A

Minor Project Report

On
PLACEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Submitted
in partial fulfilment
for the award of the Degree Of

Bachelor of Technology
In

Computer Engineering

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Manish Kr. Mukhija Harsh Raj
HOD CSE VII Sem CSE
19EAICS062

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Arya Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
(2022-23)
 ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
SP-40, RIICO Industrial Area, Jaipur (Raj)-302028

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Certificate

This is to certify that the work, which is being presented in the

Project report for seminar taken at “ARYA INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR” entitled
“PLACEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” submitted by
Mr. Harsh Raj, a student of fourth year (VII Sem) B.Tech. in
Computer Engineering as a partial fulfilment for the award of
degree of Bachelor of Technology is a record of student’s
work carried out and found satisfactory for submission.

Mr. Satish Kr. Alaria Dr. Manish Kr. Mukhija

Project Coordinator Head Of Department

i
 Candidate’s Declaration

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Project report,
entitled “PLACEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” in partial fulfilment for
the award of Degree of “Bachelor of Technology” in Department of Computer
Science & Engineering with Specialization in Computer Engineering and
submitted to the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Arya
Institute of Engineering & Technology, is a record of my own investigations
carried under the Guidance of Mr. Satish Kumar Alaria, Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science & Engineering.

(Signature of Candidate)

Candidate Name
Harsh Raj
Roll No.: 19EAICS062

ii
 Abstract
The increasing advantages of automated systems now are at the highest position as a result many
manual processes are automated. Since the automated system is in demand nowadays, educational
infrastructures like colleges are making their manual or semi-automated system function
completely on a computer. One such system that concerns a college is the placement system's
automation. The project aims at developing a web application for the placement cell. The
Placement Management System provides two distinct modules for students and placement officers.
It enables students to register online and upload their academic and personal details. They will
have their portals to update information as necessary and can view recent and upcoming job
postings on their dashboard. Whereas the Placement Officers will be able to utilize it to manage the
student data as well as the hiring company's data concerning the available jobs. The benefits of the
system will be to provide enhanced facilities and assemble all the placement-related tasks carried
out on various platforms to a single application. This will give both the placement officer and
students an accurate communication channel and reduces repetitious work that must be carried out.
Additionally, email alerts can be provided to students in case if any new activity takes place which
ensures that no important announcement is missed.

From a student’s perspective, placements can bring a wide range of benefits and opportunities.
Training and management of placement is a crucial part of an educational institution in which most
of the work is done manually. Manual system in the colleges requires a lot of manpower and time.
With this project we aim to develop a web portal to solve this issue. The project is aimed at
developing an application for the placement department of the college. The system is an
application which will be accessed and effectively used throughout the organization with proper
login enabled. It can also be used as an application for the Placement Officers in the college to
manage the student information about placement thus reducing the manual work and consumes less
paperwork. The system also provides the facility of viewing the personal and academic information
of the student. The system gets the requested list of candidates for the companies who would like
to recruit the people according to their eligibility criteria. Laravel framework is used to facilitate
the process of making the program.

iii
 Acknowledgement

On the completion of the project on PLACEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

I would like to thank the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Arya Institute Of
Engineering & Technology, Head Of Department Dr. Manish Kumar Mukhija for providing us
the opportunity to have such a project where we could get the exposure of competing and
performing with students from other colleges and universities.

I would also like to express my heartful gratitude to Mr. Satish Kumar Alaria under whose
guidance I have been able to complete this project successfully and gain experience and
knowledge about the various topics of this.

I would also like to thank all the teaching assistants of college; they have been very helpful
throughout the process both in solving our doubts and motivating us to complete our tasks
and assignments and helping us learn.

I would also like to express my deepest appreciation for Ms. Ranu Sewda for guiding me
throughout the project and all the people who have directly or indirectly helped me to
successfully complete the project.

Harsh Raj
19EAICS062

iv
 Project Objectives

• The main objective of the placement management system is to reduce manual

work and time.
• It is difficult and time-consuming to collect all the details from each student.

• To avoid this problem, we have planned to develop a web-based placement

management system.
• Easy to find out the list of eligible students attending the drives.

• It manages the details of student records, placement training, different

placements happening in and out of the college.
• Saves the time of placement officer and faculties.

• Reduces the manual works.

This system makes student information more secure.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
Cover Page
Department Certificate i
Candidate’s Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Acknowledgement iv
Project Objectives v
List of Tables vi

1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1-2

2 Chapter 2: System Study & Analysis 3-7
3 Chapter 3: Feasibility Study 8-9
4 Chapter 4: System Design 10-12
5 Chapter 5: Description Of Front End 13-15
6 Chapter 6: Description Of Server Language 16-25

7 Chapter 7: Testing 26-29

8 Chapter 8: Snapshots Of Placement Management 30-37
System
9 Chapter 9: Bibliography 38

vi
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Statement:

This project is aimed at developing an online application for the Training and Placement Dept. of
the college. The system is an online application that can be accessed throughout the organization
and outside as well with proper login provided. This system can be used as an application for the
TPO of the college to manage the student information with regards to placement. Students
logging should be able to upload their information in the form of a CV. Visitors/Company
representatives logging in may also access/search any information put up by Students.

1.2 Purpose:
For the purpose of training and placement of the student in colleges, TPO’s have to collect the
information and CV’s of students and manages them manually and arranges them according to
various streams.
If any modification is required that is to be also done manually. So, to reduce the job required to
manage CV’s and the information of various recruiters, a new system is proposed which is
processed through computers.

1.3 Document Conventions:

Font-Style: Times New Roman
Font-Size:
Main Headings: 16
Subheadings: 14
Content: 12
Line Spacing: 1.5

1.4 Scope of Project:

The project covers a wide scope. The information of all the students can be stored. CVs are
categorized according to various streams. Various companies can access the information.

1
Students can maintain their information and can update it. Notifications are sent to students
about the companies. Students can access previous information about placement.

• Student Registration facility

• Student Login
• View Student Profile
• Company Page
• Company Login
• Company recruitment schedule Page
• View Recruitment Schedule
• View Selected List of Students
• Administrator Control Panel
• Updates by the Administrator
• View Updates by the Students

2
 Chapter 2

SYSTEM STUDY & ANALYSIS

2.1 Product Information:

2.1.1 Product Perspective:
This project is mainly intended for automating this procedure that can help the people
who belong to the T&P cell by saving their time ,based on this basic operation actually their
activity is under two steps the first one is, to maintain the list of students and their credit records
and the second job is to maintain the company details and based on the company requirements,
need to select the students and make the list of students branch wise, which is more complex
task, and here informing is through notice boards , where as this is also a bit old fashioned task,
which can be automated in our proposed system by sending mails to the respective candidates.
This proposed system is far advantageous than the existing one in many cases such as retrieving
the student details is easily maintained in a manner that with just one click, we can easily attain
the details of the company such as the responsible person contacts and company contact details
such as address, and phone numbers can be maintained.

T&P cell mainly include the details of students. The percentage of the students must be
appropriate and true. The notices can be generated, so that we notify all the departments the
corresponding information about campus recruitment drives. The student detail can also be
viewed.

EXISTING SYSTEM:

• Filling of forms by students

Here a form is given to students in which he/she has to fill with some details such as his
name, roll number, contact details, percentages (from first year to till date),
Intermediate particulars (name of institution, place, year of pass, percentage), SSC
particulars (name of institution, place, year of pass, percentage).

• Collecting marks from green book

3
 Marks of each student are collected from green book (a book containing marks and
other details maintained by each department in college).

• Preparing excel sheet

From the data collected through filled forms and green book, excel sheets are prepared.

These excel sheets are used to prepare a list of students who full-fill the requirements of a
company visiting the campus and these students are eligible to attend the campus placement.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

In the proposed system the user need not do all the hectic work. he will be provided with an
interface with which he can easily get his work done.

The following are the facilities that are provided by the system to the user.

• Notice generation
Here user must provide information to the system about company name, date and venue
at which campus drive might take place. With this information the system will generate
a notice which can be seen on students’ account to intimate students about placement
drive.

• Student list generation

Here the user must provide information to the system about the requirements of the
company (such as, cut off percentage, number of backlogs allowed etc.).

• View student profile

Here the user can view a student’s profile of his interest by giving the student’s roll
number as input.

• Result analysis
Here the user can get the results which are released and store them for later usage.

• Posts
Here the user is provided to post updates or any necessary details to students or others
(for example-company officials) depending on his need.

4
2.1.2 PRODUCT FEATURES

• Complete automation is possible in this sector, which is against the main disadvantage
namely time consuming.
• Can maintain student details who have been studying in the college.
• Any kind of lists based on students’ profile can be retrieved with in less time.
• Results are uploaded directly from net so that no errors exist in calculating percentages.
• Effective and good means of communication can be facilitated as we have included mailing
module in the proposed system.
• User can also register student and can view and delete their profile.

2.2 Requirement Analysis

We are overcoming the difficulty of student details which were manual in the current
system and here we generate detailed information about the students which will save our time to
inform each, and every batch and section and student profile is maintained.

2.2.1 Functional Requirements:

A student should be able to login to the system through the first page of the application,
and mention his required username and he should get his details which he can view and update it.
An administrator can login into his account, and he will update the student information.

2.2.2 Non-Functional Requirements:

Usability

This section includes all those requirements that effect usability.

• We get the response within seconds.

• The software must have a simple, user-friendly interface so customers can save time and
confusion.
• As the project is made using PHP, it has fast loading time then the website made using any
other language.

5
Reliability

• The system is more reliable because of the qualities that are inherited from the chosen
platform PHP. The code built by using php is more reliable.

Supportability

• The system is designed to be the cross platform supportable. The system is supported on a
wide range of hardware and any software platform. This application is being developed using
XAMPP, hence it is extremely portable.

Implementation

• The system is implemented in web environment. The apache tomcat is used as the web
server and windows XP/vista/7 is used as the platform.

Interface

• The user interface is based on the web browser. The application is developed using JS and
HTML.

• The Interface design is aimed at a flexible front-end communication to provide the user with
clear information in navigating a user-friendly interface is planned.

2.2.3 Performance Requirements:

• The separate business logic at server side from the student interface ensures good
performance.
• The system exhibits high performance because it is well optimized. The business logic is
clearly separate from the User Interface.
• The response to the user is within seconds, providing all the information briefly.

6
2.2.5 Hardware Requirements:

Processor : Intel p4 or later

RAM : 512 MB or More
Hard Disk : 40 GB or more

7
 Chapter 3

FEASIBILITY STUDY

A feasibility analysis usually involves a through assessment of the operational (need),

financial and technical aspects of a proposal. Feasibility study is the test of the system proposal
made to identify whether the user needs may be satisfied using the current software and
hardware technologies, whether the system will be cost effective from a business point of view
and whether it can be developed with the given budgetary constraints. A feasibility study should
be relatively cheap and done at the earliest possible time. Depending on the study, the decision is
made whether to go head with a more detailed analysis.

When a new project is proposed, it normally goes through feasibility assessment.

Feasibility study is carried out to determine whether the proposed system is possible to develop
with available resources and what should be the cost consideration. Facts considered in the
feasibility analysis were

• Technical Feasibility
• Economic Feasibility
• Operational Feasibility

3.1 Technical Feasibility

Technical feasibility includes whether the technology is available in the market for
development and its availability. The assessment of technical feasibility must be based on an
outline design of system requirements in terms of input, output, files, programs, and procedures.
This can be qualified in terms of volumes of data, trends, frequency of updating, cycles of
activity etc., to give an introduction of technical system. Considering our project, it is technical
feasible. Training and Placement System, with its emphasis on a more strategic decision-making
process is fast gaining ground as a popular outsourced function.

3.2 Economic Feasibility

This feasibility study present tangible and intangible benefits from the project by
comparing the development and operational cost. The technique of cost benefit analysis is often

8
used as a basis for assessing economic feasibility. This system needs some more initial
investment than the existing system, but it can be justifiable that it will improve quality of
service.

Thus, feasibility study should center along the following points:

➢ Improvement resulting over the existing method in terms of accuracy, timeliness.

➢ Cost comparison
➢ Estimate on the life expectancy of the hardware.
➢ Overall objective.

Our project is economically feasible. It does not require much cost to be involved in the
overall process. The overall objective is in easing out the recruitment processes.

3.3 Operational Feasibility

This analysis involves how it will work when it is installed and the assessment of
managerial environment in which it is implemented. People are inherently resistant to change,
and computers have been known to facilitate change. The new proposed system is very much
useful to the users and therefore it will accept broad audience from around the world.

9
 Chapter 4
SYSTEM DESIGN

Definition
The most creative and challenging face of the system development is System Design. It
provides the understanding and procedural details necessary for the logical and physical stages of
development. In designing a new system, the system analyst must have a clear understanding of
the objectives, which the design is aiming to fulfill. The first step is to determine how the output
is to be produced and in what format. Second, input data and master files have to be designed to
meet the requirements of the proposed output. The operational phases are handled through
program construction and testing.

Design of the system can be defined as a process of applying various techniques and
principles for the purpose of defining a device, a process or a system in sufficient detail to permit
its physical realization. Thus system design is a solution to “how to” approach to the creation of
a new system. This important phase provides the understanding and the procedural details
necessary for implementing the system recommended in the feasibility study. The design step
provides a data design, architectural design, and a procedural design.

ER Modeling:
The schemas for the database application can be displayed by means of graphical
notation known as Entity Relationship diagram.
The ER model describes data as entities, relationships, and attributes.

ENTITIES AND ATTRIBUTES

An entity may be an object with a physical existence (for e.g. A particular person, car or
employee) or it may be an object with a conceptual existence (for e.g., a company, a job, or a
university course)
Each entity has attributes i.e., the properties that describe it. The attribute values that describe
each entity become a major part of the data store in the database.

10
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENTITIES
Whenever an attribute of one entity type refers to another entity type, a relationship exists. In the
initial design of entity types, relationships are typically captured in the form of attributes. As the
design is refined these attributes get converted into relationships between entity types.
In the ER diagrams the emphasis is on representing the schemas rather than the instances. This is
more useful in the database design because a database schema changes rarely, whereas contents
of the entity sets change frequently.

11
ER Diagram

12
 Chapter 5
DESCRIPTION OF FRONT END

5.1 HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE:

The Hyper Text Markup language (HTML) is a simple markup language used to create
hypertext documents that are portable from one platform to another HTML documents are
SGML documents with generic semantics that are appropriate for representing information from
a wide range of applications. This specification defines HTML version 4.0 HTML 4.0 aims to
capture recommended practice as of early ’96 and as such to be used as a replacement for HTML
3.2

Why to use HTML:

Web site is a collection of pages, publications and documentation that reside on web
server. While these page publication and a document as a formatted in any single format you
should use HTML for home page and all primary pages and the site. This will enable the
millions of web users it considered first formatting any new material you plan to publish on the
web HTML documents are platform independent, meaning that they don’t conform to any
standard it they are created properly you can more home page to any server platform, or you can
access them with any complaint www browser.
1. <HTML>…</HTML> - All HTML files start and end with the tag pair.
2. <HEAD>…</HEAD> - All HTML have a pair of “HEAD” tags that indicate what the
tile and other attributes of the page are going to be.
3. <TITLE>…</TITLE> - this tag indicates what the title of the HTML file is going to be
on the BROWSER window title.
4. <BODY>…</BODY> - this tag pair is to logically separate the HTML file into the
header and the body. Usually, the header contains information regarding the html whereas the
body contains information that the HTML file must actually contain.
5. The HTML template must look like.

<! DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC “THIS IS AN EXAMPLE”>

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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> YOUR TITLE GOES HERE</TITLE>
</HEAD>
</HTML>

6. <P>…</P> - This tag pair used to indicate the paragraph. Any text that needs to be
separated into a paragraph must be put in within a paragraph tag.
7. <B>…</B> - This tag pair is used to indicate the text within tag pair must be in bold
letters.
8. <I>…</I> - This tag pair is used to indicate the text within the tag pair must be in italic
letters.
9. <IMG SRC=” ../images/corp.gif” ALT=: LOGO” HEIGHT=”100” WIDTH=”100”> -
This tag is used to embed images in the HTML pages. The SRC attribute is used to locate the file
name under a directory, the ALT attribute is used to indicate the TOOLTIP message that must
appear, and HEIGHT and WIDTH indicate the height and the width of the images that is being
shown on the HTML pages.
10. <H1 ALIGN=” CENTER”>…</H1> - This pair of tags is used to indicate that the text
must be main title for the HTML page. The ALIGN attribute can be used to set the alignment to
“center” or “left” or “right”
11. <H1>Heading1</H1>
<H2>Heading2</H2>
<H3>Heading3</H3> - This set of tags will show the Headings in smaller fonts as the heading
increases.
12. ALIGN – The align attribute can be used for headings as well. For <P>…</P> tags also,
the ALIGN attribute can be used.
13. <BR> - Used to insert a carriage return in the HTML file. The attribute to be used for this
is the CLEAR attribute.
14. <CENTER>…</CENTER> - To center the entire block of text these tags are used.
15. <A>…</A> - Anchor Tags. These tags are used linking namely hyper linking.
Example:

14
<A HREF=http://www.ibm.com>Visit IBM Web Pages</A>
16. Images Basics: Image Tag is used to embed images in the html document. The general
syntax is
<IMG SRC=” logo.gif”>
17. Tables <TABLE>…</TABLE> - This is used to specify the table type of layout in the
HTML document.
<TABLE BORDER=”1”>
<TR>
<TH>Car</TH>
<TH>Company</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>Concorde</TH>
<TH>Chrysler</TH>
</TR>
</TABLE>
18. Fonts: The <FONT> …</FONT> tag is used to specify text in a particular font.
Example:
<FONT SIZE=”10”> this is a line of text with size 10</FONT>
Syntax :<FONT>…</FONT>

15
 Chapter 6
DESCRIPTION OF SERVER LANGUAGE

Features of PHP:

PHP is a general-purpose server-side scripting language originally designed for Web

development to produce dynamic Web pages. It is one of the first developed server-side scripting
languages to be embedded into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to
process data. The code is interpreted by a Web server with a PHP processor module which
generates the resulting Web page. It also has evolved to include a command-line
interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.PHP can be deployed on
most Web servers and as a standalone shell on almost every operating system and platform free
of charge. A competitor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) server-side script engine and
similar languages, PHP is installed on more than 20 million Web sites and 1 million Web
servers. Software that uses PHP includes Joomla, WordPress, MyBB, and Drupal. PHP was
originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. The main implementation of PHP is now
produced by The PHP Group and serves as the formal reference to the PHP language. PHP
is free software released under the PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General
Public License (GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP While PHP originally
stood for "Personal Home Page", it is now said to stand for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor",
a recursive acronym.

History:

Licensing

PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which insists that:

Products derived from this software may not be called "PHP", nor
may "PHP" appear in their name, without prior written permission
from [email protected]. You may indicate that your software works in
conjunction with PHP by saying "Foo for PHP" instead of calling
its "PHP Foo" or "phpfoo"

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This restriction on use of the name PHP makes it incompatible with the GNU General Public
License (GPL).

Usage:

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to server-side web

development where PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a requested file
is executed by the PHP runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content or dynamic images
used on Web sites or elsewhere. It can also be used for command-line scripting and client-
side graphical user interface (GUI) applications. PHP can be deployed on most Web servers,
many operating systems, and platforms, and can be used with many relational database
management systems (RDBMS). It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the
complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.

PHP acts primarily as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP
instructions and outputting another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML.
Since PHP 4, the PHP parser compiles input to produce byte code for processing by the Zend
Engine, giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor.

Originally designed to create dynamic Web pages, PHP now focuses mainly on server-side
scripting, and it is like other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content from a
Web server to a client, such as Microsoft's ASP.NET, Sun Microsystems' Java Server
Pages, and mod_perl. PHP has also attracted the development of many frameworks that provide
building blocks and a design structure to promote rapid application development (RAD). Some
of these include CakePHP, Symfony, CodeIgniter, Yii Framework, and Zend Framework,
offering features like other web application frameworks.

The LAMP architecture has become popular in the Web industry as a way of deploying Web
applications. PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle
alongside Linux, Apache, and MySQL, although the P may also refer to Python or Perl or some

17
mix of the three. Similar packages are also available for Windows and OS X, then
called WAMP and MAMP, with the first letter standing for the respective operating system.

As of April 2007, over 20 million Internet domains had Web services hosted on servers with
PHP installed and mod_php was recorded as the most popular Apache HTTP Server module.
PHP is used as the server-side programming language on 75% of all Web sites. Web content
management systems written in PHP include MediaWiki, Joomla, eZ.

Syntax:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>PHP Test</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
echo 'Hello World';
?>
</body>
</html>

Hello world program in PHP code embedded in HTML code

The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters. Anything outside its
delimiters is not processed by PHP (although non-PHP text is still subject to control
structures described in PHP code). The most common delimiters are <?php to open and?> to
close PHP sections. <script language="php"> and </script> delimiters are also available, as are
the shortened forms <? or <? = (which is used to echo back a string or variable) and?> as well
as ASP-style short forms <%or <%= and %>. While short delimiters are used, they make script
files less portable as support for them can be disabled in the PHP configuration, and so they are
discouraged. The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP code,
including HTML.

18
The first form of delimiters, <?php and?>, in XHTML and other XML documents, creates
correctly formed XML 'processing instructions’. This means that the resulting mixture of PHP
code and other markup in the server-side file is itself well-formed XML.

Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol, and a type does not need to be specified in advance.
Unlike function and class names, variable names are case sensitive. Both double-quoted ("")
and heredoc strings provide the ability to interpolate a variable's value into the string. PHP
treats newlines as whitespace in the manner of a free-form language (except when inside string
quotes), and statements are terminated by a semicolon. PHP has three types of comment
syntax: /* */ marks block and inline comments; //as well as # are used for one-line comments.
The echo statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text, e.g., to a Web
browser.

In terms of keywords and language syntax, PHP is similar to most high-level languages that
follow the C style syntax. if conditions, for and while loops, and function returns are similar in
syntax to languages such as C, C++, Java, and Perl.

Data types:

PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range, either a 64-bit or 32-

bit signed integer equivalent to the C-language long type. Unsigned integers are converted to
signed values in certain situations; this behavior is different from other programming
languages. Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative), octal,
and hexadecimal notations. Floating point numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range.
They can be specified using floating point notation, or two forms of scientific notation. PHP has
a native Boolean type that is like the native Boolean types in Java and C++. Using the Boolean
type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as in Perl and
C++. The null data type represents a variable that has no value. The only value in the null data
type is NULL. Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external
sources. These are typically created by functions from a particular extension and can only be
processed by functions from the same extension; examples include file, image, and database
resources. Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle, including resources,
objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with both keys

19
and values, and the two can be intermingled.PHP also supports strings, which can be used with
single quotes, double quotes, now doc or heredoc syntax.

The Standard PHP Library (SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient
data access interfaces and classes.

Functions:

PHP has hundreds of base functions and thousands more via extensions. These functions are well
documented on the PHP site; however, the built-in library has a wide variety of naming
conventions and inconsistencies. PHP currently has no functions for thread programming,
although it does support multiprocess programming on POSIX systems.

Additional functions can be defined by a developer:

function myFunction() { //declares a function, this is named myFunction

return 'John Doe'; //returns the value 'John Doe'
}

echo 'My name is ' . myFunction() . '!'; //outputs the text and the return
variable of the
//myFunction, the function is also
called
//the result of the output will be 'My name is John Doe!'

Objects:

Basic object-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3 and improved in PHP 4.
Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set and enhancing
performance. In previous versions of PHP, objects were handled like value types. The drawback
of this method was that the whole object was copied when a variable was assigned or passed as a
parameter to a method. In the new approach, objects are referenced by handle, and not by value.
PHP 5 introduced private and protected member variables and methods, along with abstract
classes, final classes, abstract methods, and final methods. It also introduced a standard way of
declaring constructors and destructors, like that of other object-oriented languages such as C++,
and a standard exception handling model. Furthermore, PHP 5 added interfaces and allowed for
multiple interfaces to be implemented. There are special interfaces that allow objects to interact

20
with the runtime system. Objects implementing Array Access can be used with array syntax and
objects implementing Iterator or Iterator Aggregate can be used with the foreach language
construct. There is no virtual table feature in the engine, so static variables are bound with a
name instead of a reference at compile time.

class Person {
public $firstName;
public $lastName;

public function __construct($firstName, $lastName = '') { //Optional

parameter
$this->firstName = $firstName;
$this->lastName = $lastName;
}

public function greet() {

return "Hello, my name is " . $this->firstName . " " . $this->lastName
. ".";
}

public static function staticGreet($firstName, $lastName) {

return "Hello, my name is " . $firstName . " " . $lastName . ".";
}
}

$he = new Person('John', 'Smith');

$she = new Person('Sally', 'Davis');
$other = new Person('Joe');

echo $he->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is John Smith."

echo '<br />';
echo $she->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is Sally Davis."
echo '<br />';
echo $other->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is Joe ."
echo '<br />';
echo Person::staticGreet('Jane', 'Doe'); // prints "Hello, my name is Jane
Doe."
Visibility of properties and methods

The visibility of PHP properties and methods refers to visibility in PHP. It is defined using
the keywords public, private, and protected. The default is public, if only var is used; var is a

21
synonym for public. Items declared public can be accessed everywhere. protected limits access
to inherited classes (and to the class that defines the item). private limits visibility only to the
class that defines the item. Objects of the same type have access to each other's private and
protected members even though they are not the same instance. PHP's member visibility features
have sometimes been described as "highly useful."However, they have also sometimes been
described as "at best irrelevant and at worst positively harmful."

Speed optimization:

PHP source code is compiled on-the-fly to an internal format that can be executed by the PHP
engine. In order to speed up execution time and not have to compile the PHP source code every
time the Web page is accessed, PHP scripts can also be deployed in executable format using
a PHP compiler.

Code optimizers aim to enhance the performance of the compiled code by reducing its size,
merging redundant instructions and making other changes that can reduce the execution time.
With PHP, there are often opportunities for code optimization. An example of a code optimizer
is the accelerator PHP extension.

Another approach for reducing compilation overhead for PHP servers is using an opcode cache.
Opcode caches work by caching the compiled form of a PHP script (opcodes) in shared
memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the script runs. An
opcode cache, APC, is planned to be built into an upcoming release of PHP.

Opcode caching and code optimization can be combined for best efficiency, as the modifications
do not depend on each other (they happen in distinct stages of the compilation).

XAMPP:

XAMPP is a free and open-source cross-platform web server solution stack package, consisting
mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database, and interpreters for scripts written in
the PHP and Perl programming languages.

XAMPP's name is an acronym for:

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▪ X (to be read as "cross", meaning cross-platform)
▪ Apache HTTP Server
▪ MySQL
▪ PHP
▪ Perl

The program is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License and acts as a
free web server capable of serving dynamic pages. XAMPP is available for Microsoft
Windows, Linux, Solaris, and Mac OS X, and is mainly used for web development projects.

Requirements and features:

XAMPP requires only one zip, tar, 7z, or exe file to be downloaded and run, and little or no
configuration of the various components that make up the web server is required. XAMPP is
regularly updated to incorporate the latest releases of Apache/MySQL/PHP and Perl. It also
comes with a number of other modules including OpenSSL and phpMyAdmin.

Self-contained, multiple instances of XAMPP can exist on a single computer, and any given
instance can be copied from one computer to another.

It is offered in both a full, standard version and a smaller version.

Components:

XAMPP 1.7.7, including

▪ Apache 2.2.21
▪ MySQL 5.5.16
▪ PHP 5.3.8
▪ phpMyAdmin 3.4.5
▪ FileZilla FTP Server 0.9.39
▪ Tomcat 7.0

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Data Dictionary:

Table Name: admin_login

Fieldname Data Type Key

Username VARCHAR Primary key
Password VARCHAR -

Table Name: user_login

Fieldname Data Type Key

Username VARCHAR Primary key
Password VARCHAR -

Table Name: company_login

Fieldname Data Type Key

Username VARCHAR Primary key
Password VARCHAR -

Table Name: Student_register

Fieldname Data Type Key

sid INT Primary key
Username VARCHAR -
Name Text -
Gender Text -
DOB DATETIME -
CollegeName Text -
Branch Text -

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 Mobile INT -
Email_id Text -
Address Text -
tenper INT -
tenpassyear INT -
twelveper INT -
Twelvepassyear INT -
grper INT -
grpassyear INT -

Table Name: int_sch

Fieldname Data Type Key

username VARCHAR Primary key
Company Name Text -
Date DATE -
Time TIME -
Place_att Text -
url VARCHAR -

Table Name: cmp_registration

Fieldname Data Type Key

username VARCHAR Primary key
Company Name Text -
Password VARCHAR -
url VARCHAR -

25
 Chapter 7

TESTING
7.1 Introduction
In general, software engineers distinguish software faults from software failures. In case
of a failure, the software does not do what the user expects. A fault is a programming error that
may or may not actually manifest as a failure. A fault can also be described as an error in the
correctness of the semantic of a computer program. A fault will become a failure if the exact
computation conditions are met, one of them being that the faulty portion of computer software
executes on the CPU. A fault can also turn into a failure when the software is ported to a
different hardware platform or a different compiler, or when the software gets extended.
Software testing is the technical investigation of the product under test to provide stakeholders
with quality related information.

Software testing may be viewed as a sub-field of Software Quality Assurance but

typically exists independently (and there may be no SQA areas in some companies). In SQA,
software process specialists and auditors take a broader view on software and its development.
They examine and change the software engineering process itself to reduce the amount of faults
that end up in the code or deliver faster.

Regardless of the methods used or level of formality involved the desired result of testing
is a level of confidence in the software so that the organization is confident that the software has
an acceptable defect rate. What constitutes an acceptable defect rate depends on the nature of the
software. An arcade video game designed to simulate flying an airplane would presumably have
a much higher tolerance for defects than software used to control an actual airliner.

A problem with software testing is that the number of defects in a software product can
be very large, and the number of configurations of the product larger still. Bugs that occur
infrequently are difficult to find in testing. A rule of thumb is that a system that is expected to
function without faults for a certain length of time must have already been tested for at least that
length of time. This has severe consequences for projects to write long-lived reliable software.

26
 A common practice of software testing is that it is performed by an independent group of
testers after the functionality is developed but before it is shipped to the customer. This practice
often results in the testing phase being used as project buffer to compensate for project delays.
Another practice is to start software testing at the same moment the project starts and it is a
continuous process until the project finishes.

Another common practice is for test suites to be developed during technical support
escalation procedures. Such tests are then maintained in regression testing suites to ensure that
future updates to the software don't repeat any of the known mistakes.

7.2 Definition
Software Testing is the process used to help identify the correctness, completeness,
security, and quality of developed computer software. Testing is a process of technical
investigation, performed on behalf of stakeholders, that is intended to reveal quality-related
information about the product with respect to the context in which it is intended to operate. This
includes, but is not limited to, the process of executing a program or application with the intent
of finding errors. Quality is not an absolute; it is value to some person. With that in mind, testing
can never completely establish the correctness of arbitrary computer software; testing furnishes a
criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against a
specification. An important point is that software testing should be distinguished from the
separate discipline of Software Quality Assurance (SQA), which encompasses all business
process areas, not just testing.

There are many approaches to software testing, but effective testing of complex products
is essentially a process of investigation, not merely a matter of creating and following routine
procedure. One definition of testing is "the process of questioning a product in order to evaluate
it", where the "questions" are operations, the tester attempts to execute with the product, and the
product answers with its behavior in reaction to the probing of the tester [citation needed].
Although most of the intellectual processes of testing are nearly identical to that of review or
inspection, the word testing is connoted to mean the dynamic analysis of the product—putting
the product through its paces. Some of the common quality attributes include capability,
reliability, efficiency, portability, maintainability, compatibility, and usability. A good test is

27
sometimes described as one which reveals an error; however, more recent thinking suggests that
a good test is one which reveals information of interest to someone who matters within the
project community.

7.3 Testing Methodologies

7.3.1 Black Box Testing

It is the testing process in which tester can perform testing on an application without
having any internal structural knowledge of application. Usually Test Engineers are involved in
the black box testing.

7.3.2 White Box Testing

It is the testing process in which tester can perform testing on an application with
having internal structural knowledge. Usually, The Developers are involved in white box testing.

7.3.3 Gray Box Testing

It is the process in which the combination of black box and white box tonics are used.

7.4 Typed of Testing

➢ Regression Testing.
➢ Re-Testing.
➢ Static Testing.
➢ Dynamic Testing.
➢ Alpha Testing.
➢ Beta Testing.
➢ Monkey Testing
➢ Compatibility Testing.
➢ Installation Testing.

> Regression Testing: It is one of the best and important testing. Regression testing is the
process in which the functionality, which is already tested before, is once again tested whenever
some new change is added in order to check whether the existing functionality remains same.

28
>Re-Testing: It is the process in which testing is performed on some functionality which is
already tested before to make sure that the defects are reproducible and to rule out the
environment’s issues if at all any defects are there.

Static Testing: It is the testing, which is performed on an application when it is not been
executed.

Ex: GUI, Document Testing

Dynamic Testing: It is the testing which is performed on an application when it is being

executed.

Ex: Functional testing.

Alpha Testing: It is a type of user acceptance testing, which is conducted on an application

when it is just before released to the customer.

 Beta-Testing: It is a type of UAT that is conducted on an application when it is released to

the customer, when deployed into the real time environment and being accessed by the real time
users.

 Monkey Testing: It is the process in which abnormal operations, beyond capacity operations
are done on the application to check the stability of it in spite of the user’s abnormal behavior.

Compatibility testing: It is the testing process in which usually the products are tested on the
environments with different combinations of databases (application servers, browsers…etc) In
order to check how far the product is compatible with all these environments platform
combination.

Installation Testing: It is the process of testing in which the tester try to install or try to
deploy the module into the corresponding environment by following the guidelines produced in
the deployment document and check whether the installation is successful or not.

29
 Chapter 8

SNAPSHOTS OF PLACEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

HOMEPAGE

LOGIN PANEL

30
 STUDENT LOGIN

COMPANY REGISTRATION

31
STUDENT REGISTRATION FORM

32
STUDENT’S DETAILS

POST COMMENTS

33
 VIEW SCHEDULE

COMPANY SCHEDULE

34
 STUDENT HOME PAGE

RECRUITING COMPANIES

35
COMPANY HOMEPAGE

VIEW MORE STUDENTS

36
SELECTED STUDENTS

37
 Chapter 9

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS WRITERS
1. Developing PHP Applications for IBM Whei-Jen Chen, Holger Kirstein, Daniel
Data Servers Krook, Kiran H Nair, Piotr Pietrzak

Rasmus Lerdorf, Kevin

2. Programming PHP
Tatroe

Andi Gutmans, Stig

3. PHP 5 Power Programming
Bakken, Derick Rethans

4. Practical PHP Programming Paul Hudson

LINKS

1. www.w3schools.com/php/
2. www.php.net/
3. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP
4. www.planet-php.net/

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