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WATER RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF RIVERS
 Source of water for people living in arid areas where rainfall is low.
 Rivers add to scenic beauty. For example, tourists visit Hunza River.
 Hydro Electric Power generation.
 River flow brings alluvium and organic matters which increases land fertility.
 Fishing.
 Provision of water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes.
DOMESTIC USES OF WATER
 Drinking
 Bathing
 Washing
 Food preparation
 Gardening
AGRICULTURAL USES OF WATER
 Irrigation.
 Cleaning and bathing of Livestock.
 Washing fields.
INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATER
 Pharmaceutical Industries. Injections and Syrups.
 Tanning Industry. Washing, Dyeing.
 Used to prepare juices, soft drinks, and beverages in food processing industry.
 Used for washing, bleaching, dyeing in textile Industry.
 Used to cool down furnace for steel making in iron and steel industry.
 Used in thermal power stations to produce steam that moves turbines.
WHAT IS IRRIGATION
Artificial supply of water to the land is called irrigation.
WHY IS IRRIGATION NEEDED?
 Aridity is widespread in Pakistan. In some areas of Southern Pakistan, rainfall days are
as less as 10 per year.
 Insufficient annual rainfall.
 Rainfall varies in terms of timings and amount.
 High temperature leads to high rate of evapotranspiration.
 Some crops like rice require ample water and cannot grow well in sparse and seasonal
rainfall. Hence, irrigation is needed.

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TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION

SHADUF

HOW IS IT PRACTICED?
 A Y-shaped post is erected near a lake or a river.
 A pole is suspended on this Y-shaped post.
 On one end of the pole, there is weight and on the other end, a bucket is attached.
 The bucket is dipped into the water and it is lifted by the weight placed on the other
end.
WHERE IS IT PRACTICED?
 Only practiced in some remote areas of Sindh and Punjab.
LIMITATIONS
 Only irrigates about a tenth of a hectare of land.

TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION

CHARSA

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HOW IS IT PRACTICED?
 Animal power is used to draw water from the water body.
 A pulley type structure is erected.
 One end of a rope is tied to animal (Donkey, cow).
 Other end of a rope is tied to a bucket which is thrown in the water body.
 The animal runs forward and the bucket comes out.
WHERE IS IT PRACTICED?
 Only practiced in some remote areas of Sindh and Punjab.
LIMITATIONS
 Irrigates only a small area of land.

TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION

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KAREZ

HOW IS IT PRACTICED?
 On the base of a hill (foothill), a water tunnel or narrow canal is dug which runs
underground for about 2 km (length can vary) before it emerges above ground.
 Vertical shafts are made over entire length of the canal for cleaning and maintenance
purpose.
 Site is selected by experienced village elders.
 Digging and repair is done by trained group of labor.
 Water is shared according to the contribution made to attain the water.
WHERE IS IT PRACTICED?
 In the foothills of hilly districts like Baluchistan.
LIMITATIONS
 Conflict over water share.
 Drying up due to high rate of evapotranspiration.
 Require regular maintenance.
 Trees have to be grown to reduce the rate of evaporation.

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TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION

PERSIAN WHEEL

HOW IS IT PRACTICED?
 A rope is tied to a blind-folded bullock pair (usually to its foot).
 The animal moves circularly.
 This movement causes a horizontal wooden wheel to spin.
 The horizontal wheel is connected to a vertical wheel through a shaft.
 Buckets are attached to the vertical wheel.
 Buckets collect water while spinning and shed it over the channel that leads to the
fields.
WHERE IS IT PRACTICED?
 Ghalanai, KPK, Sindh, Punjab etc.
LIMITATIONS
 Require animal power.

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TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION

TANK IRRIGATION

HOW IS IT PRACTICED?
 A man-made reservoir of any specific size.
 In Sindh, these are built by constructing mud banks across small lakes, dhunds, and
streams.
 In mountainous regions, these are built across slopes to collect water from surface
runoff.
 Rain water is collected in them.
WHERE IS IT PRACTICED?
 In Sindh areas like Thatta, Jhimpir etc.
LIMITATIONS
 Occupy large area.
 Evaporation.

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TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION

INUNDATION CANALS

HOW IS IT PRACTICED?
 These are traditional long canals taken off from large rivers.
 They only work when river is flooded.
 Narrow version of inundation canals is called a diversion canal.
WHERE IS IT PRACTICED?
 In Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan. Examples of particular areas include Ferozepur.
 Diversion canals are made in Northern areas of Pakistan
LIMITATIONS
 Irrigates relatively smaller area.
 Work only when the river is flooded.

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MODERN METHODS OF IRRIGATION

PERENNIAL CANALS

HOW IS IT PRACTICED?
 These are canals substantiated from the water reservoirs which sustain high water
level throughout the year.
WHERE IS IT PRACTICED?
 In Sindh and Punjab
LIMITATIONS
 Prone to evaporation
 Seepage in case of unlined canals.
 Require cost to treat algae growth.
 Cost of construction is high
 High maintenance cost.
 Results in deposition of silt.

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MODERN METHODS OF IRRIGATION

TUBE WELLS

HOW IS IT PRACTICED?
 Long metal pipes are drilled into the grounds until they reach aquifer.
 A diesel-operated pump (motor pump) sucks water and bring it up to the surface.
 The water is collected into ponds and then distributed into the fields.
WHERE IS IT PRACTICED?
 In Sindh and Punjab is the leading user of tube wells.
BENEFITS
 Irrigates large area. Thus, useful for large commercial farms.
 Continuous supply of water.
 Reduces water logging and salinity by keeping water table low.
 Reduced dependence on animal and labor.
LIMITATIONS
 Water logging and salinity.
 Requires electricity/diesel.
 Expensive.
 High maintenance cost.
 Expensive to install.

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MODERN METHODS OF IRRIGATION

SPRINKLER/SPRAY IRRIGATION

HOW IS IT PRACTICED?
 A sprinkler is placed between the fields which spray water over plants while rotating.
 The water supply connected to the sprinkler is from the public pipes.
WHERE IS IT PRACTICED?
 In commercial farms.
 In urban centers where public gardens are present.
BENEFITS
 Less water loss.
 Controlled water supply.
 Less time consuming.
 No labor or animal power is required.
LIMITATIONS
 Expensive to install.
 Dependent on electricity.
 Irrigates limited land.
 Winds can destroy mechanism

MODERN METHODS OF IRRIGATION

TANKERS

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HOW IS IT PRACTICED?
 Tankers collect water from lakes, ponds, rivers and provide to households.
WHERE IS IT PRACTICED?
 Karachi and other urban centers in Sindh and Punjab.
BENEFITS
 Provides door-to-door service
 Useful in emergency
LIMITATIONS
 Expensive.
 Water quality not up to expectation

ADVANTAGES OF TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION

 Cheap/affordable for poor farmers.
 Low Maintenance Cost.
 Fuel/electricity/diesel is not needed to power the systems.
 Sustainable. Do not deplete underground water resources.
 Part of the work culture of the farmers.
DISADVANTAGES OF TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION

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 Limited area is irrigated.

 No provision of water throughout the year.
 Water logging and salinity.
 Animal power is required.
ADVANTAGES OF MODERN METHODS OF IRRIGATION
 Faster
 Better for larger area
 Continuous water supply.
 Less labor is required.
DISADVANTAGES OF MODERN METHODS OF IRRIGATION
 Reduces ground water
 High installation cost
 High maintenance cost
 Dependent on fuel and electricity
WHAT ARE LINK CANALS?
 Canals that take water from western rivers to eastern rivers.
EXAMPLES OF LINK CANALS
 Qadirabad—Balloki (Chenab to Ravi)
 Rasul—Qadirabad (Jhelum to Chenab)
 Taunsa—Punjnad (Indus to Chenab)
 Chasma—Jhelum (Indus to Jhelum)
 Marala—Ravi (Chenab to Ravi)
RIVERS OF PAKISTAN
 Sutlej
 Ravi
 Chenab
 Jhelum
 Indus
 Kabul
WHAT ARE DAMS?
A structure built across a river or stream to hold back water.
NAMES OF MAJOR CONSTRUCTED DAMS WITH THEIR LOCATIONS
 Tarbela (Indus)
 Mangla (Jhelum)
 Warsak (Kabul)

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LARGE DAMS
 Irrigate large area.
 HEP generation.
 High Initial investment
 High maintenance cost
 Takes a lot of time for construction
 Silting problem is difficult to resolve.
 Supply water for different industrial, agricultural, and domestic uses.
 Prevents occurrence of floods.
WHAT ARE BARRAGES?
A low-head, diversion dam which consists of several large gates that can be opened or
closed to control the amount of water passing through.
FUNCTINS OF BARRAGES
 Mainly used for flood control.
 No HEP generation.
 Relatively low cost of construction.
 Can be made even in flat areas.
EXAMPLES OF BARRAGES
Name of Barrage River location Irrigated Areas
Sukkur Indus Nawab shah and Larkana
Guddu Indus Jacobabad, Ghotki
Kotri Indus Hyderabad, Badin, Thatta
Marala Chenab Sialkot, Gujranwala
Rasul Jhelum Sargodha, Gujrat

WHAT IS WATERLOGGING?
Rise in the water table is called water logging.

WHAT IS SALINITY?
When water table rises, the water appears on the surface. The water then evaporates but
the salt is left behind. Salty patches appear on the ground. This appearance of salty patches
is called salinity.

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WHY IS WATERLOGGING/SALINITY A PROBLEM FOR FARMERS/AGRICULTURE?

 Reduces cultivable area.
 Reduces yield.
 Reduces income and profit.
 Land reclamation is tedious and expensive.
TREATMENT FOR WATERLOGGING AND SALINITY
 Use of gypsum.
 Temporary closure of perennial canals to control water volume.
 Planting Eucalyptus trees to lower water table.
 Draining of surface.
 Linning of canals.
 Installing tube wells.
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
 Oil spills from ships.
 Industrial wastage goes into water
 Domestic wastage such as plastic goes into water.
 Pesticides/fertilizers runoff from agricultural fields.
EFFECTS/IMPACTS OF WATER POLLUTION
 Unfit for human consumption.
 Threat to marine life.
 Cost of treatment is high.
 Risk of diseases like typhoid, diarrhea etc.
 Unfit for food processing like washing, fish canning.
 Canals may be blocked.
SOLUTIONS OF WATER POLLUTION
 Treatment of Sewage.
 Proper dumping of domestic and industrial wastage.
 Use of manure (organic fertilizer) instead of chemical/nitrogen fertilizers.
 Government can impose fines.
 Ships causing oil spills should be replaced.
WHAT IS SILTATION?
It occurs when silt (fine sand or clay) is deposited into rivers, barrages, or dams, thereby
causing water pollution.
CAUSES OF SILTATION
 Deforestation

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 Unlined canals
 Destruction of mountains by agents of erosion.
EFFECTS OF SILTATION
 Blockage of Canals
 Dams’s foundation is weakened
 Reduces reservoir’s capacity
 Less water for irrigation
SOLUTIONS FOR SILTATION
 Lining of canals.
 Silt traps can be installed.
 Heights of dams can be raised.
 Afforestation
CAUSES OF WATER LOSS
 Seepage from canals which are unlined.
 Water is absorbed by the soil.
 Evaporation from surface of canals or tanks.
 Mismanagement
 Theft of water from canals
 Extra vegetation on sides of canals takes up water.
HOW TO INCREASE WATER SUPPLY?
 Rivers available.
 Monsoon rainfall.
 Glaciers melt so water from mountains
 Use Flat land for canals
 Small Dams should be developed to store surplus flow during monsoon season
 Canals should be lined
 Fresh – water resources should not be used as dumping sites of solid and liquid waste
 Controlling seepage of toxic waste into ground
 Desalination of sea water
 Awareness

PROBLEMS IN INCREASING WATER SUPPLY

 not enough river water
 not enough rain
 loss by leakage, siltation
 Indus Water Treaty restricts water in reservoirs/rivers
 evaporation in hot climate

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 pollution
 demands always increasing
 some places remote (e.g., Baluchistan)
 lack of funds/government will
 Cost of reservoirs, canals etc
 Cost of tube wells
 Lack of reservoirs / dams / barrages
 Indus Treaty limits supply / conflict with India over supplies
 Lower water table restricts groundwater
 Waterlogging and salinity problems
 Lack of / cost of power supplies for pumps
 Other constraints, e.g., education, wastage, conflict between users etc.
IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUS WATER TREATY (1960)
 Ensures water supply to Pakistan—an agro based economy.
 Pakistan has complete rights to the waters of Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab
 Tarbela and Mangla dams were built which store water.
 Barrages and link canals built under this treaty help to distribute water.
CONFLICT ON WATER SHARE

MAPPING RIVERS ON PAKISTAN MAP

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IMPORTANT MAP IN WATER RESOURCES

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