability, accuracy, and reliability of these instruments make them indispensable assets in
industries ranging from automotive and manufacturing to aerospace and energy. Their role in
quality control, performance analysis, and system optimization underline their significance in
ensuring efficiency and safety across mechanical engineering domains .These instruments play
vital roles in mechanical engineering, facilitating measurements crucial for designing, testing,
and maintaining mechanical systems.

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