ACE+ REVIEW CENTER

APRIL 2023 REVIEW PROGRAM

CIVIL ENGINEERING LICENSURE EXAM

HYDRAULICS AND PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Module 22

Monday, January 09, 2023

WEIR Cipolletti Weir

Weirs are overflow structures which are built across an open channel for Cipolletti weirs are trapezoidal weirs with slide slope 1H to 4V. The additional
measuring or controlling the flow of liquids. Weirs have been commonly used area at the sides adds approximately enough effective width of the stream to
to measure the flow of water, but it is now being adopted to measure the offset the side contractions.
flow of other liquids.

A
H
E.G.L Drawdown
4
Water Surface va2 /2g
Nappe
1
H

Crest
va
L
Weir plate

P 3
Q = 1.859LH 2

Channel bed ≈ 4H
A FLUID FLOW (UNSTEADY)
Unsteady Flow
Rectangular Weir The flow through orifice, weirs, or tubes is said to be steady only if the total
head producing flow, H, is constant. The amount of fluid being discharged for
a time t can therefore be computed using the formula:
H
Qin Vol. = Qt
d

3
2 3
Q= C√2gL [(H + hv )2 − h2v ]
3 h1
3 h
3
Q = Cw L [(H + hv ) 2 − h2v ] h2

Francis Formula: Qout

3 Note:
Q = Cw LH ; Cw = 1.84 2 Q out = Q in : Steady flow
Q out < Q in : Unsteady flow – head will rise
Q out > Q in : Unsteady flow – head will fall

dV = (Q in − Q out )dt
Triangular Weir (V – Notch) dV
L dt =
Q in − Q out
As dh
dt =
Q in − Q out
h2
As dh
t= ∫
H Q in − Q out
h1
θ
For Orifice
If Q in = 0:
h2
As dh
t= ∫
4 3 Q out
Q= C√2gLH 2 h1
15 2As
8 θ 5 t= [√H1 − √H2 ]
Q= C√2gtan H 2 CAo √2g
15 2
θ 5
Q = Cw tan H 2 If two tanks have uniform cross-sectional area:
2
As1 As2 2
t= [√H1 − √H2 ]
For 90° Weir: As1 + As2 CAo √2g
5
Q = 1.4H 2
For Weirs
h2
As dh
t= ∫
Q in − Q out
h1
If Q in = 0:
h2
As dh
t= ∫
Q out
h1

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APRIL 2023 REVIEW PROGRAM

Uniform Flow Non – Uniform Flow

Chezy Formula
First developed by the French engineer Antoine Chezy in 1769. The quantity
C is called the Chezy Coefficient, varies from about 30 m1/2/s for small rough
channels to 90 m1/2/s for large smooth channels.
Total Specific Energy

v = c√RS v2
E= +d
Q = Ac√RS 2g

Velocity
Values for C
Kutter and Ganguillet: v = √2g(E − d)
1 0.00155
+ 23 +
C= n S Discharge
n 0.00155 Q = A√2g(E − d)
1+ (23 + )
√R S
Froude Number
Manning Formula: v
1 1 FN =
C = R6 √gD
n

1 2 1 A
v= R3 S 2 D=
n B

Bazin Formula:
Froude Number: Upper Stage (Sub-Critical Depth)
87
C= FN < 1.0
m
1+
√R Froude Number: Lower Stage (Super-Critical Depth)
FN > 1.0

MOST EFFICIENT SECTIONS Froude Number: Critical Depth

Rectangular Section FN = 1.0
b = 2d
Critical Depth
d
R= Q2 A3
2 =
g B
Trapezoidal Section
x = y1 + y2
Froude Number – Rectangular Channel
v
d FN =
R= √gD
2
Triangular Section Critical Depth – Rectangular Channel
2
90° dc = E
3

Semi-Circular Section
r 3 q2
R= dc = √
2 g

Velocity (Critical Depth) – Rectangular Channel

vc = √gd

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HYDRAULIC JUMP
Hydraulic jump is an abrupt increase in depth of rapidly flowing water. Flow
at the jump changes from a supercritical to a subcritical stage with an
accompanying loss of kinetic energy.

A hydraulic jump is the only means by which the depth of flow can change
from less than critical to greater than critical to a uniform channel.

-
Q2 1 1
A2 h̅2 − A1 h̅1 = ( − )
g A1 A 2

For Rectangular Channels

q2 d1 d2 (d1 + d2 )
=
g 2

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