Q – 1 What are different types of Operating System

1. Batch Operating System

• In earlier days, computers were large machines. The common input devices were card
readers and tape drives.
• The common output devices were tape drives and printers.
• The OS was very simple and always resident in main memory.
• Programmers would prepare a job and submit it to the operator. The job was consisted of
programs and data.
• Operator would make batch by collecting multiple jobs and as computer became available,
run them batch wise.
• At some later time, output appeared. The output consisted of the result of program and
error information if any.

• Programmers needed to wait during this time and then collect output from operator.

Job
Input Output
(Batch of Jobs) OS

• Memory is divided into two parts. It is shared between job and OS.
• At a time one job is selected from the batch of jobs and is loaded in memory for execution.
• Once its execution completes, another job will be selected and loaded in memory for
execution.
• This procedure will continue until all the jobs in a batch get executed.

Disadvantages:

• Low throughput because CPU remains idles when I/O is going on.
• Programmers do not have direct interaction with job.
 • Debugging is possible only offline after output appears.
• Operations were too much time consuming.

2. Multiprogramming Operating System

• A multiprogramming system permits multiple programs to be loaded into main memory

and executes them concurrently.
• OS multiplexes computer resources among these jobs.
• For example, when one job requests for I/O operation, the CPU will be free and it can be
allocated to other job. Thus multiprogramming creates logical parallelism.
• Here more than one job (process) can be loaded in memory simultaneously.

• Primary goal of such system is to keep CPU always busy.

• For example one process for coping and another process for downloading.
• In multiprogramming user interaction is not possible when process is running.
• OS requires following features to provide multiprogramming.
• Job scheduling: system must choose among several jobs in pool to load in main memory.
• Memory management: system must allocate memory to several jobs.
• Device allocation: devices should be allocated to different jobs as per their requirement.

Advantage:

• Higher throughput because CPU remains always busy.

Disadvantage:

• No user interaction: programmers do not have direct interaction with jobs

3. Multitasking Operating System

• Multitasking is logical extension of multiprogramming OS.

• The concept of multitasking is quite similar to multiprogramming. But the main difference
is that this OS provide user interaction while process is running.
• In this OS switching between jobs occur so frequently.
• This process is also known as ‘Task switching’.
• Practically all modern OS has this facility.
• For example you open Microsoft word and excel or PowerPoint.
• Two most common methods for sharing the CPU time are:

1. Co-operative or non-preemptive multitasking:

• The simplest form of multitasking is co-operative multitasking it lets the programs decide
when they wish to let other task run.
• This method is not good since it lets one process use the CPU never let other processes
run.

2. Preemptive multitasking:

• It moves the control of CPU to the OS letting each process to run for a given amount of time
and then switching to another task.
• This is most common today.

4. Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

• It is a one kind of OS particularly useful in embedded systems.

• In such type of OS time is key parameter.
• Here input immediately affects the output. Time is very critical.
• System having such type of characteristics systems to control nuclear power plants, oil
refining, chemical processing and air traffic control system.
• All these operation must occur within some time limits.
• There are two types of RTOS:
 1. Hard Real Time System:

• All critical tasks must get completed strictly within specified time limits
• For example system which controls operation of oil refinery.

2. Soft Real Time System:

• It is less strict for time. Missing an occasional deadline is acceptable.

• For example digital audio or multimedia system.

5. Time Sharing Operating System

• A time sharing system allows many users to share the computer resources simultaneously.
• In other words, time sharing refers to the allocation of computer resources in time slots to
several programs simultaneously. For example a Server computer that has many users
logged on to it.
• Each user uses the resources of the server -i.e. memory, CPU etc. The users feel that they are
exclusive user of the CPU, even though this is not possible with one CPU i.e. shared among
different users.
• A time shared system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with
a small portion of a time-shared computer.
• It allows many users to share the computer resources simultaneously. As the system
switches rapidly from one user to the other, a short time slot is given to each user for their
executions.
• The time sharing system provides the direct access to a large number of users where CPU
time is divided among all the users on scheduled basis.
• The OS allocates a set of time to each user. When this time is expired, it passes control to the
next user on the system.
• The time allowed is extremely small and the users are given the impression that they each
have their own CPU and they are the sole owner of the CPU.
• This short period of time during that a user gets attention of the CPU; is known as a time
slice or a quantum. The concept of time sharing system is shown in figure.
 • Generally, time sharing operating system is used when a powerful server computer serves
several client computers.

• In above figure the user 5 is active but user 1, user 2, user 3, and user 4 are in waiting state
whereas user 6 is in ready status.
• As soon as the time slice of user 5 is completed, the control moves on to the next ready
user i.e. user 6. In this state user 2, user 3, user 4, and user 5 are in waiting state and user 1
is in ready state. The process continues in the same way and so on.
• The time-shared systems are more complex than the multi-programming systems.

6. Multithreading Operating System

• A thread of execution is the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that executed

independently
• Thread is an execution unit which consists of its own program counter, a stack, and a set of
registers. Threads are also known as Lightweight processes
• Multithreading OS supports the concept of multiple threads within single process
environment.
• Sometimes a single application needs to perform more than one task simultaneously.
• For example Microsoft word needs to accept input and provide spell check.
• There are different threads in single process which perform these different tasks
simultaneously.
• One thread may accept input while other may provide spell checking.
• Operating system which provides such functionality is known as multithreading OS.
Q - 2 What are different Operating System Services?

• OS services can be described from two different points of view.

1) User Point of View Services

➢ Program execution
• Main purpose of OS is to provide an efficient and convenient environment for
Execution of programs so an OS must provide various functions for loading a program into
main memory executes it and after execution terminates it.
➢ I/O Operation
• A running program needs I/O operation s for reading input data and for outputting result.
• This I/O may be with a file or a device.
• User can’t control I/O devices directly for security reasons so OS provides services for I/O
operations.
➢ File System Manipulation
• OS provides file system manipulation functionalities like create, read, write and delete a
file.
 ➢ Communication
• In multitasking environment more than one process is running
simultaneously.
• Sometime there is a need of exchanging information among processes. Such
processes may be on the same machine or on the different machines. OS
provides inter process communication for this.
➢ Error detection
• Error may be in user programs, CPU and memory hardware or in I/O devices.
• OS detects such errors and makes user aware from them. It also provides
some error recovery mechanism.

2) System Point of View Services

➢ Resource allocation
• When multiple users are sharing same machine or when multiple jobs are
runningsimultaneously, there is a need of fair allocation of resources among
them. OS does this.
➢ Accounting
• It is the process of keeping information about which user or process uses
which resourceand for what duration of time.
• OS provides accounting.
➢ Protection
• OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled and also
provides securityfeatures.