Experiment-4

Numerical Integration II
Gauss Quadrature Methods

1. Obtain an estimate of the following integral using the five-point Gauss-Legendre

Quadrature formula.
Z 2 x
e sinx

)
I= dx

24
2
0 1+x

3-
02
2. Falling Object: Assume that the upward force of air resistance on a falling object is
proportional to the square of the velocity. The instantaneous velocity of the falling object

(2
in this case is given by

ge
r r

lle
gm gc
v(t) = tanh ( t)
Co
c m
where, c is the drag coefficient . If g = 9.8 ms−2 , m = 68.1 kg and c = 0.25 kgm−1 ,
u
nd

(a) Use analytical integration to calculate how far the object falls in 10 s.
Hi

(b) Compute the integral using Gauss-Legendre Quadrature Method. How many
ics

nodes are needed to obtain three significant digits of accuracy.

s

(c) Compute the integral using Multiple Segment Trapezoidal Rule. How many
hy

nodes are needed to get three significant digits of accuracy.

fP

3. Employ two- through six-point Gauss-Legendre formulae to compute

to

Z 3
1
en

I= 2
dx
−3 1 + x
m
rt

Tabulate the percentage error relative to the True Value of the integral in each case as
pa

follows
De

Nodes (n) 2 3 4 5 6
Error(%)

Interpret your results in light of truncation error in the given approximation.

4. Specific Heat of a Solid: Debye’s formula for the heat capacity Cv of a crystalline solid
is given by Cv = 9NA kB g(u), where
Z 1/u
3 x4 ex
g(u) = u dx
0 (ex − 1)2
The parameters in the above Debye’s Formula are: NA = Avogadro Number; k =
Boltzmann Constant; u = T /θD ; T = Absolute Temperature; θD = Debye Temperature.
Using a suitable Gauss-Quadrature Method compute g(u) from u = 0 to u = 1.0 in
intervals of 0.05 and plot the results. Rocket Propulsion

1
 5. The upward velocity of a rocket can be computed by the following formula:
 
mo
v(t) = u ln − gt
mo − qt

where v = upward velocity, u = velocity at which fuel is expelled relative to the rocket, mo
= initial mass of the rocket at time t = 0, q = fuel consumption rate and g = 9.8 m s−2
is the downward acceleration of gravity. If u = 1800 m s−1 , mo = 160, 000 kg and
q = 2500 kg s−1 , use six-point Gauss Quadrature Method to compute how high the
rocket will fly in 30 s.

Repeat the above computation using SCIPY integrate.quadrature function and com-
pare your results in a tabulated format.

6. The work done on an object is equal to the force times the distance moved in the direction
of the force. The velocity of an object in the direction of a force is given by

)
24
v(t) = 4t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 4

3-
02
(2
v(t) = 16 + (4 − t)2 , 4 ≤ t ≤ 14

ge
where v is in m s−1 . Employ a suitable Gauss Quadrature formula to compute the work
lle
done if a constant force of 200 N is applied for all t. Your computed result should have
Co
an accuracy of at least 0.5% relative to the exact value of work done.
u

7. Estimate the following integral using a suitable six-point Gauss Quadrature formula.
nd

Z ∞
Hi

−x2
I= cos(x) e 2 dx
ics

−∞
s

Compute the percentage error relative to the exact value of the integral given by
hy
fP

r
1 + e2 π
Iexact = 2
to

e 2
en

8. Use Gauss Laguerre Quadrature to compute the following integral.

m
rt

Z ∞
I= (1 − x2 )3 e−x dx
pa

0
De

A minimum of how many nodes should be taken to compute the integral with a rea-
sonable accuracy and why?

9. Compute the following integral using five-point Gauss-Legendre and five-point Gauss-
Laguerre Quadrature methods. How do the two approximations compare in terms of
the number of decimal places?
Z ∞
x
I= x
dx
0 (e + 1)

10. How many nodes are required in Gauss-Laguerre Quadrature to compute the following
integral with an accuracy upto six decimal places of the exact value.
Z ∞
I= e−x sin(x) dx
0