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SSM ECE Matrices and Calculus Assignment 3

The document provides information about the Cayley-Hamilton theorem and its uses. It discusses: 1) The Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation. 2) The theorem can be used to calculate the inverse of a non-singular square matrix and the powers of a matrix. 3) Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating the characteristic equation and using it to find inverse matrices and powers.

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43 views10 pages

SSM ECE Matrices and Calculus Assignment 3

The document provides information about the Cayley-Hamilton theorem and its uses. It discusses: 1) The Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation. 2) The theorem can be used to calculate the inverse of a non-singular square matrix and the powers of a matrix. 3) Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating the characteristic equation and using it to find inverse matrices and powers.

Uploaded by

knowledge2intelligence
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cayley - Hamilton Theorem

Statement : Every Square matrix satisfies


on
its own characteris tic eqvation.
Note : Thirukural fomat of Cayley - Hami l ton
Theorem

Every square nmatrix satisfies


its *cha.eqn'".

Uses of Cayley- Hamilton Theorem :

To Calculate

D the positive integral power of A and

D the ínverse of aa non-singular squa re


matrix A

Problems

a) twrite the
the matrix
matrix of the quadratic form
2X + 8Z + 4Xy + 10xz - 2YZ

Sol. Given,
2x+8Z+ 4Xy +J0xz - 2Y2
coetf. x? coeft.xy coeff.Z

Coe ffyJC (oetf. y (oCtt. 92


(oetf 2X coeft.zy Coeff. z2

2 2

b) Prove that the Quadratíc form


X+ 2y + 3z + 2Xy + 2Y2 - 2X Z is
jndefinite.
Sol. Given,
x?+ 2y2 + 32 + 2xy + 2YZ - 2XZ

Cóetf.x coett.xy
;coett. yx coeft.y? coetf 9Z

coeff 2X coett·2y Coeff.z2

D, = l1)- 1 (+ve)
D2 <1 (t ve)

-|
D3 2
1

= I(6-) - (3 +t ) - I(It 2)
= 5- -3
--2 (-ve)
.". The QF 0S indefinite

) Find the index and Siqnature of the QF


2

Solution : f (,, X2, X3) + 20 -30


it is alre ady in the canonical form.
Lndex Number of positive terms in the cF

Signature = Number of positive terms in the C"F


- Number ot
of negative terms in the
C"F.

= 2- 4
d) Identify the nature, index and sígngture
of the quadratic form.
2
2
+ 2c,2X2 t 6c, c, + 2 C|Lg

Solotion : Given,
t 2,g + 6X3X, t 2L2
2
t

The matrix of the given QF


3

The Eigen values are -2,3,6


Ergen yave s are both positive and negative.
Therefore the QF iS indefinite
Index - Number of positive tems in the C"F
= 2

Sianature = Number ot positive terms in the c"F


cf
- Nomber of negative terms in the

= 2-1

= 4
e) Find A-! if 4 6 6],vsing
6 Cayley- Hamilton
A= 3 2
theorem.
-3

Solutíon : The characteristic egvation of A


A is
|A -1| =0
.. - S; )2 + S) - Sa = o Where

Si = Som of the main diagoral elements


- 4+3 t C-3) = 4
S2 = Sum of the mivors of the rain diagoral elements
=3 2 6
+4
4 -3 |-I -3 3

= (-9+8)+ C-12 t 6) +(2 - 6)


= -1-6t 6
= -1

= -4
1 3 2

The chaacteritic egn is 3- 44-A+4= 0


By Cayley- Hamilton Theo rem, we get
.. A3 - 4A2-A t 4I =0 ()

To Find A-!
(1) x A-l ’ A2-4A -I+ 4A=0
4A-! = -A+ 4A + I
A-! = [-A +4A t1] ooo (2)
6 24 24
-A+4A +I = -16 -18 -18
12 8 +
-5 -6
5 6 -6 -l6 -12
6
-16 2
- 10 -6
6 6
6 2
I -10 -6

f) The closed interval method


Find the absolute maximum and minimn
values of to) = 3t4 -4x-12x +1, F2 3J
Solution : Given,
f() = 3x4 - l,x3- 12x +I, -2, 3]
Step 1 : Ditferetiating f C)
f'Cx) 3(42)- 4(30)- 12(220) + o

step2 : Put f'cc) =0


12 3- 12 2C - 24c =0
-2
12C = O L-C-2 =0 -2 1

DC = 2 C = -1|
.. The-critical nombers are -l,o, 2
Step 3 : APply -l: O, 2, -2, 3 in f)
" f-) =3C)4 - 4(-)- 12(-)2t | =3 +4 -12 t |

" f(o) 1
" fa) = 3(2)4- 4(2)2- 12 )+| =48-32-4&+1

" fl-) =3 -2)4 - 4c-)- |2 62)+ l= 48 t32 -18 + I


= 33
f3) = 3(3)4 - 4C3)2-12 (3)+|
=3 (8) - 4C27) - 12 (4) +)
- 243 -108- o8
< 28

Step 4 : Absolote minimum at f2)


Absolute maximom at f-2)

T) The Squeeze Theorem or)


Sandwich Theorem (or)
The Pinching Theorem
If
when Tc Is near a' and
Lim fCc) = lim h (0 = L

then Lim 9Cc) = L


9) 1f uu - +2+z, then find x +

Solution: Giyen ,

Let ucx y) = +9 +
u(tx, ty,tz) = tx ty +tz
ty tz tc

= t° u (cy2)
’ u is a homogeneous function of e, 9,2 in
degree o.
.. By Euler's theorem, we get
+ y

and y = v (I +u), find

Solution:
TH) Maximum value
f (asb) is a maximym value of f CX9), if there
exists some neighbourhod of the point (asb)
Sch that for every point Ca+h, b+ K) of the
neighbourhood,
f(aib) >f (ash, bt k)
T5) Minimum value
f(aib) ís a minimum Value of f (ay), if there
exists some neighbourhood of the point (a, b) Such
that for every point Cath, bt K) of the
neigh bourhoad,
f Carb)<s (ath, bt K)
T6) Extremum value
s (aib) is said to be an extremym valoe of
f(X19) if it is either a maximum or a
minimum .
T) Necessary condi tions for a maximum or a
minimum.
tx (a,b) =0 and fy (a b) = 0

Notatlon s : >f =f, , t =ty


fy, f

- fyy
dy2
i) Find the domain of exh fonction
f(x) = J3-x - 2tc

Salution:
hiven : f() = J3-x - J2+x

2 t X 0 ’2c >-2
So, the domain is -2 < x< 3 i,e., 23J

i) Find Lim
L2-3C - 4

Solution: Lim 2 4c lim 2C ( -4)


(c-4) Ct )
Lim

K) woreing Rule of QF to Canonical Form


step . write the matríx of the alven aF
Step 2 To find the characteristic egvation.
Step 3 To Solye, the cha racteristic egUation
Step 4 1o nd the Genvector orthogoral to each other.
Step 5. fom ormalised matri, N.
Step b Find N,
Step 7. Find AN
Step 8. Find D = NAN
step 9 Canonical tom [yi y2 93]D 92

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